A HANDBOOK OF
GERMANIC
ETYMOLOGY
Vladimír Orel
A HANDBOOK OF GERMANIG ETYMOLOGY
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A HANDBOOK OF
GERMANIG
ETYMOLOGY
BY
VLADIMÍR OREL
'68^
A.
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2003
This book is printed on acid-free páper.
ISBN 90 04 12875 1
© Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The JVetherlands
AU rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANTJS
For Miriam, Elizabeth and Ira, to hear the unspoken mord.
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If the lost word is lost, if the spent word is spent
If the unheard, unspoken
Word is unspoken, unheard;
Still is the unspoken word, the Word unheard,
The Word without a word, the Word within
The world and for the world;
And the light shone in darkness and
Against the Word the unstilled world still whirled
About the center of the silent Word.
T.S. Eliot
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
List of references xv
Abbreviations xxxvii
Dictionary 1
Indie es
Germanic languages 477
Oťher Indo-European languages 629
Non-Indo-European languages 683
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PREFACE
The objective of this work is to present a reasonably full (but certainly not
exhaustive) collection of Proto-Germanic lexemes with their reconstruc-
tions, their reřlections in main branches of Germanic and, whenever
possible, with plausible etymologies and etymological references (the latter
include main etymological dictionaries as well as articles and notes). As it
sometimes happens in other fields of knowledge, for the last fifty or sixty
years linguists háve operated imder the misleading impression that Ger-
manic etymology does not leave us much more than minor issues to deal
with and that the main bulk of relevant problems in this field has been
solved. I do not believe this view to be true and this book is to prepare
grounds for a future serious revision of the etymologies (mainly, root ety-
mologies) automatically accepted today and sanctified more by hábit than
by reason.
The dictionary includes the following categories of (Proto-)Germanic
words:
(a) words attested in two or three branches of Germanic;
(b) words attested in only one Germanic branch but having precise exter-
nal cognates or being sources of wider attested Germanic derivatives;
(c) words attested in only one Germanic branch but representing ancient
loanwords that might háve penetrated Germanic at the Proto-
Germanic level.
Clearly, with words of categories (b) and (c), the writer depends on ety-
mological solutions and, therefore, on scholarly preferences and tastes to
a greater extent than with words of category (a). That has certainly
influenced the choice of certain entries. In some cases, entries were added
even when the word represented an innovation in one branch but its dis-
cussion and analysis in the etymological literatuře indicated otherwise and
the entry could be of some interest for the study of Proto-Germanic.
The dictionary only deals with full lexical parallels in Germanic and the
resulting reconstructions are words (sometimes with their morphological
variants), not morphemes. Internal Germanic cognates are represented by
the oldest attested forms from each branch involved in a given compari-
son. Thus, High German is represented by an Old High German form
unless such has not been registered. In the latter čase, High German will
be represented by Middle High German or modem German, and so on.
Normally, an entry will include Gothic (or other East Germanic dialects,
XII PREFACE
usually in reconstruction), Old Norse (or other Old Scandinavian), Old
English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon and Old High German forms.
The Proto-Germanic phonological reconstruction ušed in the Dictionary
is fairly traditional. No attempt has been made to solve the problém of the
(lack of) opposition between Gmc short *e and *i (even though the present
writer believes the reconstruction of one phoneme would be appropriate):
in most words with established etymology or related forms with different
ablaut grades, the choice between *e and *i raises no doubts. In more
difficult (and rarer) cases, the reconstruction of *e or *i is close to arbitrary.
The samé applies to some instances when there was no way to distinguish
between jf and *t or *p and *d on the reconstruction level. One can only
hope that the further progress of Germanic etymology will allow to
improve such reconstructions. Otherwise, the phonological inventory of
Proto-Germanic and the alphabetic order ušed in the dictionary are estab-
lished as follows: a i i e ě (and « 2 )/j xiíjklmnoprstpuúw.
Transliterations chosen for individual Germanic languages could not be
entirely consistent throughout the book. However, an attempt has been
made to reach a certain level of standardization (which includes, among
other conventions, the omission of traditional post-word asterisks in
Gothic). At the samé time, I made it a point to retům to the main lexico-
graphic sources for most of the involved Germanic languages (and occa-
sionally, to texts), with the unfortunate exception of Low German, in order
to verify morphological features and meanings of the forms compared.
This process took considerable time and some effbrts and was particularly
painful in determining meanings and expressing them in English. It is well-
known how misleading translations of translations of translations can be —
I did my best to control them and to replace them with originally coined
English glosses whenever possible (that applied primarily to Gothic, Old
Norse and Old English). Numerous ghost-words and ghost-meanings
appearing in linguistic publications (not only on Germanic but on other
Indo-European dialects as well) were pitilessly eliminated. I realize, how-
ever, that some of those unfortunately remained undetected.
The semantic reconstruction of the Proto-Germanic words was not even
attempted: too many complications and arguments would háve followed
the decision to ascribe meanings to Proto-Germanic words. This exercise
is therefore left to the reader, not without some reliéf on my part.
Certain constraints (pardy dictated by external factors, pardy following
the linguistic views of the author) háve been imposed to filter out several
groups of words. Primarily, that applies to prefixal verbs and nouns that
háve not been included as separate entries even in (numerous) cases when
a prefix is attested in all compared forms. Whenever the prefix can be pro-
jected into the Indo-European prehistory of Germanic, this — rather infre-
PREFACE XIII
quent — fact is noted in the corresponding unprefixed entry. It was also
decided not to include Germanic proper names, toponyms and ethnonyms
as separate units. Proper names, however, appear in quite a few entries
whenever they form parallels to appellative nouns in other Germanic lan-
guages. Loanwords to Proto-Germanic háve been included; however, the
status of Latin loanwords proved to be problematic. As a result, the dic-
tionary covers only such Latin elements as may be given the credit of
doubt of being quite old and not obtained by different Germanic dialects
separately or through chain-borrowings.
Clearly, some of the Proto-Germanic morphological reconstructions of
entries are, to a great extent, idealized. In certain cases, for example in
nouns, when certain fluctuations of gender appeared to be of regular
nature, a deeper reconstruction was offered without additional comments.
Some other reconstructions, for example, those of root stems, are undoubt-
edly rather arbitrary too. The samé accounts for the reconstruction of
stem vowels in compounds and for the way in which adverbial forms are
presented.
I owe my gratitude to several colleagues of mine: my teachers Leonid
A. Gindin and Vladimir A. Dybo whose interest and encouragement were
always of great importance, Oleg N. Trubachev and Zhanna Zh. Varbot
whose insights of etymology inspired me, Olga A. Smirnitskaia who was
my hrst teacher of Gothic and Old Norse. I feel greatly indebted to George
Durman and Grigory Zubakov for their practical help with the retrieval of
some etymological sources. 1
Several institutions provided me with their assistance, in particular, the
libraries of McMaster University, Princeton University, Hebrew University
in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv University and Bar-Ilan University.
Finally, I must thank those whose unspoken word keeps me alive.
Vladimir Orel
Princeton — Calgary
March 29, 2003
1 Most of my bibliographic inquiries were successful, with the exception of the recent
work published in the Ukraine: V. V. Levitskii "Etimologicheskii slovar' germanskikh
iazykov", I— II, Chernovtsy: Ruta, 2000 of which I could only obtain some information from
the review of Makovskii VJa XLVIII/5 124-130.
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ABBREVIATIONS
Languages
Alb - Albanian
Arm - Armenian
Av - Avestan
Balt - Baltic
Bret - Breton
Burg - Burgundian
Chův - Chuvash
Crim. Goth - Crimean Gothic
Dor - Doric
Du - Dutch
E - English
EGmc - East Germanic
ELith - East Lithuanian
Ethio-Sem - Ethio-Semitic
Etr - Etruscan
Finn - Finnish
Flem - Flemish
Fr - French
G - German
Gaul - Gaulish
Gep - Gepidic
Gk - Greek
Gmc - Germanic
Goth - Gothic
Grg - Georgian
Hbr - Hebrew
Hom - Homeric
Hung - Hungarian
Icel - Icelandic
IE - Indo-European
Ion - Ionic
Irán - Iranian
Lat - Latin
Latv - Latvian
LG - Low German
Lith - Lithuanian
MDu - Middle Dutch
ME - Middle English
Messap - Messapic
MGk - Middle Greek
MHG - Middle High German
Mír - Middle Irish
MPers - Middle Persian
MW - Middle Welsh
Myc - Mycenaean
NCauc - North Caucasian
Norw - Norwegian
NPers - Modern Persian
OCS - Old Church Slavonic
OE - Old English
OESc - Old East Scandinavian
OFrank - Old Frankish
OHG - Old High German
OHung - Old Hungarian
Olr - Old Irish
OLFr - Old Low Frankish
ON - Old Norse
OPic - Old Picardian
OPrus - Old Prussian
OS - Old Saxon
Ose - Oscan
OSwed - Old Swedish
OW - Old Welsh
PAlb - Proto-Albanian
Phryg - Phrygian
PIE - Proto-Indo-European
Pkt - Prakrit
Pol - Polish
Rom - Romance
Russ - Russian
Sem - Semitic
Skt - Sanskrit (including Vedic)
Slav - Slav(on)ic
Slvn - Slovené
Sum - Sumerian
Sweb - Swebian
Swed - Swedish
Umb - FIND
W - Welsh
WGmc - West Germanic
Yns - Yenisseyan
Grammatical terms
acc. - accusative
adj. - adjective
coll. - collective
empn. - compound
comp. - comparative
cons. - consonantal
denom. - denominative
derive. - derivative
XXXVIII ABBREVIATIONS
deverb. - deverbative pl. - plurál
dial. - dialectal pln. - pláce name
dim. - diminutive poet. - poetic
ethn. - ethnonym prep. - preposition
f. - feminine prop. - proper name
impf. - imperfect ptcl. - particle
indecl. - indeclinable reřl. - reflexive
irreg. - irregular rvn. - river name
m. - masculine sb. - substantíve
mtn. - mountain name sbst. - substantivized
n. - neuter sg. - singulár
part. - participle theon. - theonym
perf. - perfect
a
*aba prep.: Goth af 'from, away from',
ON af id, OE tC j oj id., OFris af, oj id.,
OS n/Td., OHG «ž>« id. (with secondary
-a). Identical with Skt apa 'away, off', Av
apa id., Gk traó, citTto 'from', Alb pa
'withouť, Lat ab 'from'. Bartholomae
72; Torp-Falk 15; Holthausen AEEW
9; Walde-Hofmann I 1; Feist 3;
Mayrhofer I 37; Pokorný I 53; Vries
AMEW 2; Frisk I 122; Onions 624:
Lehmann GED 2; Lloyd-Springer I 5—8
Rluge-Seebold 2-3; Orel AED 307
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*abisjanan wk.vb.: ON ejsa 'to cut off',
OE ejesian 'to cut, to round, to shear'.
Probably derived from *aba. Vries
AMEW 94.
*abjon sb.f: ON eja 'mud, ooze', OE ebba
'ebb' (mase), OFris ebba id., MDu ebbe id.
Closely related to Gk cíjuoc; 'far away'.
Derived from *aba. Torp-Falk 15;
Holthausen AEE]V 87; Pokorný I 54;
Vries AMEW 94; Frisk I 121-122;
Onions 299; Kluge-Seebold 203.
*abnjan sb.n.: ON ejni 'materiál, stuff',
OE and-ejn 'equality, proportion, meas-
ure, amounť. Related to Skt ápna-
'possession, work', Gk ctcpvog 'riches,
wealth' (with irregular -9-). Torp-Falk
15-16; Holthausen AEEW 88; May-
rhofer I 40; Vries AMEW 94.
*abnjanan ~ *abnjójanan wk.vb.: ON
efna 'to perform, to prepare, to make
arrangements', OE ejnan 'to perform, to
execute, to labor', OHG ebanon id.
Derived from *abnjan. Torp-Falk 15—
16; Holthausen AEEW 88; Vries
AMEW 94.
*ab5n sb.m.: Goth aha 'husband, man',
ON afi 'grandfather, man', OHG prop.
Abo. Probably, a Lallwort (Uhlenbeck
PBB XXII 188, XXVII 113-1 14: nursery
word for 'father'). Torp-Falk 15; Bez-
zenberger BB XXI 296 (to * obraz and
Lith úošvis 'father-in-law'); Lidén Studien
73-74 (to IE *op- 'to be able, to bring
abouť); Fórstemann AMD 111; Zimmer-
mann BB XXLX 272 (to Etr apa 'father,
husbanď); Schulze K£ Lil 311 (samé as
Bezzenberger); Meringer IF XVII
129, XVIII 208-209 (follows Lidén);
Zachrisson Festschr. Kock 405 (to OE Aba,
Abba, Aja); Feist 1; Pokorný I 2; Vries
AMEW 2 (to *ajalan\ separates ON af.
'man' from afi 'grandfather', the latter to
Goth awo 'grandmother'); Zalizniak I
152; Jucouois LBd LX 199-203; Benve-
niste IEL 181; Lehmann GED 1 (against
comparison of Goth wiuh ON).
*abraz adj.: Goth abrs 'great, severe,
extréme', ON ajr-endr at aflí 'very strong,
valianť. Related to Mír abor- 'very', W
ajr- id. (Loth RC XLII 64), Thrac prop.
'APpo-^eAiiiq. Meyer Goth. 64 (to Skt
abhva- 'monstrous'); Kluge K£ XXV (to
Skt áprá- 'active, eager (?)'); Johansson IF
III 239-241 (to Skt ámbha- 'power', Lat
omnis 'all'); Bezzenberger BB XXI 296
(to *abon); Fick K£ XLV 56-57 (samé
as Johansson); Uhlenbeck Btrg. Gesch.
XXX 253; Meillet Etudes 183 (to Slav
*obr"b Avar'); Torp-Falk 16; Feist 1-2;
Stender-Petersen Slav.-germ. 184-185
(Slav *obrh from Gothic); Mezger K£
LXV 122-123 (foUows Bezzenberger);
Vaillant RESl XXIX 122 (against
abraz
aftt
Stender-Petersen); Jucouois LBd LX
199-203; Wagner R'Z LXXV 58-75 (to
Sum áb q 'to procreate', Akk abaru 'to be
strong'); Jóhannesson IEW 86; Pokorný
I 2; Vries AMEW 2-3; Vendryes A6-7;
Lehmann GED 1; Bammesberger Mom.
248; Heidermanns 93 (to Skt ápas- 'work,
action', Lat opus 'work').
*abu prep.: ON au-virdi 'worthless wretch,
damage', MHG abe 'from'. A variant of
*aba. Cf. Gk Arc-Cypr ani for áizó.
Pokorný I 55; Frisk I 122.
*abu3az ~ *abuxaz adj.: ON qfugr 'bent
back, inverteď, OS abuh 'evil', OHG abuh
'bad, wrong'. Derived from *aba. Cf. sim-
ilar but not identical derivatives in Skt
ápáka- 'aside, back', Slav *opak"b 'back,
back to front'. Schmidt Plur. 392;
Kretschmer KZ XXXI 389; Torp-Falk
15; Weisweiler IF XLI 345-350; Holt-
hausen AEEW 2; Pokorný 154; Vries
AMEW 685; Vasmer-Trubaghev III
142; Lloyd-Springer I 33-35; Kluge-
Seebold 6; Heidermanns 93-94.
*adelaz ~ *adelón sb.m.: OSwed ko-adel
'cow's urine', OE adela 'filth', MLG adel(e)
'unpleasant dampness'. Of unknown ori-
gin. Torp-Falk 10 (to Gk ov6o<; 'dung');
Holtuausen AEEW 2; Onions 12.
*afalan sb.n.: ON afl 'strength', OE afol
'power', OS abal id. The samé root is
preserved in Gk áv-amXáaa.<;' ó.vap-
pcoaQeíq, Hes., Ion EijjteXT|c; 'strong', Hom
óX\yr\-KeXu\ 'weakness', Ion ávr|jteWT| •
áaOéveia (Hes.). Torp-Falk 16; Hol-
thausen AEEl\ r 2; Porzig Gliederung 130;
Pokorný I 52; Vries AMEW 2 (OE <
ON); Lehmann 1 (to *abón).
*afalojanan wk.vb.: ON afla 'to acquire,
to cause, to contrive', OHG part. avalonti
'farmer'. Derived from *afalan. Torp-
Falk 16; Vries AMEW 2, 94.
*afarě adv.: Goth afar 'after', ON afar-
'very' (in compounds), OHG avur 'again'.
Related to Skt ápara- 'posterior, later', Av
aparo id. Cf. *aba. Bartholomae 76-77;
Torp-Falk 15; Feist 3-4; Mayrhofer I
38; Pokorný I 54; Chemodanov SGGJa I
107; Vries AMEW 2; Lehmann GED 2-3.
*afaron sb.m.: Goth ajara 'descendanť,
OE eafora 'heir, offspring, successor, son',
OS avaro 'descendanť. Derived from
*afart (Feist 4). Torp-Falk 15; Holt-
hausen AEEW 83; Thyagaraju JEGP
XLVII 180 (to *abdn); Vries AMEW 2 (to
ON afi 'buttermilk'); Sghmidt Studien 164;
Lehmann GED 3.
*aftaně adv.: Goth aftana 'from behinď,
ON aptan 'afterwards, again', OE iefian
'behinď, OFris efta id., OS aftan 'eventu-
ally', OHG aftan 'behind, from behinď.
Derived from *a/íí. Holthausen AEE]\ t
9; Feist 11; Pokorný I 54; Vries AMEW
11; Onions 18; Lehmann GED 7;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aftan{5az ~ *ěbandaz sb.m.: ON
aptann, eptann 'evening', OE éfen id., OFris
evend, iound id., OS áband id., OHG aband
id. Derived from *aftane (Johanisson
MASO V 50-75) with taboo transforma-
tions. Brugmann IFV 376 (to IE *epi ~
*opi); Wiedemann BB XXVIII 73 (samé
as Brugmann); Holthausen AEEW 9;
Pokorný I 324; Onions 331; Vries
ANEW 11; Lloyd-Springer I 9-13;
Beekes KZ CLX 231-232 (non-Indo-
European); Kluge-Seebold 3—4.
*aft(e)raz adj.: Goth aftaro 'in back of,
from behinď (with analogical -o), ON
eptir 'after', OE itfter id., OFris efter id.,
OS aftar id., OHG after id. Modification
of a comparative degree of *aba influ-
enced by *afta. Close to Skt apataram
'farther off', OPers apataram 'away from,
far away', Gk áTtraxépcD 'farther' (Brug-
mann Grundrifi 11/ 1 324—326). Torp-
Falk 15; Feist 11-12; Sghulze KZ XL
414; Pokorný I 53; Schmidt Studien 262
(to IE *opi); Mayrhofer I 37; Vries
AMEW 11; Onions 18; Peeters SL
XXLX, 59-60; Lehmann GED 8; Kluge-
Seebold 18; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*afte adv.: Goth afta 'behinď, ON eft
'after' (with e- from eftir), OE eft 'behind,
again', OFris eft 'later, afterwards', OS eft,
eht 'after'. Derived from *aba (Schmidt
Studien 88). Holthausen AEEW 88;
Feist 1 1; Pokorný I 53-54 (to Gk oitiOev
aftt
a3jo
'bchinď). Streitberg Bibel I 484 (Goth
afla as an erroneous reading of aftrd);
Lehmann GED 7-8; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aftrě adv.: Goth aftra 'back, again', ON
aptr id. See *aft(e)raz. Torp-Falk 15;
Feist 12; Pokorný I 53; Schmidt Studien
262 (to IE *opi); Vries ÁNEW 11;
Lehmann GED 8.
*aftumón adj.: Goth aftuma 'aftermost,
hindmosť. Superlative degree of *aia. Cf.
*aftumistaz. Feist 12; Pokorný I 53;
Lehmann GED 8; Bammesberger Mom.
234.
*aftumistaz adj.: Goth aftumists 'endmost,
finál', OE teftemest 'lasť. Secondary super-
lative based on *aftumon. Holthausen
AEEW 9; Feist 12; Pokorný I 53;
Lehmann GED 8; Bammesberger Mom.
234.
*a3a-laikín ~ *a3a-laikan sb.f./n.: Goth
ag-laitei 'licentiousness, debauchery' (irreg-
ular -t- < *-k-), OE (13-lác 'misery, grief,
trouble'. Compound of *«3« (see *a3anan)
and Haikan (Mezger Word II 66—71).
Torp-Falk 9; Holthausen AEE] V 3; Auf-
derhaar Lehnw. 28—31 (OHG agaleizi 'dili-
gence, zeal' < Goth); Feist 14 (to *a3luz)',
Scardigli Goten 227-228 (follows Aufder-
haar); Lehmann GED 10.
*a3anan str.vb.: Goth agan 'to be afraid of
part. un-agands 'fearless'. Related to Gk
a^oiiai 'to be sad, to mourn', Olr ad-
ágathar 'to fear'. Torp-Falk 9; Feist 13,
380-381 (on Goth og 'to be afraid of);
Pokorný I 7; Vrtes ANEW 3; Frisk I
202-203; Seebold 362; Peeters KZ XC
9-10; Lehmann GED 9.
*a3anó ~ *axanó sb.f: Goth ahana
'chaff , ON Qgn id. (pl. agnir < fem.
*a3aniz), OE e3en.11 'litde round heap' (<
*a3Íno; pl. from fem. *a3anon), OS agana
'chaff, OHG agana id. Derived from
*a3az. Derivationally close to Skt asáni-
'thunderbolt, tip of a missile', Gk aKaiva
'spike, prick', aicavoc; 'pine-thisde', Lat
agna 'ear (of grain)' < *akná, Lith ašnis
'edge, blade', Latv asns 'new shooť.
Aufrecht K^ I 353 (to Lat acus 'needle,
pin'); Zupitza Gutt. 129; Torp-Falk 7;
Holthausen AEE] I ' 89; Walde-Hofmann
I 22-23; Feist 16; Mayrhofer I 59;
Pokorný I 19-20; Chemodanov SGGJa I
63; Fraenkel 18; Frisk I 49, 62; Vrtes
AJVEW 685; Zalizniak II 194; Onions
66; Lehmann GED 1 1 .
*a3az sb.m.: Swed ag 'swamp grass', MLG
ag 'perch'. For the etymology see *a3ano
~ *axano. Pokorný 118.
*a3ej5Ó sb.f: OE ejeáe, e3de 'rake, harrow',
OFris eide id. OS egitha id., OHG egida id.
Related to OW ocet id. < *okita, OPrus
aketes id., Lith akěčios, ekěčios id. Torp-
Falk 8; Hirt IF XXXVII 230 (also to
Lat occa 'harrow'; Holthausen AEE]f
88; Pokorný I 22; Chemodanov SGGJa
I 62; Fraenkel 1 1 9; Ktuge-Seebold
205.
*a3ez sb.n.: Goth agis 'awe, fear', OE
mase. e3e 'fear, horror, dreaď. An e^-stem
derivationally identical with Gk neut.
a%oq id. (Aufrecht KZ I 355). Further
connected with *a3anan. Already in Goth
oblique cases are based on *a3esan. Cf.
mase. *a3eson id. > OE e3esa id., OS egisa
id., OHG egiso id. Zupitza Gutt. 218;
Torp-Falk 9; Holthausen AEE] V 89;
Feist 14; Pokorný I 7; Chemodanov
SGGJa 1110; Frisk I 202-203; Zalizniak
II 223; Seebold 362; Lehmann GED 10;
Plassmann Karg-Gasterstádt Festschr. 93-
135 (to *a3wi- 'snake' in *a3wi-paxsjon);
Bammesberger Nom. 211; Kluge-Seebold
902.
*a3in sb.f: Goth un-agei 'fearlessness',
OHG egí 'fear'. Derived from *a3anan.
Feist 13; Pokorný I 7; Vries ANEW 3;
Zalizniak II 223; Onions 65; Lehmann
GED 10; Heidermanns 94.
*a3Ja-stainaz sb.m.: ON egg-steinn 'sharp
stone', MLG egge-sten 'corner-stone',
MHG ecke-stein id. Compound of *a3Jo
and *stainaz. Carr Mom. comp. 83 (par-
allel formations).
*a3J5 sb.f: Burg *agja 'edge', ON egg id.,
OE ec3 'edge, angle, blade, sworď, OFris
egg, ig 'edge, sworď, OS eggia id., MHG
ecke 'sharp point, side'. Related to Gk
ÚkÍ<; 'sharp point', Lat aciěs 'sharp edge'
a3jo
axaz(an)
and other continuants of IE *ak- 'sharp'.
Torp-Falk 8; Holthausen AEE]\ t 87;
Walde-Hofmann I 8; Pokorný I 19;
Vries ANEW 94; Zalizniak I 148; Frisk
I 52; Onions 301; Bammesberger Nom.
113; Kobler 708; Kluge-Seebold 204;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*a3J5janan wk.vb.: ON egg/a 'to incite, to
goaď, OE ec^an 'to sharpen', OFris eggia 'to
drive, to fence', MLG eggen 'to sharpen'.
Derived from *a%jo. Holthausen AEEW
87; Vxms ANEW 95.
*a3ljanan wk.vb.: Goth agljan 'to harm',
OE e^lan 'to trouble', MLG egelen 'to
annoy', OHG egilen 'to tormenť. Derived
from *ashuz- Holthausen AEE]V 89;
Feist 15; Pokorný I 8; Onions 21;
Lehmann GED 10; Heidermanns 95.
*a3luz adj.: Gouh aglus 'difficult, toilsome',
OE «3& 'troublesome, hateful'. Con-
nected with Skt aghá- 'baď, Av ayo id.
Schweizer K~l I 151; Wtedemann BB
XXVIII 50 (to Gk áxlvq 'fog');
Bartholomae 47-48; Torp-Falk 9 (to
Gk 6%^-oq 'crowd, throng'); Feist 15;
Holthausen AEE1\' 89; Mezger JVordll
67; Mayrhofer I 19; Pokorný I 8;
Lehmann GED 10; Bammesberger Nom.
249; Heidermanns 95.
*a3nan sb.n.: ON agn 'baiť. From *aknó-.
Related to *axjanan. Structurally close to
Skt neut. áíana- 'meal'. Torp-Falk 8;
Pokorný I 18; Chemodanov SGGJa I
106; Vries A/VEII'3.
*a3uraz sb.m.: ON qgr 'kind of fish, carp'.
Derivationally close to Olr aicher 'sharp',
Lith ešeiys, dial. ašerys 'perch', Latv asars,
asaris id. (Moller KZ XXIV 466). Fur-
ther related to IE *ak- 'sharp'. Torp-
Falk 23; Trautmann BS]\ 7 14; Pokorný
I 20; Fraenkel 125.
*a3wi-baxsjón sb.f: OE áSexe 'lizarď, OS
egithassa, ewithissa id., OHG egidehsa id.
Compound consisting of *a^wi- (from
*og'hi-, cf. Skt áhi- 'snake', Gk ocpvg id.,
Kluge apud Zupitza Gutt. 99) and
*paxsjon derived from *\>exsanan. Torp-
Falk 9; Holthausen AEE\V 8; Mayr-
hofer I 68; Pokorný I 44; Frisk II 453.
*a3wja-lančtan ~ *axwja-landan sb.n.:
ON ey-land 'island', OE íyland id., OFris
a-lond id., MLG ei-lant, eyg-lant id. Com-
pound of *a3wjo ~ *axwjo and *landan.
Onions 486-487; Kluge-Seebold 209;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*a3wjó ~ *axwjó sb.f: ON ey 'island',
OE Í3 id., OFris «, ey id., OHG ouwa id.
Pln. Okim (Jordanes 60.15) < Goth *aujan
and -avia in Scandinavia belong here.
Derived from *axwo (Bugge K^ XI
403-404). Torp-Falk 9; Holthausen
^LE£ir 186; Feist 18; Pokorný I 23;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 54; Zalizniak I
148; Vries ANEW 106; Onions 486;
Darms Vrddhi 25; Lehmann GED 13;
Lloyd-Springer I 99—103; Bammes-
berger Mom. 113; Kxuge-Seebold 61;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*a3wnojanan wk.vb.: OE eánian 'to yean,
to bring forth (of ewe)', WFris eandje id.,
Du dial. oonen id. Based on the unattested
*a3wnaz identical with Lat agnus 'lamb',
Gk dnvó<; id., Olr úan id., Slav *agn^ id.
Specifically close to Slav *agniti s^ 'to
bring foruh (of ewe)'. Meillet BSL
XXrV 183-184 (isolates Gk and Lat);
Walde-Hofmann I 23; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 59; Pokorný I 9; Frisk I 93;
Onions 1019; Trubaohev Zh'V- 71—73,
ESSJa I 54-55; Dybo BSA 123-124.
*axaz(an) sb.n.: Goth ahs 'ear of grain',
ON ax id., OE ear id., OFris ar id., OS
ahar id., OHG ehir id. Related to Toch B
Sk 'ear of grain (?)', Gk ityy~t\ 'foam,
chaff ' < *aksnd, Lat acus id. (í-stem), Slav
*ostb 'spike of corn, sharp point', *osera
'ear, spike of corn'. Zupitza Gutt. 129
Torp-Falk 7-8; Holthausen AEE1V 85
Walde-Hofmann I 11; Feist 1 7-1 8
Pokorný I 22; Chemodanov SGGJa I 63
Vries ANEW 21; Frisk I 202; Zalizniak
II 223; Onions 297; Vasmer-Trubaohev
III 167; Trubachev Etun. 1968 60 (OHG
ahir < *akero- = Slav *osera, Lith ašays
'perch'); Lehmann GED 12; Lloyd-
Springer I 95-98; Bammesberger Nom.
212; Kluge-Seebold 21; Adams TB
35-37.
axiraz
axwo
*axiraz ~ *axuraz sb.m.: Dan ar
'maple', Germ dial. Acher id. Related
to Lat acer id. Walde-Hofmann I 6—7;
Pokorný I 20.
*axjanan wk.vb.: ON £Ja 'to bait, to resť.
Probably derivationally close to Skt
áíayati 'to make eať (to Skt ašnati 'to eat,
to consume'). Torp-Falk 8; Mayrho-
fer I 60; Pokorný I 18.
*axmaz sb.m.: Swed dial. am 'swamp
grass'. Derivationally similar to Gk dK(ir|
'point, edge' < *ak-m- 'sharp point'.
Pokorný 119; Frisk I 153-54.
*axslo sb.f.: ON qxl 'shoulder-joinť (from
fem. *axsliz), OE eaxel 'shoulder', eaxle id.
(on-stem), OFris axle, axele id., OS ahsla
id., OHG ahsla id. [5- and on-stem).
Derived from *axso. Derivationally simi-
lar to Lat ala id. < *agsld. Zupitza
Gutt. 187; Pveichelt WuS XII 112-114:
Torp-Falk 8; Holthausen AEEW 87
Walde-Hofmann I 25; Pokorný I 6
Chemodanov SGGJa I 89; Vries ANEW
689; Zalizniak II 1 95; Lloyd-Springer I
114-116; FCluge-Seebold 12.
*axsó sb.f.: OE eax 'axis, axle', OFris axe
id., MLG asse id., OHG ahsa id. Related
to Skt áksa- 'axle', Gk aí^cov id., Lat axis
id., Olr aiss id., Lith ašis id., Latv ass id.,
Slav *osb. Torp-Falk 8; Meillet BSL
XXV 144; Trautmann BSW 14-15; Rei-
chelt WuS XII 112-114; Holthausen
AEE]V 87; Benveniste Origines 7; Walde-
Hofmann I 89; Mayrhofer I 16;
Pokorný I 6; Chemodanov SGGJa I
108; Fraenkel 19; Frisk I 116;
Zalizniak I 146; Vasmer-Trubachev III
167-168; Lloyd-Springer I 113-114;
ICluge-Seebold 11-12.
*axsulaz sb.m.: ON qxull 'axle'. Derived
from *axso. Derivationally close to W echel
id., Bret ahel id. < *aksila. Torp-Falk 8;
Pokorný I 185; ICluge-Seebold 11.
*axt5u mim.: Goth ahtau 'eighť, ON átta
id., OE eahta id., OFris achta id., OS ahto
id., OHG ahto id. Continues the Indo-
European word for 'eighť: Toch A okát,
B okt-, Skt astáu, astá, Av ašta, Gk oktco,
Arm uť, Lat octo, Olr ocht n-, Lith astuoni.
Zupitza Gutt. 188; Bartholomae 260;
Torp-Falk 8; Muller IF XLIV 137
138; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 103, 392
Walde-Hofmann II 199-200; Feist 18
Mayrhofer I 63; Pokorný I 22, 775
Fraenkel 19-20; Vries ANEW 1 7; Frisk
II 374-375; Onions 304; Lehmann GED
12; Lloyd-Sprlnger I 121-124; Ross-
Berns Numerals 588—589; ICluge-Seebold
12; Adams TB 110; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*axtudon ~ *axtub5n mim.: Goth
ahtuda 'eighth', ON átte id., OHG ahtodo
id. Other forms, ON áttandi, OFris ach-
tunda, MLG achtende and the like, were
restructured under the influence of
*seiunian ~ *seíunpan. Torp-Falk 8;
Feist 18; Vries ANEW 17; Ross-Berns
Numerals 629-630; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*axurnaz sb.m.: OS ahorn 'maple', OHG
ahorn id. Derivationally close to Gk
«Kapva- 8á<pvr| (Hes.), Lat acernus 'of
maple-tree'. Connected with *axiraz
~ *axuraz. Walde-Hofmann I 6-7;
Pokorný I 20; Lloyd-Sprtnger I 110-
113; FCluge-Seebold 20-21.
*axwa-ťíukk5n sb.f: ODan a-dokke 'water-
dock', OE éa-docce id. Compound of *axwo
and *dukkon. Onions 280.
*axwalaz sb.m.: ON soš-áll 'flesh-hook' (=
Lat fusánula), OE neut. awel 'awl', OHG
ahil 'point of the ear (of corn)'. Deriva-
tionally similar to Lat aculeus 'spině', W ebil
'drill' < *akullio-. Connected with IE *ak-
'sharp', see *a^ano ~ *axano. Torp-Falk 8;
Holthausen AEEW 8; Walde-Hofmann
111; Pokorný I 1 9; Chemodanov SGGJa
I 63, 107; Vries XAEn' 6.
*axwo sb.f: Goth atva 'flowing body of
water, river', ON á 'river', OE eá
'running water, stream' (root stem), OFris
a, ě id., OS aha id., OHG aha id. Iden-
tical with Lat aqua id. Zupitza Gutt.
60; Torp-Falk 9; Bonfante IF Lil
225; Holthausen ^££11' 82; Walde-
Hofmann I 60; Feist 18-19; Porzig
Gliederung 100-101, 205-207 (on the rela-
tion with *ap- 'river'); Wagner K^
LXXV 67 (to *ekttos); Jungandreas ^dPh
IX 113 (ON to Gmc theon. ON Yngm,
axwo
aikanan
OE In.3, OS Ing); Pokorný I 23; Chemo-
danov SSGJa I 54; Vries ANEW 1;
Zalizniak II 205; Onions 487; Lehmann
GED 12-13; Bammesberger Nom. 199;
Lloyd-Springer I 99-103; Kluge-
Seebold 1 1 ; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aidaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth sched-iit 'lighť,
OE id 'funeral pile', OS id 'firebranď,
OHG eit id. Identical with Skt édha- 'fuď,
Gk od8o<; 'firebranď, Olr áed 'fire'.
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 57; Torp-Falk 2;
Wood JEGP XIII 504; Holthausen
AEEW 2; Feist 414; Mayrhofer I 128;
Pokorný 111; Frisk I 37—38; Lehmann
GED 298.
*aidsón sb.f.: ON eisa 'glowing embers',
MLG ěse 'hearth'. Derived from *aidaz.
Reflects an originál j-stem *aidhes-.
Torp-Falk 3; Vries ANEW 97-98;
Pokorný 112.
*aÍ3anan ~ *aÍ3enan sb.n.: Goth aigin
'belongings, possessions, property', ON
eigin 'one's own, of property', OE á^en
'property', OFris ěgin, ein id., OS ěgan id.,
OHG eigan id. Substantivized *aÍ3anaz ~
*aÍ3enaz. Holthausen AEEW 10; Vries
ANEW 95; Seebold 69-70.
*aÍ3anaz ~ *aÍ3enaz adj.: ON eiginn
'own', OE á^en id., OFris ein, egen id., OS
ěgan id., OHG eigan id. Past participle of
*aixa. Torp-Falk 1 ; Holthausen AEE] I '
10; Vries ANEW 96; Onions 638; Bout-
kan OFED s.v.
*aÍ3enan sb.n.: ON eigin 'seeď, MLG Tne
'shoot, sprouť. Related to Lith áiža
'crack, rifť, tížiti 'to be peeleď, éižéti
'to jump up, to start up'. Fick III 2
(to *aik- 'spear'); Torp-Falk 2; Bezzex-
berger BB XXVII 166; Pokorný I 15;
Fraenkel 4; Vries ANEW 95-96.
*aÍ3enójanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aiginon 'to
appropriate', ON eigna 'to dedicate, to
attribute'. Cf. also *aÍ3eněnan in OE ájmare
'to possess, to own, to appropriate', MLG
ěgenen id., OHG eigenen 'to také possession
of. Derived from *aÍ3anaz ~ *aÍ3enaz.
Holthausen AEEW 3; Feist 20; Vrdís
ANEW 96; Lehmann GED 14; Kluge-
Seebold 209.
*aÍ3on sb.f: ON eiga 'ownership, prop-
erty', OE Í3e 'property'. Derived from
*aixa. Holthausen AEE]ť 3; Vries
ANEW 9b; Seebold 69.
*aÍ3wiskaz adj.: Goth un-aiwisks 'blame-
less', OE dwisc 'disgraced, ashamed,
abashed', MLG eisch 'hateful'. Related
and structurally similar to Gk aía^o?
'shame' < *aig"hsko- (Fick I 345-346), cf.
*aÍ3wjanan > OE éwan 'to despise, to
scorn' (Wood MLN XVI 309). Torp-
Falk 2 (to Gk aiox ? 'shame'); Holt-
hausen AEE] V 14; Feist 30; Pokorný I
14; Frisk I 146-47; Mezger KZ LXXLX
38—41 (to *aiwaz ~ *aiwiz); Beck Gedenk-
schr. Gůntert 53, 55; Puhvel IF LXXXIII
138 (agrees with Mezger); Seebold KZ
LXXXI 123; Lehmann GED 21; Kluge-
Seebold 214.
*aixa str.vb.: Goth aih 'to háve, to own',
ON á id., OE áh id., OFris aga, hága id.,
OS pl. ěgun id., OHG pl. eigun id. Related
to Toch B aik- 'to know, to recognize',
Skt Iše, iste 'to possess, to own', Av aěs- 'to
dominate' (Pedersen Gr. 31). Schweizer
KZ I 153; Bartholomae 26; Torp-Falk
1; Feist 20; Holthausen AEE1\ t 10;
Jóhannesson IEW 46; Mayrhofer I 96;
Pokorný I 299; Zalizniak I 150; Vries
ANEW 95; Onions 638; Seebold 69-72;
Lehmann GED 14; Kluge-Seebold
208-209; Adams TB 101-102; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*aixtiz sb.f: Goth aihts 'belongings, pos-
sessions, property', ON étt, átt 'family,
race', OE éht 'possessions, property,
power', OHG ěht 'property, power'. Deri-
vative in *-ti- of *aixa. Close to Av išti-
'ability, power, property'. Bartholo-
mae 376—377; Torp-Falk 1; Holthausen
AEEW 10; Feist 20; Mezger W^UG VI
218-220; Pokorný I 298-299; Zalizniak
I 150; Seebold 70; Lehmann GED 14;
Bammesberger Nom. 143.
*aikanan str.vb.: Goth aj-aikan 'to děny,
to abjure', OHG in-eihhan 'to claim'
(gloss, = in-sageri). Related to Mír éigid 'to
shouť. Further cf. *aixtrojanan > Goth
aihtron 'to beg, to pray', a denominative
aikanan
aina-buranaz
based on the unattested *aixtra- — Gk
oiKxpó<; 'pitiable'. Bezzenberger %iPh
V 229-230 (from *aig- 'to spring');
Sutterlin IF TV 101 (to Gk BÍTOV 'to
speak, to say'); Grienberger Goten 4
(to Gk T]|jí 'to say'); Torp-Falk 1;
Uhlenbeok PBB XXVII 114 (to Slav
*izt 'out, from'); Feist 3; Foes JEGP
XLII 270 (to Gk oiKxoq 'waiting', Mír
éigid 'to cry'), Goth. 2-3; Bailey BSOAS
XXI 536-538 (to Toch en- 'to instrucť,
Gk ávaívonai 'to refuse, to renounce, to
spurn'); Pokorný I 298; Frisk II 361
362; Seebold 72-73; Lehmann GED 2.
*aikínaz adj.: Burg *aikins, ON eikirm
'oaken', OE écen, ácen id., OFris ězen, ětzen
id., MLG ěken id., OHG eihhín id. De-
rived from *aikz. Holthausen AEE1T 8;
Vries ANEW 96; Kobler 708.
*aikwernón ~ *íkwernón sb.m.: ON
íkorni 'squirrel', OE ácwern id. (neut.),
MLG ekeren, ekhom id., OHG eihhurno id.
A taboo transformation of the name
attested in Lat uměna 'weasď, Bret gwiber
'squirrď, Lith véveris, vaiveris id., Slav
*věverica id., probably influenced by *aikz
and formations in *-em-, cf. *pe3wemo(n).
Torp-Falk 27 (to Skt éjati 'to stir, to
move'); Much ZDADL XLII 166 (the first
part to ON eikinn 'savage'); Schrader BB
XV 134 (the first component to Skt ejati
'to stir, to move'); Holthausen AEEW 1;
Specht KZ LXII 253-254 (Lat uluerra <
*m-uer-sa)\ Walde-Hofmann II 808;
Pokorný I 14 (compound of *aik- con-
nected with Skt éjati 'to move' and *wern-
related to Lith vaiveris 'squirrel', Slav
*věverica id.); Fraenkel 1233; Vries
ANEW 284; Kluge-Seebold 207 (recon-
structs *aikurnari).
*aikz sb.f: Burg *aiks 'oak', ON eik id.,
OE ác id., OFris ek id., OS ěk id. (í-stem),
OHG eih id. (z-stem). Compared with Gk
aiy(Xco\)/ 'kind of oak', with the second
component identified with Xáy xhcniix;,
Hes., Xoiióq 'shell, bark', Lat aesculus 'kind
of oak' (Kretschmer Glotta III 335).
Schrader iC^X 461-462 (to Gk aiyavéri
'hunting spear'); Kuhn KZ LXXI 151 (to
*akranari); Torp-Falk 1; Holthausen
^££11^ 2; Pokorný I 13; Vries ANEW
96; Frisk I 31; Zalizniak II 205; Pisani
St. balt. X 52 (to OPrus ansonis 'oak');
Onions 619; Bammesberger JVom. 195;
Griepentrog I Vurzelnomina 21-32; Kob-
ler 708; Kluge-Seebold 207.
*ailan sb.n.: OE ál 'fláme'. Despite pho-
netic difficulties, probably from *aíálan
connected with *aiiaz (Sievers IF IV
339). Derivationally close to Mír áel
'lime' < *aidh-lo-. Fick KZ I (NF) 3-4
(to Lat ad-oleo 'to burn'); Johansson ^dPh
XXXI 285-288 (influenced by IE *alcto:
Skt neut. alata- 'fire-brand, coal'); Wood
JEGP XIII 500 (to OE ile 'hard skin');
Holthausen AEEW 3; Pokorný I 12;
Vries ANEW 99-100.
*ailidaz sb.m.: ON eldr 'fire', OE tekd 'fire,
conflagration', OS Ěd 'fire'. Derived from
*ailjanan. Torp-Falk 3-4 (to W ailuyd
'hearth' < *aileta); Holthausen AEEW
10; Pokorný I 12; Vrtes ANEW 99-1 00;
Onions 38.
*ailjanan wk.vb.: OE telan 'to kindle, to
set on fire, to burn'. Derived from *ailan.
Torp-Falk 3; Holthausen AEEW 10;
Pokorný 112.
*aimaz sb.m.: ON eimr 'reek, vapor', OE
ám 'reed, slay of a weaver's loom', E dial.
oam 'warm winď. Continues *ai-mo- or,
better, *aidh-smo-, eventually related to
*aidh- 'to burn', cf. in particular Av aesma-
'firewood', Lith íesmé id. Bartholomae
26-27; Holthausen AEE]V 3; Pokorný I
11-12; Vries ANEW 96; Onions 308.
*aimuzjon sb.f: ON eimyrja 'embers', OE
émyrie, dmer^e id., MLG emere id., OHG
eimuria 'pyre, hot ash'. Derived from
*aimaz (Kluge KZ XXVI 84). Torp-
Falk 32; Holthausen AEEW 11; Vries
ANEW 96; Onions 308; Kluge-Seebold
34 (compound of *aimaz and *usjon > ON
poet. ysja 'fire').
*aina-au3Jaz adj.: ON ein-eygr 'one-eyeď,
OE án-eá^e id., MLG ein-oge id., OHG
ein-ougi id. Compound of *ainaz and
*au$jaz. Carr Nom. comp. 64.
* aina-buranaz ~ *aina-fourenaz adj.:
aina-buranaz
aina-likaz
ON ein-borinn 'ordy begotten', OE án-boren
id., OHG ein-boran 'unique, sole'. Com-
pound of *ainaz and participle of *tera-
nan. Carr Mom. comp. 92 (calque of Lat
unigenitus).
*aina-áa3Ón sb.m.: ON ein-dagi 'term for
pay', OE án-daja 'fixed day, time
appointed, day appointed for hearing a
cause', OS ěn-dago 'day of death'. Com-
pound of *ainaz and *ia^az. Krogmann
EngS LXX 40—43 (compares *ain- with
Skt inóti 'to advance upon, to press upon';
cf. *ferino); Torp-Falk 199; Holthausen
AEEW 4; Carr Mom. comp. 58; Pokorný
I 241-242; Lehmann GED 86.
*aina-faldaz adj.: Goth ain-falps 'in one
piece, simple', ON ein-Jaldr id., OE án-
feald 'simple, single, one, alone', OFris en-
fald 'singulár, single', OS en-fald id., OHG
ein-falt 'pure, single'. Compound of *ainaz
and *faldaz. Feist 23; Carr Mom. comp.
64-65; Lehmann GED 16; Heidermanns
187-188; Rluge-Seebold 211; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*aina-f5tjaz adj.: ON ein-fíttr 'one-
leggeď, OE án-Jéte id. Compound of
*ainaz and *fótjaz (see *fotz ~ *fotuz).
Carr Mom. comp. 65.
*aina3az ~ *aine3az pron., adj.: Goth
ainaha 'only, sole' (< *ainaxaz), ON einigr,
eingi 'none, any', OE tenis ' an y ; anyone',
OFris enich 'only', OS ěnig id., OHG sbst.
einago 'hermit, monk'. Derived from
*ainaz. Cf. a similar derivation in Lat
umcus id. (Solmsen PBB XXVII 356).
Torp-Falk 3, 557 (to Slav *inoki, 'monk'
but *-ok r b < *ok*o-); Holthausen AEE]V
11; Walde-Hofmann II 821; Feist 22;
Pokorný I 286; Vries AMEW31; Onions
41; Lehmann GED 16; Ross-Berns
Mumerals 656-657; Fvluge-Seebold 211-
212; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aina-xandjaz adj.: ON ein-hendr 'single -
handeď, OE án-hende id., OHG ein-henti
id. Compound of *ainaz and *xanďjaz (see
*xanduz). Carr Mom. comp. 65.
*aina-xarčtuz adj.: ON ein-hardr 'coura-
geous, constanť, OS en-hard 'hostile, evil',
OHG ein-harti 'courageous, constanť.
Compound of *ainaz and *xariuz. Carr
Mom. comp. 63.
*aina-xlaupiz adj.: ON ein-hleypr 'single,
unmarrieď, OE án-hlíepe id., latě OS en-
lope 'alone, single'. Derived from *ainaz
and *xlaupan. Holthausen AEE]V 163;
Carr Mom. comp. 62; Seebold 260;
Matzel Festschr. Schroder 259-261, ££
CV 129; Heidermanns 293.
*ain(a)kai adv.: ON einka- 'only, speciál'
(in compounds), Du ěnec 'alone'. Derived
from *ainaz. Cf. a similar pattern in Slav
*jbnog"h 'single' and Cypr íyyia. Vries
AMEW 99; Trubachev ESSJa VIII 231;
Lehmann GED 16.
*ainak(i)laz adj.: Goth ainakls 'alone,
standing alone', ON name of a sea-king
Ekkill, OSwed sbst. icnkill 'widower',
MLG enkel 'single'. Derived from *ain(a)kai.
Grienberger Got. 14 (from *ain-ak-l-az,
cf. *akanan); Feist 22-23; Vries AMEW
99; Lehmann GED 16; Ross-Berns
Mumerals 658.
*aina-lifa ~ *aina-lifoa num.: Goth
ainlif 'eleven', ON ellifu id., OE endleojan
id., OFris andlova, elleva id., OS clleban id.,
OHG einlif id. Most of WGmc forms
háve a secondary -(a)n. Compound of
*ainaz and Hif- 'lefť (see Haibjancm). A sim-
ilar structure is found in Lith vienuólika id.
in which -lika is identical widr Gmc *lif-
(Grimm Germania I 19, DG II 946-947).
Meillet MSL XV 259; Zupitza Gutt. 12;
Torp-Falk 3; Bezzenberger K^ XLIV
133-135; Holthausen AEE]V 91; Feist
23; Porzig Glieckrung 146; Pokorný I
670; Chemodanov SGGJa I 74-75;
Fraenkel 1239-1240; Vries AMEW
101; Onions 306; Lehmann GED 17;
Ross-Berns Mumerals 593—596 (*aini- in
Goth); Kluge-Seebold 217; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*aina-lifton num.: ON ellepti 'eleventh',
OE ellyfla, endlefta id., OFris andlofta id.,
OS ellifto id., OHG einlifto id. Derived
from *aina-lifa ~ *aina-liia. Ross-Berns
Mumerals 633-634; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aina-líkaz adj.: OSwed ěnlíker 'alone',
OE énlíc 'singulár, incomparable, excel-
aina-likaz
aiskojanan
lenť. Derived from *ainaz. Ross-Berns
Numer ah 663.
*aina-naxtjaz adj.: ON ein-náttr 'one
night olď, OE adv. án-nihte id., MHG ein-
nehte id. Gompound of *ainaz and *naxtjaz
(see *naxtz). Carr Mom. comp. 65.
*aina-rěďaz adj.: ON ein-rádr 'self-willeď,
OE án-rdd 'one-minded, unanimous,
agreeď, OHG ein-rati 'secreť. Com-
pound of *ainaz and *retaz. Carr Mom.
comp. 94—95 (parallel formations).
*aina-stapón sb.m.: ON ein-stapi 'a kind
of fern, Pteris aquilina', OE án-stapa 'lone
wanderer'. Compound of *ainaz and
*stapan. Carr Mom. comp. 87 (parallel
formations).
*aina-walti6n sb.m.: ON ein-valdi 'mo-
narch', OE án-wealda 'sovereign, gover-
nor'. Compound of *ainaz and *walían.
Carr Mom. comp. 87 (calque of Lat
monarchus in OE).
*aina-wÍ3Jan sb.n.: ON ein-vígi 'single
combať, OE án-wíj id., OHG ein-wígi id.
Compound of *ainaz and *wT^jan (see
*wi3<zn). Carr Mom. comp. 58.
*ainaz num.: Goth ains 'one', ON einn id.,
OE án id., OFris an, in, on id., OS en
id., OHG ein id. Identical with Lat unus
id., Olr óen id., OPrus ains id. further
related to Skt éka- id., Av aivo id., Gk oíoq
id. Bartholomae 22-24; Pedersen Kelt.
Gr. I 57, 447; Torp-Falk 3; Holthausen
AEEWA; Walde-Hofmann II 821; Feist
24; Mayrhofer I 126; Pokorný I
281-286; Vries AMEW 97; Frisk II 367;
Onions 627; Toporov PJa I 63-64;
Lehmann GED 17; Bammesberger Mom.
227; Ross-Berns Mumerals 559-561;
Kíuge-Seebold 210; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*airaz ~ *airuz sb.m.: Goth airus 'emis-
sary, messenger', ON árr, qrr 'messenger',
OE ar 'messenger, herald', OS er 'messen-
ger' (< *airiz). Probably, a derivative of
*airi. Grienberger Goten 15; Torp-
Faek 3; Wiedemann BB XXVIII 46;
Wood MLM XIII 82 (from *ei- 'to go');
Bugge PBB XXIV 430-433 (to *airo);
Meringer IF XVIII 249-251 (to *aija-
nan); Holthausen PBB LXVI 267 (to ON
irask 'to be rumored abroaď), AEE\V 6;
Feist 26-27; Vries AMEW 14; Zalizniak
II 198; Lehmann GED 19; Bammesberger
Mom. 66.
*airi adv.: Goth air 'early', ON ar id., OE
ér 'previously, before', OS «' id., OHG er
id. Continues loc. *ai(e)ri. Related to Av
ayara 'day', Gk riépio? 'early'. Cf. com-
parative *airiz > Gotír airis 'before, ear-
lier', ON ter id., OE ér 'early, former',
OFris er 'before, earlier', OS er id., OHG
er id. and superlative *airistaz > OE érest
'firsť, OS erist id., OHG adv. ěrist id.
Fick K^_ XXII 95-96; Bartholomae
157; Torp-Falk 3; Holthausen AEE]V
12; Feist 24-25; Sohulze Kl. Schr. 825,
833; Pokorný I 12; Vries AMEW 12,
681; Frisk I 624; Onions 323-324;
Lehmann GED 1 8; Kluge-Seebold
205-206; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*airi-ďa3az sb.m.: ON pl. ár-dagar 'days of
yore', OE pl. ér-da^as id., OS pl. ěr-dagos
id. Cf. also OHG adj. er-tagig 'of yester-
day, before the dawn'. Compound of *airi
and *da$az. Carr Mom. comp. 58.
*airin5janan wk.vb.: Goth airinon 'to be
an emissary, to be a messenger', ON árna
'to intercede, to pray'. Derived from *airaz
~ *airuz. Feist 25; Vries AMEW 14.
*airi-wakraz adj.: ON ár-vakr 'early
awake', OHG ěr-wackar id. Compound of
*airi and *wakraz. Carr Mom. comp. 63.
*airó sb.f: ON ár 'oar', OE ar id. Of
unknown origin. Bugge PBB XXrV
429 (to *roanan); Torp-Falk 3; Holt-
hausen AEEW 7; Pokorný I 298 (to Gk
ouxí; 'handle of rudder'); Vries AMEW
12; Onions 619; Lehmann GED 19.
*aisk5janan wk.vb.: OE ascian 'to
inquire, to ask', OFris askia 'to demand,
to claim', OS ěscon 'to promote, to fur-
ther', OHG eiscon 'to search, to look for'.
Related to Skt ésati 'to seek', iccháti, 'to
seek, to wish' < *is-ske-, Av aeš- id., Arm
hayc'em 'to beg', Lith ieškau, ieškóti 'to seek',
Slav Hskah id. (Fick BB XVI 170-171).
Bugge KZ III 40-41; Bartholomae
28-31; Torp-Falk 4; Trautmann BSW
67; Holthausen AEE]V 7; Mayrhofer I
aiskojanan
10
aiwaz
85; Pokorný I 16; Fraenkel 182;
Onions 54; Trubachev ESSJa VIII
238-239; Kluge-Seebold 366; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*aiskrójanan wk.vb.: ON eiskra 'to roar,
to rage'. A denominative based on the
unattested *aiskran. Related to Lith áiškus
'clear' and derivationally close to Slav
*jbskra 'sparkle' (< neut.). Persson Bei-
fráge 950; Johansson /FXLX 112-114 (to
Lat aestus 'heať); Fraenkel 3; Pokorný I
16-17; Trubachev ESSJa VIII 239-240.
*aitaz sb.m.: OHG eiz 'abscess'. Related
to Arm aitnum 'to swell', Gk oíSréco id.
(Fick K2^ I 5-6). Structurally close to
Gk neut. 01805 'swelling, tumor'. Torp-
Falk 2; Pokorný I 774; Frisk II 357-
358; Keuge-Seebold 214.
*aitilaz adj.: ON sbst. eitill 'nodule in
stone', EFris eitel 'fast, raging', OHG sbst.
eizzala 'gallnuť. Derived from *aitaz.
Bezzenberger BB XXVII 172; Vries
ANEJV98; Kluge-Seebold 214.
*aitón sb.f.: OE éte 'oats', OS eriwit 'pea'
(< *arwa-aito), OHG araweiz id. (< *arwa-
aito). May be related to *aitaz (Wood
JEGP XIII 500). For the semantic dev-
elopment cf. Gk oíSaí; 'unripe fig'.
Wiedemann BB XXVIII 46, 50 (recon-
structs *araw-ait- with suff. *-ait-)\
Holthausen AEEJ\ t 7; Pokorný I 774;
Onions 619; Iíluge-Seebold 228.
*aitran sb.n.: ON eitr 'poison', OE étor id.,
OFris áter 'pus', atter id., OS ettor id.,
OHG eitar id. Derived from *aitaz. If
originally from *'swelling', can be directiy
compared with Slav *idro 'womb, lap'.
Torp-Falk 2; Holthausen AEE]V 8;
Pokorný I 774; Vries AMEW 98;
Zalizniak I 138; Fvluge-Seebold 214 (to
Slav *éďh 'poison').
*aipa-stabaz m: ON eiS-stajř 'wording of
an oath', OE áo-sttef oath', OS ěd-staj id.,
MHG eit-stap id. Compound of *aipaz
and *staiaz. Carr Mom. comp. 46.
*aibaz sb.m.: Goth aips 'oath', ON eior id.
(gen. sg. reflects *aipiz), OE ád id., OFris
ěth, ěd id., OS ěth id., OHG eid id.
Identical with Olr óeth id. and, probably,
with Gk oítoi; 'fate', OPhryg oito- id.
(Meringer IF XVIII 295; Grlenberger
Goten 16). These forms could be (but not
necessarily are) derived from *ei- 'to walk'
(Brugmann IF XXXVII 241) or related
to Hitt hni- 'to believe, to trust' (Puhvel
III 9-10). Arbois de Jubainville MSL
VII 292 (from Celtic, cf. Olr oeth 'oath');
Osthoff BB XXIV 208-209 (to Gk
odvo<; 'consenť); Torp-Falk 2; Bartho-
lomae /FXII 30 (compares oitoc; with Av
aéta- 'punishment'); Merlmger IF XVIII
295 (to *ei- 'to go'); Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I
58 (to Lat útor 'to neeď); Holthausen
AEEW 8; Feist 29; Tucker Notes 36 (to
Gk Ítt|Xo<; 'abiding'); Lané Language LX
246 (from Celtic); Krahe Spr. Vorz- 134;
Porzig Gliederung 121; Pokorný I 11,
295; Chemodanov SGGJa I 96; Vries
ANEU' 95; Zalizniak II 185; Onions
619; Frisk II 370-371; Benveniste 393,
433; Chantraine 788; Scardigli Goten
53-54 (against the Celtic etymology);
Polome JIES XI 281-298; Lehmann
GED 20; Beekes Laryngeals 128; Bammes-
berger ]\ r om. 78; Orel Phrygian 449;
Kxuge-Seebold 207-208; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*aij)ín sb.f: Goth aipei 'mother', OHG
fuotar-eidi 'nanny'. Cf. also *aipon 'mother'
> ON eiia. Derived from *aipaz (Mez-
ger KZ LXXVI 85-86: a legally
acknowledged mother as opposed to a
concubine-mother). Uhlenbeck Btrg.
Gesch. XXVII 115 (to Basque aita
'fadrer'); Grienberger Goten 16 (to Gk
fut. óíato 'to carry'); Torp-Falk 2; Feist
28, PBB LIII 397-400 (from non-existent
Blyr OH0H 'mater Dea'); ICrahe PBB
LVU 426-428 (against Feist); Vries
ANE1V 95; Zalizniak I 157; Lehmann
GED 20.
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz sb.m.: Goth aiws 'age,
eternity', OE dm, á 'law', OFris a- 'law'
(in cmpn.), OS ěo id., OHG fem. ěwa id.
Cf. also ON £vi 'time, eternity' < *aiwín.
Acc. sg. *aiwin is ušed as an adverb 'ever':
Goth aiw, ON <k, OE á, OS ěo, OHG io.
Related to Skt ayu- 'vital power', Av ayíi
aiwaz
11
ake
'lifespan', Gk cxiróv 'vital power', Lat
aeuus, aeuum 'age'. Vogt Btrg. Gesch.
LVIII 1-66; Zupitza Gutt. 74 (to *ei- 'to
go'); Bartholomae 333; Torp-Falk 4;
Holthausen AEE]t r 8; Walde-Hofmann
I 21; Benveniste BSL XXXVIII
103-112; Feist 30-31; Tucker Notes 36
(to Lat iús 'right, law'); Mayrhofer I 77;
Pokorný I 17; Frisk I 49; Zalizniak II
214; Onions 66; Lehmann GED 22; Beck
Gedenkschr. Giintert 47-48, 53-54; Kluge-
Seebold 238, 410; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aiwipó sb.f.: ON lang-ďd 'long lasting',
OHG ewida 'eternity'. Derived from
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz. Vries ANEW 680.
*aizan sb.n.: Goth aiz 'copper', ON eir
'brass', OE ár 'ore, brass, copper', OS er
'ore', OHG er 'ore, copper'. Related to
Skt áyas- 'metal, iron', Av ayah- id., Lat
aes 'ore' continuing IE *aios-. Bartho-
lomae 159; Torp-Falk 4; Holthausen
AEEW 7; Walde-Hofmann I 19-20
Walde-Hofmann I 19-20; Feist 31
Mayrhofer I 46; Pokorný I 15
Chemodanov SGGJa I 90; Vries ANEW
97; Zalizniak I 138; Lindeman Verschár-
fung 11.4; Gamkrelidze-Ivanov 709-710;
Lehmann GED 22; Bammesberger Nom.
212; Kluge-Seebold 206.
*aizó sb.f.: ON eir 'peace, clemency' (<
*aizjo), OE ár 'honor, glory, kindness',
OFris ere 'honor', OS er, ěra 'honor, help',
OHG era 'honor'. Related to Osk abl. pl.
aisusis 'sacrifice', Marruc dat. pl. aisos
'gods', Umbr esono- 'divine, sacreď and
probably to Gk oá'8o|jai 'to respecť <
*aiz-d- (Bezzenberger BB IV 313).
Perhaps, further connected with *aiskqjan.
Torp-Falk 4; Holthausen AEEW 7;
Feist 27-28; Pokorný I 16; Vries ANEW
97; Frisk I 34-35; Zalizniak II 191;
Peeters IF XCTV 295; Kluge-Seebold
206; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*ajjaz sb.n.: Crim. Goth nom. pl. ada
'egg', ON egg id., OE «3 id., OS ei id.,
OHG ei id. Related (without traces of *u
and with Verschárfung) to OPers xaya id.,
Gk ipóv id. Arm ju id., W wy id., Slav
*ajbce, *aje id. Molz Btrg. Gesch. XXXI
324-325; Torp-Falk 1; Holthausen
AEEW 9-10; Feist 2; Pokorný I
783-784; Vries ANE1V 94-95; Frisk II
1150; Zalizniak II 223; Schindler
Sprache XV 144-167; Lindeman SL
XrV/2 10-11, Verschárfung 10.2; Onions
303; Trubaohev ESSJa I 61-62;
Lehmann Fhon. 36-46, GED 2; Kluge-
Seebold 206.
*ajukaz adj.: Goth ajuk-dups 'eternity', OE
éce 'eternal, perpetual'. Derived from
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz. Probably derivationally
similar to Lat iugis 'permanent, perpetual'
(Seebold Etym. 93-94). Torp-Falk 4;
Bréal MSL IV 140-141 (Goth suffix <
Lat); Feist 32; Holthausen AEE]V 8;
Walde-Hofmann I 727; Pokorný I 17;
Bammesberger AE 12, Nom. 262; Leh-
mann GED 23; Heidermanns 97.
*akanan str.vb.: ON aka 'to drive (in a
vehicle)', OE acan 'to ache, to pain'.
Despite the semantic discrepancy, these
forms are historically identical (Seebold
74—75). Cf. the meanings of Lat agitb 'to
put in motion, to drive, to rouše up, to
disturb'. Related to Toch B Sk- 'to lead,
to guide, to drive', Skt ájati 'to drive', Av
azaiti id., Arm acem 'to lead, to bring', Gk
ayo) 'to lead', Lat ago 'to drive', OW agit
'to go'. Zupitza Gutt. 195; Wood AJPhil
XXVII 59 (OE to Skt agas- 'transgres-
sion, faulť Gk ayoq 'pollution, guilt, expi-
ation'); Loewe KZ XLVIII 99-1 00M
(samé as Wood); Bartholomae 223-224;
Torp-Falk 7; Holthausen AEE]V 2;
Walde-Hofmann I 23-24; Porzig Glie-
derung 120; Mayrhofer I 23; Pokorný I
4; Vries ANEW 3; Frisk I 18; Onions
8-9; Adams TB 36.
*akaz sb.m.: Run prop. akaR, Identical
with Gk ayóq 'leader, chief. Further
related to *akanan. Frisk I 18; Bammes-
berger Nom. 5 1 .
*ake conj.: Goth ak 'but, however', OE ac
id., OS ak id., OHG oh id. Related to Gk
otye 'now, then', Lat age id. (Holthausen
IF XVII 45 8-45 9) . Brugmann KVG 6 1 6
(from *apa/ *api and particle *k(e) as in
Goth mik); Holthausen AEE]\ 7 1; Feist
ake
12
ala-fteudo
32; Sturtevant GR XXVI 57 (to IE *ak-
! sharp ! followed by a particle); Lehmann
GED 23.
*akra-karlaz sb.m.: ON akr-karl 'plow-
man, reaper', OE ďcer-ceorl id. Compound
of *akraz and *karlaz. Carr Mom. comp.
80 (parallel formations).
*akra-mannz sb.m.: ON akr-maor 'plow-
man, farmer', OE tecer-man id., MLG
acker-man id., OHG ackar-man id. Com-
pound of *akraz and *mannz. Carr Mom.
comp. 71 (parallel formations).
*akranan sb.n.: Goth akran 'fruiť, ON
akarn 'acorn', OE écern id., MLG eckeren
id. Derived from *akraz (Torp-Falk 16).
Zimmer apud Zupitza Gutt. 213 (deriva-
tionally close to Celt *agrinia 'sloe': Ir
áirne, W aeron 'fruiť MBret zraz, and other
continuants of IE *og-); Lidén IF XVIII
503—506 (to Lith úoga 'berry' Slav *agoda
id.); Uhlenbeck TJVTL XXV 249;
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 103, 143; Holt-
hausen AEEW 9; Feist 32-33; Pokorný
I 773, iT ~ L 46-48; Vries AMEW 4;
Zalizniak I 139; Lehmann GED 24;
Bammesberger Mom. 83; Rluge-Seebold
204.
*akra-werkan sb.n.: ON akr-verk 'field-
work', OE iccer-weorc id. MLG acker-werk
id. Compound of *akraz and *werkan.
Carr Mom. comp. 71 (parallel formations).
*akraz sb.m.: Goth akrs 'fielď, ON akr id.,
OE tecer id., OFris ekker id., OS akkar id.,
OHG ackar id. Related to Skt ájra- 'plain,
fielď, Gk aypóq 'fielď, Arm art id., Lat
ager id. continuing IE *agros, a derivative
of *ag- 'to drive' (see *akanan). Torp-
Falk 7; Brugmann IF XVIII 1 32; Peder-
sen R'Z XXXLX 352; Krause R'Z LV
312-313; Holthausen AEEW 8; Walde-
Hofmann I 22; Feist 33; Trier PBB
LXVII 126; Mayrhofer I 23; Pokorný
I 6; Vries AMEW 4; Frisk I 16;
Zalizniak I 129; Seebold 74; Lehmann
GED 24; Bammesberger Mom. 74; Lloyd-
Springer I 40-42; Kxuge-Seebold 1 3;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*akusiz sb.f: OS akus 'axe', OHG ackus id.
In dat. sg. WGmc keeps traces of a root
stem. Probably related to Gk á^ívri id.,
Lat oseta 'axe of carpenters and masons'
< *acsia (Janzén Bu^ 20: reconstructs IE
*ag- parallel to *ak-). Zupitza Gzzřř. 89;
Kretschmer Einleitung 164; Walde-
Hofmann I 71-72; Pokorný I 9; Frisk I
115-116; Zalizniak II 205; Onions 66;
Lloyd-Springer I 44; Kluge-Seebold
70 {*akwesjó).
*akwesj6 ~ *akwezjo sb.f: Goth aqizi
'axe', ON ox id. (*akusjo), OE tecs, cex id.,
OFris axa id. Derived from *akusiz.
Zupitza Gutt. 89; Torp-Falk 7; Holt-
hausen AEE1V 9; Feist 54; Porzig
Gliederung 133; Pokorný I 9; Vries
AMEW 683; Zalizniak II 205; Lehmann
GED 40; Keuge-Seebold 70.
*ala-xwítaz adj.: ON al-hvítr 'quite white',
OE eal(l)-hwít id., OS ala-hwit id. Com-
pound of *alaz and *xwltaz. Carr Mom.
comp. 62.
*ala-maxtÍ3az adj.: ON al-máttigr 'al-
mighty', OE eall-mihtij id., OFris el-
mechtich id., OS ala-mahtig id., OHG
ala-mahtig id. Compound of *alaz and
*maxti^az. Carr Mom. comp. 91—92 (cal-
que of Lat omnipotens).
*ala-mannz sb.m.: Goth ala-mans '(all)
mankinď, ON al-manna- 'generál, com-
mon' (in compounds), MLG al-man
'mankinď, OHG ethn. Ala-man. Cf.
'AXoc-|iavoí, Ala-manni = OHG Ala-man.
Compound of *alaz and *mannz. Carr
Mom. comp. 56-57; Schónfeld PVM 6—8;
Feist 34; Lehmann GED 25.
*alanan str.vb.: Goth alan 'to grow on, to
feed on', ON ala 'to beget, to bear', OE
alan 'to nourish, to grow, to produce'.
Related to Lat alo 'to nourish', Olr alim
id. Schweizer K£ I 558 (to Lat part.
altus); Torp-Falk 20; Holthausen ^££1 1 '
3; Walde-Hofmann I 31-32; Feist 34:
Jóhannesson IEW 37-38; Pokorný I 26
Vries AMEW 4-5; Seebold 75-77
Lehmann GED 25.
*ala-{?eudo sb.f: ON al-pjóS 'the com-
mons', OS ala-thioda 'mankinď. Com-
pound of *alaz and *peuÍo. Carr Mom
comp. 59.
ala-walclaz
13
aldiz
*ala-walďaz ~ *ala-walčlón sb.m.: ON
al-valdr 'sovereign king', OE eal-wealda id.,
OS ala-waldo id., MHG al-walte id. Com-
pound of *alaz and *walian. Lehmann
GED 29 (calque of Gk jtavxoKpáxcop or
Lat omnipotens).
*alaz adj.: Goth ala-mans 'mankind', ON
al-vitr 'all-wise', OE eal-mihtig 'almighty',
OFris al-evna c in a similar way', OS ala-
hwlt 'quite white', OHG ala-wári 'friendly,
benign'. Usually compared with Toch B
al 'entire, uncastrated (?)' and to Lat ollus
'ille', Olr oll 'amplus'. However, more
probably, immediately derived from
*alanan with a semantic development sim-
ilar to that of Lat tótus 'alf (to *teu- 'to
swelT) and Lith visas 'alf, Slav *vhsh id.
(to Lith véisti 'to breeď), see Mikkola St.
Balt. III 132; Pisani Paideia VILI/ 4-5 292.
Torp-Falk 20; Holthausen AEE\V 10;
Walde-Hofmann II 206-207; Feist 33;
Pokorný I 24-25; Seebold 75-76;
Lehmann GED 24; Adams TB 53-54.
*albatiz ~ *albetiz sb.f./m.: ON qlpt
'swan' (traces of a root stem), OHG elbiz
id. Cf. also OE Ujetu id. < *altet(j)o.
Derivative of *albh- 'white' similar to Slav
*olbqdb ~ *elb^db 'swan'. Pictet K£ IV
124-126; Osthoff IF VIII 65-66; Torp-
Falk 22 (adduce Gk ÉXetpiTÍg 'a kind of
fish'); Holthausen AEEW 186; Porzig
Gliederung 144; Pokorný I 30; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 80; Vries ANEW 101;
Zalizniak II 205; Stang LS 31;
Trubaohev ESSJa VI 19.
*albaz sb.m.: Burg *alfs 'elf, ON aljr
'nightmare, elf, OE mlj 'elf, genius,
incubus', MLG alf 'evil spirit', OHG
alb id. Of uncertain origin. Kuhn K?
IV 110 (to Skt rbhú- 'clever, skilful');
Wadstein Festschr. Bugge 152—155 (to
*albh- 'white'); Torp-Falk 21; Saus-
sure apud Mastrelli StG XIII 5-13 (to
the name of the Alps); Holthausen
AEEW 186; Pokorný I 30; Vries ANEW
5-6; Kobler 708; Kluge-Seebold
24-25.
*albiz sb.f: ON rvn. Elfr, Swed dial. álv
'deep river-beď, OE rvn. lelf, MLG elve
'river-beď, MHG rvn. Elbe. Usually con-
nected with Lat albus 'white', Gk <i^.tpó<;
'dull-white leprosy' (Schulze Kl. Schr.
120). However, the meaning in Swed and
MLG makes this etymology not very reli-
able and implies the existence of a Gmc
appellative *albiz 'river, river-beď hardly
derived from a color adjective. Torp-
Falk 21; Ekblom SSUF 1939/13 1-15 (to
Swed dial. álv and Lat Alpes); Walde-
Hofmann I 26-27; Rozwadowski Názvy
1 74 (on hydronyms including that of the
Elbe); Pokorný I 30-31; Vries ANEW
100; Frisk I 81-82.
*al<ta-doman sb.n.: Goth aldomo 'old
age', OE eald-dóm 'age', OHG alt-tuom id.
Derived from *aliaz (Johansson Festschr.
Moreen 457); for the derivational pattern
cf. *wísa-domaz. Grienberger Goten 18
(reconstructs superl. *aldumin, to *alanan);
Endzelin K'Z Lil 124; Feist 34-35;
Kluge J\íom. Stamm. 81 (suffix *-oman
identical with Lat -amen); Lehmann GED
25.
*aldaz adj.: Crim.-Goth alt 'old', OE eald
id., OFris ald id., OS ald id., OHG alt id.
Derived from *alanan. Derivationally sim-
ilar to Gk avakxoq 'sateless', Lat altus
'high' (Brugmann PBB XLIII 310-324).
Brugmann PBB XLIII 310-324; Torp-
Falk 20; Walde-Hofmann I 31-32;
Feist 40; Holthausen AEEW 83-84;
Hofmann IF XXXVIII 179-183 (seman-
tic parallel in Lat decem annos natus);
Walde-Hofmann I 31-32; Porzig
Festschr. Debrunner 343—349; Pokorný I
26; Frisk I 102; Onions 625; Lloyd-
Springer I 171-173; Seebold 76;
Lloyd-Springer I 171-173; Bammes-
berger Nora. 250—251; Heidermanns
97-98; Kluge-Seebold 30-31; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*aláiz sb.f: Goth aids 'generation, age,
life-time', ON old 'age, time', OE pl. ilde
'men', OS pl. eldi 'people'. Related to
*aliaz, *aliran. Pokorný I 26-27
Brugmann Btrg. Gesch. XLIII 310-324:
Torp-Falk 20; Holthausen AEEW 186
Feist 35; Vogt Btrg. Gesch. LVIII 11-18
alčtiz
14
alino
Vries ANEIV 686; Zalizniak I 150; See-
bold 76; Lehmann GED 26; Bammes-
berger Nom. 144.
*alďín sb.f.: ON dli 'old age', OE ildu 'age,
life', OFris dde id., OS eldi id., OHG elti
id. Derived from *aldaz. Torp-Falk 20:
Holthausen AEEW 186; Pokorný I 27
Vries ANEW 100; Zalizniak I 157
Heidermanns 98.
*alčtjanan wk.vb.: ON eldask 'to grow olď,
OE ildan 'to delay, to tarry, to defer',
MHG elten 'to make olď. Derived from
*aliaz. Holthausen AEE]V 186; Vries
ANEW 99; Heidermanns 98.
*ald5n sb.f.: ON alda 'wave', Norw dial.
olda 'trough', Swed dial. alla 'long and
narrow hollow'. Related to Slav *oldbja
'boať, Lith aldijá, eldijá 'river boať (Lidén
BSB 3-4, 9-10). Torp-Falk 21; Meil-
let RES VII 7-8; Trautmann BSW
6; Pokorný I 31-32; Fraenkel 120;
Vasmer-Trubachev II 510.
*aldra-ďa3az sb.m.: ON pl. aldr-dagar
'everlasting life', OE ealdor-des 'day of
life'. Compound of *aldran and *da^az.
Carr Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations).
*aldra-la3an sb.n.: ON aldr-lag 'death,
destruction', OE ealdorltss id., OS aldar-
lagu id. Compound of *aldran and *lajan.
Carr Nom. comp. 45.
*alctran sb.n.: Goth adj. Jram-aldrs 'aged,
advanced in age', ON aldr 'age, life, old
age' (< *aldraz), OE ealdor 'age, life', OS
aldar id., OHG altar id. Related to *aldaz.
Continues IE *altrom, cf. Olr altrarn 'nour-
ishmenť (cf. Olr altru 'foster-father' W
athraw 'teacher'), or *altros as in áXxpóq'
Hic9óq, Hes. (Brugmann BBB XLIII 317).
Furťher connected with IE *al- 'to grow'.
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 137, II 45; Torp-
Falk 20; Holthausen AEEW 84; Feist
164; Vogt PBB LVIII 1 1-18; Pokorný I
26-27; Vries ANEW 5; Zalizniak II 165;
Lehmann GED 124; Lloyd-Springer
I 173-174; Bammesberger Nom. 86;
Kluge-Seebold 31.
*al3Íz ~ *elxaz ~ *elxon sb.m.: ON elgr
'elk', OE eolh id., OHG elaho id. Ac-
centual variants continuing IE *olkis ~
*dkis (Gk cí^-KTi id., Lat alces id., Slav *olsb
id.) (Much <UiDZ XXXLX 26; Osthoff
Etym. 1318). Kirchhoff KZ I 39 (to IE
*rkto- 'bear'); Forsterman KZ I 493 (samé
as Kirchhoff); Torp-Falk 26; Holthau-
sen AEEW 92; Walde-Hofmann I 28;
Pokorný I 303; Vries ANEW 100; Frisk
I 75; Onions 306; Stang LS 33-34;
Kluge-Seebold 215.
*alxz ~ *alxaz sb.f./m.: Goth alhs 'tem-
ple', ON -áll (in cmpn.), OE ealh
'residence, temple', OS alah 'temple'. The
consonantal stem appears to be a sec-
ondary modification of *alxaz. Identical
with Lith alkas, alka 'holý grove' (Mik-
kola BB XXII 241 Buga II 148-149).
Cf. also Gk oXto] 'strength, defence',
akooq 'gorve, sacred grove' (Hoffmann
BB XXV 106)? Presumably further con-
nected with Skt ráksati 'to protéct, to
guard', Gk ukzt/si 'to ward off, to
defend'. Kirchhoff K~^ I 39; Thumb
K~ XVI 188-190; Meringer WuS LX
108—109 (to Lat ulciscor 'to avenge, to
punish'); Rooth }\ 7 ortst. 10-11 (derived
from *alanari); ZuprrzA Gutt. 128; Torp-
Falk 21 (to Gk ocXicri); Holthausen
AEE]V 84; Feist 36-37; Porzig Gliederung
97; Mayrhofer III 30; Pokorný I 32;
Vrtes ANE]\ t 6-7; Frisk I 75; Fraenkel
7; Zalizniak II 205; Stang LS 13;
Lehmann GED 27; Bammesberger Nom.
195; Griepentrog l^urzelnomina 33-40.
*alina-bu3Ón sb.m.: ON oln-bogi 'elbow',
OE eln-bosa id., MLG ellen-boge id., OHG
elin-bogo id. Derived from *alino and
*bu3b~n. Torp-Falk 273; Carr Nom.
comp. 46; Vries ANEW 686; Onions 305;
Kluge-Seebold 218.
*alinó sb.f: Goth aleina 'cubiť (with *-i-),
ON qln 'cubit, forearm' (partly *aliniz),
OE eln 'elf, OFris ielne id., OS elina id.,
OHG elina id. Related to Gk ró^-Évri id.,
Lat ulna id., Olr uilenn 'angle', W din
'elbow', OCorn din id., Bret ilin id. (<
*oliná, cf. the Gothic form), Alb llerl ~
tom! id. < *olená. Kluge KZ XXVI 101
(on -«'- in Goth); Roethe SAW [1919]
793 (reconstructs *-i-)\ Pedersen Kelt. Gr.
alino
15
alkon
II 59, 111; Torp-Falk 2 1 ; Holthausen
AEEW 90; Walde-Hofmann II 812;
Feist 35; Pokorný I 307-308; Dybo VSJa
25 (pretonic shortening of *o- in Gmc);
Vries ANEW 686; Zalizniak II 192;
Frisk II 1146; Onions 306; Orel AED
238; Lehmann GED 26; Schrijver LL
352 (follows Dybo); Kluge-Seebold
217-218.
*alizó ~ *alisó sb.f.: Goth *alisa 'alder'
(> Sp aliso id.), OS elira id., elis- (in
cmpn.), OHG elira, erila id. Cf. also ON
elri < *alizjan, alri < *alizan. Identical with
Maced cí^ii^a- fi tóJicri xňv SévSprav
(Hes.), Slav *elbxa 'alder' Further con-
nected with Lat alnus 'alder. Lith alksnis
id. Persson Beitráge 893-895; Kret-
sohmer CAotta XV 305-307; Torp-Falk
26, 560; Gamillscheg 27 (reconstruc-
tion of Goth); Walde-Hofmann I 31;
Pokorný I 302-303; Ghemodanov SSGJa
I 57; Fraenkel 8; Frisk I 73; Vries
ANEW 101; Zalizniak II 214; Onions
23; Trubachev ESSJa VI 23-24; Kluge-
Seebold 230.
*alja-likót adv.: Goth alja-leiko 'otherwise',
ON el-liga, el-ligar id., OE comp. el-lícor,
elcor id., OFris comp. ekkor 'apart from
that, moreover', OS comp. elcor 'other-
wise', OHG comp. elihhór 'further'. Based
on the unattested adj. *alja-likaz, com-
pound of *aljaz and *llkaz. Holthausen
AEEW 89; Feist 37-38; Vries ANEW
101; Lehmann GED 27-28; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*aljanan I wk.vb.: Goth aljan 'to fatten',
Norw dial. elja id. Derived from *alanan.
Feist 38; Pokorný I 26.
*aljanan II sb.n.: Goth aljan 'avidity,
eagerness, zeal', ON fem. eljan 'endu-
rance', OE ellen 'strengui, power, vigor',
OS ellean 'courage', OHG ellen 'zeal'.
Derived from *aljaz with a semantic dev-
elopment similar to that of Gk 8evvói;
'fearful' ~ 8eí8(o 'to be afraiď going back
to *dub~ 'two'. Fick Spracheinh. 302 (to
Lat alacer 'lively, exciteď); Osthoff Nom.
Stamm. I 63—66 (samé as Fick); Torp-
Falk 20; Johansson ZJdtPh XXXI 285-
289 (to IE *al- 'to burn'); Froehde BB
XX 185 (to Gk kXáíň 'to drive, to drive
on'); Collitz SSN VIII 1-13 (to Gk
akxxo 'to be active'); Walde-Pokorny I
156 (to Lat alacer 'lively, brisk, quick');
Holthausen AEE]V 89; Feist 38;
Pokorný I 25, 28; Vries ANE]V 100;
Frisk I 357-358; Zalizniak II 173; Leh-
mann GED 28 (agrees with Johansson);
Puhvel III 52 (to Hitt haluammar 'eager-
ness, zeal').
*aljanojanan wk.vb.: ON elna 'to wax, to
grow', OE elnian 'to make strong, to strive
with zeal', OHG ellinon 'to strive with
zeal'. Derived from *aljanan I. Holt-
hausen AEEW 90; Vries ANEW 101.
*al( j)a-wixtiz sb.f: ON al-vitr 'super-
natural being, Valkyria', OE ďl-wiht
'strange creature, monster'. Compound
of *aljaz (with analogical influence of
*alaz) and *wixtiz (Sievers PBB XII 488).
Wessén Festschr. Bugge 175 (non-synco-
pated form of ON elptr 'swan'); Ólsen
ANF XXXLX 114-115 (ON from *alf-
vitf)\ Carr Nom. comp. 32 (ON < OE);
Vrtes zUVEIK 7.
*aljaz adj.: Goth aljis 'other', OFris ili-, ele-
id. (in compounds). In other Germanic
languages gen. sg. (meaning 'otherwise,
else') is preserved, cf. OSwed áljes, OE
elles, OFris elles, MDu eis, OHG alles.
Related to Arm ail id., Gk aXXoc, id., Lat
alius id., Gaul alios id., Olr aile id.
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 32, 69; Torp-Falk
22; Holthausen AEE1\' 90; Walde-
Hofmann I 30-31; Feist 38-39;
Pokorný I 25; Frisk I 76—77; Zalizniak
II 173; Onions 307; Schmidt Studien 70;
Lehmann GED 28-29; Kluge-Seebold
216-217; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aljón I prep., adv.: Goth alja 'but,
excepť, ON ella 'odierwise, else'. Derived
from *aljaz. Similar with Gk á^Aá 'buť,
Arm ail 'but (rauier)'. Feist 37; Frisk I
76-77; Lehmann GED 27.
*aljón II sb.f: ON elja 'concubine', MDu
elle 'rival', OHG ella 'concubine'. Derived
irom *alja Z . Vries ANEW 100.
*alk6n sb.f: ON alka 'sea bird, alca, awk',
alkon
16
aluf)
OE ealce id. Of unknown origin. Lidén
AMF XIII 30-31 (to Lat olor Wan');
Torp-Falk 22; Holthausen AEE]V 83;
Vries ANE]V 6 (samé as Lidén).
*alla-berxtaz adj.: ON all-bjartr 'very
brighť, OE eall-beorht id. Compound of
*allaz and *berxtaz. Carr JVom. cořn/f. 63.
*alla-kaldaz adj.: ON all-kaldr 'very colď,
OE eal-ceald id. Compound of *allaz and
*kaliaz. Carr JVbm. com/i. 63.
*al(l)a-walčtančlz sb.m.: Goth all-waldands
'ruler, almighty', OS ala-waldand id.,
MHG al-waltende id. Participial form of a
compound based on *alaz or *attaz and
*waldanan. A calque from Lat omnipotens
or Gk TtavTOKpáxtop cannot be excluded.
Feist 40; Carr Mam. comp. 57; Seebold
KZ LXXXII 79 (extension of *al(l)a-
waliaz ~ *al(l)a-waldarí); Lehmann GED
29.
*al(l)a-wěrjaz adj.: ON ql-vierr 'friendly,
hospitable', OE adv. eal-wer-líce 'liberally,
freely', MLG al-wár 'foolish', OHG ala-
wari 'friendly, hospitable, benign'. Cf.
also Goth allawerei 'simplicity, sincerity,
total gareemenť Compound of *alazor,
*attaz and *wěrjaz. Carr JVom. comp. 62;
Vries AJÍEW 687; Seebold IF LXXVIII
146-162; Keuge-Seebold 25.
*allaz adj.: Goth alb 'alf, ON allr id.,
OE eall id., OFris alle, al id., OS al id.,
OHG al id. Continues *alnaz derivation-
ally close to Ose allo 'all', Olr uile id.
(Untermann ZF LXIII 241-245). Further
connected with *alaz. Kuhn K£ I
516; Meillet RG XXI 38 (from *alos
with a secondary geminate); Torp-Falk
21; Holthausen AEEW 84; Walde-
Hofmann II 206-207; Feist 40, 579;
Martinet Gém. 176; Pokorný I 24-25;
Vendryes 0-21; Fraenkel 7 (no connec-
tion with Lidi aliái 'every, all'); Dzhau-
kian SG 41 (to Arm amb-oij 'all' < *oli-);
Vries ANEW 7; Vendryes U-17-18;
Onions 25; Seebold 76; Lehmann GED
29; Lloyd-Springer I 129-131; Bammes-
berger JVom. 228, 246; Kluge-Seebold
27; Ivanov Proč. IX UCLA 76; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*al(l)un3(5t) adv.: ON qllung-is 'alto-
gether', OE eallun^a, eallin^a id., OS alung
id., OHG adj. alang 'whole'. Derived
from *alaz, *allaz (Hellouist AJVF XI
348). Holthausen ^££11' 84; Vries
ANEU 1 686.
*albanaz ~ *aldenaz adj.: Goth us-
alpans 'old, infirm', ON aldinn 'olď.
Participle of the unattested strong vb.
*alpanan (with analogical -/>- in Gothic).
See *aljyjaz. Feist 529; Seebold 77—78.
*albjaz adj.: Goth alfreis 'olď, ON comp.
elhi 'older'. Identical with Olr altae 'adulť
(Marstrander Corr. 47). Furdier related
to *alanan. Schweizer K~^ I 558 (to Lat
part. altus); Torp-Falk 20; Brugmann
PBB XLIII 310-324; Karsten NB II
330-331, 370; Torp-Falk 20; Feist 40;
Pokorný I 27; Vries AME]\ 7 101; Mas-
trelli AGIt XLVI 139-147 (Germanic
tradition of killing the aged); Lehmann
GED 29-30; Heidermanns 98-99.
*alunčtaz sb.m.: ON qlnnn 'a kind of fish,
mackeref, OS alund 'whitefish', OHG
alunt id. Of unclear origin. Derived from
*alanan? Loewe PBB LIX 254-255;
Torp-Falk 558; Holthausen AWN 357
(to *al3Íz ~ *elxaz ~ *elx5ri); Vries ANE]V
686-687 (to *al- 'white'); Ktuge-Seebold
24.
*alub sb.n.: ON ql 'beer, ale' («M-stem with
traces of a root stem), OE ealu, ealo id.,
OS alu- (in compounds). Connected with
or borrowed to OPrus alu 'mead', Lith
aliis id., Slav *oll> id. Scyth *alut- (cf.
prop. 'AXoúOayOí; and Osset leluton 'beer')
from Gmc, indicative of the early chron-
ology of Germanic contacts wiuh East
Iranian (from where NCauc *'VlVdwV
'beer'). Grg ludi, dial. aludi id. is also
from Gmc but hardly via Iranian. Kuhn
K~ XV 313-314; Sie\tlrs PBB X 449;
Torp-Falk 21; Hirt PBB XXIII 336;
Bůga KS 64-66, 70 (Balt and Slav bor-
rowed from Gmc); Kiparsky Lehnw.
78—80; Holthausen AEE]V 84; Specht
195-196; Abaev OJaF 338-339; Po-
korný I 33-34 (related to Lat alúta 'a
kind of soft leather'); Fraenkel 8—9;
aluf)
17
ananan
Vries ANEW 686; Zalizniak I 221;
Onions 24; Stang LS 13; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 132^133; Bammesberger
Nom. 215; Nikolayev-Starostin NCED
224.
*alub-foankiz sb.m./f.: ON ol-bekkr 'ale-
bench', OE ealu-bem id. Compound of
*«/h^ and *iankiz. Garr jVbm. comp. 55.
*alub-xúsan sb.n.: ON ql-hús 'ale-house',
OE ealu-hús id. Compound of *alup and
*xúsan. Carr Nom. comp. 82 (parallel
formations).
*aluz sb.m.: ON obr 'alder', OE alor id.
Variant of *alizó ~ *alisd. Holthausen
AEEW 3; Pokorný I 302; Vries ANEW
686; Zalizniak II 214.
*ammón sb.f: ON amma 'grandmother',
MDu amme 'nanny', OHG amma id. A
Lallwort typical of many otírer languages
cf. Gk a\i\iá. 'mother'. Torp-Falk 16;
Vries ANEW 8; Lloyd-Springer I
205-206; Keuge-Seebold 33-34.
*ampraz adj.: ON apr 'cold, sharp', MDu
amper 'sour, sharp'. Probably from an ear-
lier *amraz. Related to Skt amlá- 'sour' <
*omiro- Lat amárus 'bitter'. Johansson IF
III 240; Torp-Falk 16; Karsten NB II
256-257; Walde-Hofmann I 35; Mayr-
hofer I 46; Pokorný I 778; Vries
ANEW 11; Lloyd-Springer I 207-209;
Heidermanns 99—1 00; Kluge-Seebold
35.
*amsaz sb.m.: Goth ams 'shoulder'.
Related to Hitt an(aš)ša 'part of the back',
Toch A es, B antse 'shoulder', Skt ámsa-
id., Arm us id., Gk mnó? id. (wiťh lengťh-
ening of the root vowel), Lat umerus id.,
Slav *qst> 'mustache' continuing IE *omsos
~ *omesos (Laohman apud Aufrecht K£ I
283-4). Torp-Falk 16-17; Schrader-
Nehring I 636; Walde-Hofmann II 815;
Feist 40—41; Mayrhofer I 14; Pokorný
I 778; Vries ANEW 16; Frisk II 1148;
Zalizniak I 129; Trubaohev Etim. 1970
13-14; Lehmann GED 30; Ad ams TB
43-44.
*amsl5n sb.f.: OE osle 'blackbirď, OHG
amsla id. Usually connected with Lat
menda id. and Celt *mesalka or *misalka >
W mwyalch id. (Fick I 515). On the other
hand, the Germanic word appears to be
a transparent derivative of *amsaz (a bird
with a distincdy colored back?). Peder-
sen Kelt. Gr. I 73; Torp-Falk 16; Suo-
lahti DVN 54-55; Holthausen AEEW
243; Walde-Hofmann II 77-78; Po-
korný I 35-36; Chemodanov SGGJa I
101; Onions 636; Hamp IF LXXXVII
77-79; Lloyd-Springer I 212-213;
Kluge-Seebold 35.
*an ptcl.: Goth an 'so, then'. Similar to Lat
particle an 'or', Gk av. Torp-Falk 11;
Walde-Hofmann I 44; Feist 41; Po-
korný I 37; Lehmann GED 30 (unrelated
to Gk civ).
*ana(i) prep.: Gotíi ana 'on account of, ať,
ON á 'on, upon', OE on id., OFris a 'to,
in, ať, OS an id., OHG ana, an id.
Related to Av ana 'through, along', Gk
(Ion-Att) ava 'on' (Schmidt Studien 203—
207). Bartholomae 112-114; Torp-
Falk 11; Holthausen AEEW 4; Feist
41; Pokorný I 39-40; Vries ANEW 1;
Frisk I 100; Onions 627; Lehmann GED
30; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*an(a)m5n sb.f: OFris omma 'breath'.
Close to Gk av£|io<; 'winď, Lat animus
'spirit, soul', Olr anim id. For further con-
nections see *ananan. Pedersen Kelt. Gr.
I 170, 240; Walde-Hofmann I 49-50;
Pokorný I 38; Frisk I 105; Lehmann
GED 388; Adams TB 40-42 (Toch A
dňcdm, B áňme 'wish, šelf, soul' as a con-
flation of *etmen and *ammo-); Boutkan
OFED s.v.
* ananan str.vb.: Goth uz-anan 'to breatíre
out, to expire'. Related to Toch B anask-
'to inhale, to breathe', Skt ániti 'to
breathe' and further to Toch AB áňm-
'life, spirit', Gk aveiiog 'breath', Lat
animus 'soul' anima 'air, winď, Slav *vonb
'smell'. The participle in *-to- is reflected
in OE neut. or-od 'breath, breathing' <
*-anpan identical with Gk avxai' ave-
HOi, ávxac; -nvoiág, Hes. Torp-Falk 10;
Walde-Hofmann I 49-50; Feist 538;
Holthausen AEE]V 242; Mayrhofer I
33-34; Pokorný I 38-39; Frisk I 105;
ananan
ancion
Seebold 78-79; Vasmer-Trubaohev I
349; Lehmann GED 385; Bammesberger
Mom. 77; Adams TB 12; Burlak IFTJa
237.
*anda prep.: Goth and 'throughout, from
one side to the other', ON and- 'opposite,
againsť, OE and- id., OS and- id., OHG
ant- id. dosely related to Gk óívxa 'oppo-
site', Lith aňt 'on, in order to'. Cf. comp.
Goth andiz-uh 'either', ON endr, enn 'in
times of yore, again', OE énd 'formerly, of
olď, OS endi 'earlier', MHG end id. For
further connections see *anijaz. Torp-
Falk 13; Lindouist SMF rX/1 6; Hol-
thausen AEEW 5, 90; Feist 46, 50;
Pokorný I 49; Fraenkel 11, IF XL
88-90; Vries AMEW 9, 102; Frisk I
112-113; Schmidt Studiem 310- 315 (to
*an followed by *-ta, *-ti); Lehmann GED
34, 37.
*andbaxtaz sb.m.: Goth andbahts 'serv-
ant', ON ambátt 'bondwoman' (> *and-
baxto), OE ambeht 'servant', OHG ambaht
id. If Goth -nd- is due to analogy with the
prefix and-, an alternativě reconstruction
*ambaxtaz is more accep table. Borrowed
from Celt *amb(i)-aktos: Gaul-Lat ambactus
'servant' W amaeth 'servus arans' (Arbois
de Jubainville MSL VII 289-290).
Zeyss ZfceltPh III 353, 374 (on the substi-
tution of Celt amb- with Gmc *and-)\
Brugmann IF XLX 390 (on the structure
of the Celtic word); Torp-Falk 1 3; Hol-
thausen AEE\V 3; Feist 48-49; Walde-
Hofmann I 36-37; Vries ANEW 8;
Benveniste IEL 110—111; Lehmann GED
36; Lloyd-Springer I 195—196; Kluge-
Seebold 35—36.
*ančtfoaxt(j)an sb.n.: Goth andbahti 'serv-
ice', ON embiétti id., OE ambiht 'ofFice,
ministry, service', OS ambaht 'service',
OHG ambaht id., ambahti id. Derived from
*andbaxtaz. Torp-Falk 13; Holthausen
AEEW 3; Feist 48-49; Vries AMEW
102; Zalizniak II 214; FLluge- Seebold
35-36.
*andi conj.: ON en, enn 'and', OE and id.,
OFris and, anda id., MDu enn id. A full
grade of the conjunction originally re-
flecting *nte. Cf. Skt ánti 'before, near',
átha 'then, now' (if from *nt-), Gk ávxí
'over againsť. See *unpi. Torp-Falk
13-14; Holthausen AEEW 5; May-
rhofer I 28 (against the connection with
Skt); Pokorný I 50; Vries AMEW 102;
Frisk I 113-114; Onions 36; Kluge-
Seebold 847; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*anái-lausaz adj.: Godr andi-laus 'end-
less', ON enda-lauss id., OE ende-leás 'infi-
nite, eternal', OS endi-los 'endless', MHG
ende-los id. Compound of *andjaz and
*lausaz. Feist 50; Carr Mom. comp. 88
(parallel formations); Lehmann GED 229.
*anájaz sb.m.: Goth andeis 'enď, ON endir
id., OE ende id., OFris enda, ende id., OS
endi id., OHG neut. enti id. Based on IE
adv. *anti 'opposite' (Skt ánti 'before,
near', Gk ávxí, see also *anda). Cf. in
particular Skt antya- 'lasť, Gk ávxíoi;
'opposite'. Cf. also *anpjan > ON enni
'foreheaď with a different stress. Torp-
Falk 13; Holthausen AEEW 90; Feist
49; Walde-Hofmann I 54; Mayrhofer I
35-36; Pokorný I 48-50; Vries AMEW
102-103; Frisk I 113-114; Zalizniak II
165; Onions 313; Lehmann GED 36;
Bammesberger Mom. 66; Kíuge-Seebold
220-221; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*andj5janan wk.vb.: ON enda 'to enď,
OE endian id., OFris endia id., OS endion,
endon id., OHG entón id. Derived from
*anďjaz. Holthausen AEEW 91; Vries
AMEW 102.
*anáó sb.f: ON qnd 'porch'. Compared
with Skt ata 'dooř frame', Lat antae 'pil-
lars or pilasters on each side of doors'
(Bugge A^XLX 401). Yet, a comparison
with *anďjaz is not less attractive. Torp-
Falk 13; Walde-Hofmann I 52; Mayr-
hofer I 72; Vries AMEW 687.
*andójanan wk.vb.: ON anda 'to breathe',
OE ó&ian 'to blow strongly'. Derived
from *andón. Holthausen AEEW 243;
Pokorný I 38; Vries AMEW 9.
*andón sb.m.: ON andi 'breath', OE anda
'malice, envy, hatreď, OS ando 'breath',
OHG anto 'zeal' . Cf. also ON qnd. 'breath'
< *ando. Derived from *ananan. Structur-
andon
an3wiJ)o
ally similar to Gk avxai' avejim, Hes.
Torp-Falk 10—11; Holthausen AEEW
6; Pokorný I 38; Vries ANEW 687;
Frisk I 113; Zalizniak I 152; Seebold
78.
*an3araz sb.m.: OHG angar 'corn worm'.
May be close to Gk í|ipr|ptc;- ŠY/č^vq,
Me6u|jvaíoi, Hes. < *eng"(h)eri- and Lith
ungurýs 'eel' (from *angurys, cf. Otrebski
LP V 26), OPrus angurgis id., Slav *Qg"brb
'pimple, maggot, eel' (Trautmann BB
XXIX 307). Bezzenberger BB II 154;
Zupitza Gutt. 128; Pokorný I 44;
Fraenkel 1163; Frisk I 725; Stang LS
40; Vasmer-Trubachev IV 146-147;
Toporov PJa I 88-89.
*an3az sb.m.: ON angr 'grief, sorrow'.
Originally, a neut. j-stem identical with
Skt ámhas- 'anxiety, trouble', Lat angor
'strangling, anguish'. Fick III 12; Torp-
Falk 12; Unwerth PBB XXXVI 7;
Walde-Hofmann I 47; Mayrhofer 114;
Pokorný I 43; Vries ANEIV 10.
*an3(i)laz sb.m.: ON pl. Englar 'Angles',
OE Engle id., OHG Angil- (in cmpn.).
Rendered as Lat Anglii, Gk 'AyyeíXoi.
Related to *an^on II, *an$ulaz (Lundahl
Festschr. Sahlgren 2-3). Erdmann SVSU
1/1 114 (to *an 3 ón); Vries ANEW 102.
*an3(i)liskaz adj.: ON enskr 'Anglian', OE
en^lisc id., OFrís engelsk id., MLG engelsch
id. Derived from *an^(i)laz. Holthau-
sen AEEW 91; Vries ANEW 103.
*an3J5 sb.f.: ON eng 'meadow', MDu eng
'farmlanď. Related to *anjraz. Vries
ANEW 102; Kluge-Seebold 39.
*an3Ďn I sb.m.: ON angi 'sweet odor'.
Close to Arm anjn 'soul' < *anghen- (Lidén
Arm. St. 38-39). Lagergrantz K£
XXXV 274 (to Gk ónqxx- óanr| AáKtůveq);
Torp-Falk 557; Pokorný I 43; Vries
ANEW 10.
*an3Ón II sb.m.: ON angi 'spině, prickle',
OE an$a 'thorn, sharp point', OHG ango
'hook, hinge'. Related to Skt áňcati 'to
bend, to curve', aňká- 'curve, hook', Lat
uncus 'bent; hook', Gk áyKcóv 'bend of the
arm, elbow'. Torp-Falk 12; Holthau-
sen AEEW 6; Walde-Hofmann II 816;
Mayrhofer I 19, 24; Pokorný I 45-46;
Vries ANEW 10; Frisk I 11; Zalizniak I
152.
*an3raz sb.m.: ON angr 'bay', OS angar
'meadow', OHG angar id. Derivationally
close to Lat ancrae 'convalles vel arborum
intervalla' . Further connected with *an^on
II. Sutterlin IFXLV 307 (to Gk vréjtri
'woodland vale'); Torp-Falk 1 2; Walde-
Hofmann I 61; Pokorný I 46; Vries
ANEW 10; Lloyd-Sprlnger I 247-249;
Kluge-Seebold 39.
*an3ulaz sb.m.: ON qngull 'angle, hook',
OE an^el 'hook, fishing-hook', MLG angel
'hinge', OHG angul 'hook, hinge'. Iden-
tical with Gk (vjKÚXoq 'crookeď. Further
connections see under *an^dn II. Zu-
prrzA Gutt. 128; Torp-Falk 12; Holt-
hausen AEEW 6; Pokorný I 46; Vries
ANEW 687; Frisk I 11.
*an3ustiz ~ *an3ustuz sb.f.: OFris
mase. angst, ongost 'fear', MLG angest id.,
OHG angust id. Derived from *anjuz ~
*an3wjaz. Close to Slav *qzostb 'narrow-
ness' < *anghosti-. Cf. also Lat angustus
'narrow' < *anghosto-. For further connec-
tions see *an^az. Schleicher K£ I 143;
Torp-Falk 12; Walde-Hofmann I 49;
Pokorný I 43; Lloyd-Springer I 253-
255; Kluge-Seebold 40; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*an3uz ~ *an3\vjaz adj.: Goth aggwus
'narrow', ON qngr id. (am-stem), OE enge
id., OS engi id., OHG engi id. Related to
Skt amhú- id., Gk ctyx 1 'near', Arm anjuk
'narrow', Lat *angu- (in angiportus), Slav
*qz r bk r b id. (Feist Btrg. Gesch. XV 545).
Karsten NB II 407-408; Zupitza Gutt.
98; Torp-Falk 12; Feist 13-14; Holt-
hausen AEEW 91; Walde-Hofmann I
47; Mayrhofer I 14; Pokorný I 42;
Vries ANEW 687; Frisk I 17-18; Hei-
dermanns ££ XCLX 279-280; Vasmer-
Trubachev IV 154; Lehmann GED 9;
Bammesberger Nom. 262; Heidermanns
100-101; Kxuge-Seebold 221.
*an3\vib5 sb.f: Goth agewifea 'trouble,
afHiction', OS engitha 'straits', OHG engida
'oppression, fear'. Derived from *anjuz ~
aii3wil)o
20
ansaz
*an3wjaz. Feist 13; Vries ANE]V 682;
Bammesberger Nom. 117; Heidermanns
100.
*an3wjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aggwjan 'to
oppress, to constrain', OHG engen 'to
scare, to press'. Derived from *an^uz ~
*anjwjaz. Torp-Falk 12; Feist 174;
Vries AJÍEW 682; Lehmann GED 9;
Heidermanns 100.
*an3w5n sb.m./f.: Goth bals-agga 'neck,
narrow of the neck' (leg. hals-agga), OHG
anka 'occipuť. Related to *an^uz ~
*an3wjaz. Cf. a similar formation in Gk
a\iqr\v 'neck, throať. Schrader K£ X
461 (to Gk čiyyo<; 'pitcher, bucket, vessel');
Zupitza Gutt. 89; Feist 242; Pokorný
42-43; Lehmann GED 175.
*anxtó sb.f.: OE óht 'fear, terror, hostile
pursuiť, OFris acht, achte 'hostile pursuiť,
OHG ahta 'persecution'. Close to Ir écht
'manslaughter' < *anktu-. Further con-
nected with *anjuz ~ *aii3wjaz. Torp-
Falk 558; Holthausen AEESY 241;
Pokorný I 45 (further to Gk áváyicri
'force, constraint, necessity'); Lloyd-
Springer I 118-120; Kluge-Seebold
12-13.
*anxulaz sb.m.: ON all 'seed, sprouť. An
accentual variant of *anjulaz. Derivation-
ally close to Skt aňkurá- 'sprout, shooť,
Gk ayK-uAoi; 'crooked, curveď (Falk ANF
VI 115). See *anxulo. Torp-Falk 12;
Pokorný I 46; Vries ANEW 6; Frisk
I 11.
*anxul5 sb.f: ON ál 'strap, bridle'. De-
spite a different stress pattern, identical
with Gk áyKÚXri id. Further related to
*an,3ulaz, *anxulaz. Torp-Falk 12; Po-
korný I 46; Vries ANE]V 4; Frisk 111.
*ankalaz ~ *ank(u)15(n) sb.m./f.: ON
qkkla 'ankle', OFris onkel id., MDu ankel
id., OHG ankala id. Cf. also MLG enkel
id., OHG enkil id. < *ankilaz- Derived
from *ankon. Structurally similar to Lat
angulus 'angle' and, Slav *qglb id. Torp-
Falk 1 1 ; Walde-Hofmann I 48-49;
Pokorný I 47; Vries ANEW 686; Onions
38; Vasmer-Trubachev IV 145; Lloyd-
Springer I 258-261; Kluge-Seebold
222; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*ankón sb.m.: MHG anke 'scruff, thigh,
shank'. Related to Skt áňga- 'limb'. A
further connection with Gk 8i0í>p-a|iPoi;
'dithyramb' (Frohde BB XXI 195) is
probable and would imply *ang"o- as a
source. Mayrhofer I 21; Pokorný I
46-47; Vries ANEW 99; Frisk I 8.
*ankwón sb.m.: OHG anko 'butter'. Close
to Lat unguen 'fatty substance, ointmenť,
Umbr uměn 'fať, Olr imb 'butter' <
*ng*en- (Szemerényi Scripta 872-874).
Cf. also OPrus anctan 'butter' < *ong--
t-om. Further connected with Skt anákti
'to anoinť, Lat unguo id. Torp-Falk
11; Trautmann BSW 9-10; Walde-
Hofmann II 819-820; Pokorný I 779;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 1 02; Toporov PJa
I 91; Bammesberger Nom. 175; Lloyd-
Springer I 263-265; Kluge-Seebold 41.
*an5n sb.f: OHG ana 'grandmother'. Cf.
also OHG ano 'grandfather'. A descrip-
tive word similar with Hitt aram- 'mother',
hanna- 'grandmother', Arm han id., Gk
áwí? - UTlTpoq r\ naxpoc; ht|ttip, Hes., Lat
anna 'foster-mother', Messap ana 'Ttóxvia',
OPrus ane 'old woman' . Torp-Falk 1 1 ;
Walde-Hofmann I 50; Abaev I 148;
Pokorný I 36; Frisk I 112; Benveniste
190; Puhvel III 84-86; Lloyd-Springer
I 215-217; Kluge-Seebold 20.
*ansaz sb.m.: Goth ans 'beam', ON áss
'pole, rafter', MHG ans-boum 'beam of a
bridge'. Related to Lat ansa 'handle', Mír
pl. éisi 'rein', OPrus ansis 'hook', Lith qsá
'handle, loop' (Grienberger Got. 27).
Hoffmann BB XXV 108 (to Skt ána-
'carť, Lat onus 'burden'); Torp-Falk 14
(to Olr asna 'rib'); Uhlenbeok PBB XXX
260-261 (samé as Hoffmann); Meringer
IF XVIII 26 (to Gk véouai 'to go back,
to retům'), XXI 302-303, WuS LX 115
(to *ansiz ~ *ansuz); Torp-Falk 14 (to Lat
asser 'beam'); Wood JEGP II 213 (to *nsis
'sword'); Walde-Hofmann I 51—52; Feist
52; Pokorný I 48; Toporov PJa I 92;
Lehmann GED 38.
ansiz
21
ap(u)laz
*ansiz ~ *ansuz sb.m.: Goth-Lat pl.
anses '(pagan) goď, ON áss id., OE ós id.,
OS as, ós in prop. (a-stem), OHG ansi-
(in cmpn.). Identical with Skt ásu- 'life,
vital strength', Av asýiu- id., Venet ahsu-
'cult image' (Bradke ~DMG XL 347).
Grimm DM 22 (to *ansaz, in view of wor-
ship pillars erected to Germanic gods);
Forsterman KZ I 243; Bartholomae
283; Torp-Falk 14; Grienberger
ZDADL XXXVI 313; Meringer IF XVII
159-160, WuS IX 115 (to *ansaz)
Gůntert >Veltkónig 102 (follows Bradke)
Holthausen AEEW 242; Feist 52-53
Mayrhofer I 65-66; Vries ANEW 16
Polome EG VIII 36-44; Pokorný I 48
Zaeizniak II 198; Lehmann GED 38-39.
*ansjó sb.f.: ON es 'outer border, edge (of
a shoe)', MLG ose 'loop, sling'. Derived
from *ansaz. Identical with Gk fivía
'bridle, reins' (Persson Beitrdge 5; Falk
MVA 1919 131). Torp-Falk 14; Walde
Festschr. Streitberg 153-154; Walde-
Hofmann I 51-52; Pokorný I 48;
Fraenkel 18; Vries ANEW 681; Frisk
I 637.
*anstiz sb.f.: Goth ansts 'beneficence, gra-
ciousness, grace', ON ást 'love, affection',
OE ést 'will, consent, fa vor, grace', OFris
enst 'favor, grace', OS anst id., OHG anst
id. Derived from *unnanan. Schweizer
KZ I 143; Torp-Falk 14; Feist 53;
Pokorný I 47; Vries ANEW 16; Zaliz-
niak II 228; Seebold 79; Lehmann GED
39; Bammesberger Nom. 144.
*anstjanan wk.vb.: ON esta 'to demand,
to ask', MHG ensten 'to be kinď. Derived
from *anstiz. Vries ANEW 681.
*anbera-líkaz adj.: Goth adv. anpar-leiko
'differently, otherwise', OS óóar-lík id.,
OE adv. óůer-liee. Compound of *anperaz
and *likaz. Feist 54; Lehmann GED 40.
*anperaz adj.: Goth anpar 'other', ON
annarr id., OE úder id., OFris other id., OS
ódar id., OHG ander id. Identical with Skt
ántara- 'other', Av antara- id., Ose anter id.,
OPrus antars 'other', Lith aňtras, aňtaras
id., Slav *vbtorb 'seconď. Metllet Etudes
407; Torp-Falk 13; Schulz Z mv í x
157; Holthausen AEEW 243; Feist 53;
Mayrhofer I 35; Pokorný I 37;
Fraenkel 12; Vries ANEW 10; Lehmann
GED 39; Lloyd-Springer I 241-242;
Ross-Berns Mumerals 625; Kluge-
Seebold 38; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*anucfiz ~ anidiz sb.f: ON qnd 'duck'
(traces of a root stem), OE ened id., OS
anud, anad id., OHG anut, enita id. Related
to Skt dtí- 'aquatic birď, Gk víjesesa
'duck', Lat anas id., Lith ántis id., Slav *qty
id. Schmidt KZ XXIII 268-270; Suo-
lahti DFV420; Torp-Falk 11; Meillet
MSL VIII 236; Holthausen AEEW 91;
Walde-Hofmann I 44—45; Mayrhofer I
72-73; Pokorný I 41-42; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 59; Fraenkel 11-12; Vries
ANEW 687; Frisk II 317-318; Zalizniak
II 205; Onions 288; Vasmer-Trubaghev
IV 174; Hamp KZ Cil 29-31; Bammes-
berger Mom. 202-203 (reconstructs *anpz);
Kluge-Seebold 222-223.
*apalďraz ~ *apuldró sb.m./f: ON
apaldr 'apple-tree' OE neut. (?) apulder,
apuldor id. OS apuldra id., MHG apfalter
id. Derived from *ap(u)laz with sufnx
*-dhro-. Torp-Falk 14—15; Holthausen
AEEU'6; Pokorný I 2; Zalizniak II 182;
Vries ÁNE]V 1 1 ; Kluge-Seebold 17-18.
*apón sb.m.: ON api 'ape', OE apa id., OS
apo id., OHG ajfo id. Borrowed from
Celtic, cf, áf5p'ívaq [se. áPfSívaq] ■ KeAxoi
tovc, KepKOTuOfiKOUc;, Hes. Forsterman
KZ I 496 (to Skt kápí- 'monkey', Gk kíjjioi;
'long-tailed monkey'); Torp-Falk 14 (to
Slav *opica 'ape' which, however, is from
Gmc); Holthausen AEEW 6; Pokorný I
2-3; Vries AMEJť 11; Zalizniak I 153;
Onions 42; Lloyd-Springer I 58—59;
Kluge-Seebold 17.
*ap(u)laz sb.m.: Crim. Goth apel 'apple',
ON apal-grár 'dapple-gray', OE tzppel
'apple', OFris appel id., OS appul id.,
OHG apful id. (< *ap(u)liz). Related to
Gaul avallo 'pomma', Olr ubull 'apple' <
*ablu-, Lith obuolys id., Slav *abl"bko id.
(Fick BB II 195). Torp-Falk 14; Feist
ap(u)laz
22
arcíaz
54, 579; Hoops Waldbdume 477-479;
Holthausen AEE1 V 11; Lané Language
IX 251 (on Celtic words); Pokorný I
1—2; Chemodanov SGGJa I 63-64; Vries
AJfEW 103; Bůga I 433; Zalizniak II
214; Fraenkel I 515; Onions 44; Hamp
ZfceltPh XXXVII 164 (from non-IE
*ablu); Adams IF XL 79-82 (against
Hamp); Trubachev ESSJa I 44-47;
Ivanov-Gamkrelidze 637-641 (to Hitt
šamluuanza id.); Lloyd-Springer I 60-63,
298-301; Lehmann GED 40; Kluge-
Seebold 46—47.
*arbai<tiz sb.f.: Goth arbaips 'work, labor',
OFris arbě(i)d id., OS arběth id., OHG
arbeit id. An unusual derivatíve of *arbaz.
Probably, a compound of *arbaz and
•ťítí. Kirchhoff KZ I 39; Grienber-
ger Goten 27-28 (to *arjanan); Bezzen-
berger BB XXVII 150; Pedersen KZ
XXXVI 94; Brugmann IF XLX 384
(deverbative from the unattested *arbějo)\
Torp-Falk 19; Uhlenbeck PBB XVI
562; Meringer ZFXVII 128 (compound
of *arbho- 'plow-animal' and *i-ti- 'walk,
treaď); Feist 55; Kronasser HS 170 (to
Lith dárbas 'work'); Pokorný I 782;
Zalizniak II 214; Stang LS 44; Lehmann
GED 40-41; Lloyd-Springer I 313-318;
Kluge-Seebold 50.
*arbaiďjan sb.n.: ON erfiSi 'toil, labor',
OE earfoů 'hardship, trouble', OS arběthi
'toil, labor', OHG fem. arbeiti id. Derived
from *arbautiz. Holthausen AEEW 86;
Pokorný I 782; Vries AMEW 103-104;
Zalizniak II 214; Lehmann GED 40-41.
*arbaidójanan wk.vb.: ON ejfiSa 'to toil,
to labor', OE eatfodiaii 'to to trouble',
OHG arbeiton 'to tormenť. Derived from
*arbaidiz. Lorp-Falk 19.
*arbaz sb.m.: ON arjř 'inheritance'. Re-
lated to Olr orb(b)e id. Further connected
with Skt arbha- 'littie, weak, young', Gk
opepavóq 'orphaneď, Lat orbus 'bereaved,
parendess', Slav *orb"b 'slavě'. Kirch-
hoff K'Z I 39; Sievers PBB XII 1 76-177;
Torp-Falk 19; Meringer IF XVII 128;
Wood MLJV XXI 39 (to Skt arpáyati 'to
put into, to fix'); Peterson PBB XL
97-101; Walde-Hofmann II 219-220;
Feist 56; Porzig Gliederung 121-122;
Pokorný I 781; Vries AMEW 13; Frisk
II 431; Zalizniak II 214; Benveniste
68-70; Vasmer-Trubachev III 453;
Gronvik Inheritance passim; Lehmann
GED 41; Bammesberger Mom. 53.
*arbjan sb.n.: Goth arbi 'inheritance, herit-
age', ON erfi 'wake, funeral feasť, OE
erfe 'inheritance', OFris erve id., OS erbi
id., OHG erbi id. Close to Olr orbfbje id.
Derived from *arbaz. Arbois de Jubain-
ville MSL VII 286-288 (from Celtic);
Torp-Falk 19; Meringer IF XVII 128
(to *arjanan); Holthausen AEE]\ t 186;
Feist 56; Porzig Gliederung 121-122
(from Celtic); Pokorný I 781; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 96; Vries AMEW 12-13,
103; Zalizniak II 214; Benveniste IEL
68-70; Lehmann GED 41; Bammesberger
Mom. 53, 66; Kluge-Seebold 227; Bout-
kan OFED s.v.
*arbjanan ~ *arbjójanan wk.vb.: ON
erfa 'to honor with a funeral feasť, OE
irfan 'to inheriť, OFris ervia id., OS gi-
ervan id., OHG ir-erben id. Derived from
*arbjan. Structurally close to Slav *orbiti
'to work'. Holthausen AEE]\ r 186;
Vries AME]V 103; Vasmer-Trubachev
III 487; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*arbja-wardaz sb.m.: ON erfi-vqrSr, arf-
vqror 'heir', OE irfe-weard 'guardian of an
inheritance, heir', OS erbi-ward 'heir'.
Compound of *afb~jan and *wardaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 47.
*arbjón sb.m.: Goth arbja 'heir, inheritor',
ON arfi id. (a-stem), OE ierja id., OFris
ewa id., MLG erve id., OHG erbo id.
Related to *arbjan. Structurally close to
Gaul PN Orbms (Vendryes 0-27).
Torp-Falk 19; Holthausen AEEW 186;
Feist 56; Porzig Gliederung 121; Pokorný
I 781; Vries AMEW 12-13; Zalizniak II
214; Lehmann GED 41-42; Szemerényi
Festschr. Meid 359-368; Kluge-Seebold
227-228; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*arčtaz adj.: ON ein-arSr 'firm, single', OE
arčtaz
23
arma-bii3on
sbst. eard 'statě, condition', MDu sbst. aert
'kind, situation', MHG sbst. art 'kinď.
Related to Skt rtá- 'right, true', Av aša-
'truth, righť, Arm ard 'structure', Gk
ánaptíj 'togedrer, at once', Lat artus
'fitted, close, strait, narrow'. Bartho-
lomae 229-238; Torp-Falk 17; Walde-
Hofmann I 70; Mayrhofer I 122;
Pokorný I 57; Frisk I 87; Kluge-
Seebold 54.
*arčtiz ~ *arbiz sb.f.: ON qrd 'crop,
produce', OE ird 'plowing, tilling, crop,
produce', OFris raef-erd 'plowing off
boundaries', OHG art 'plowed land,
yielď. Derivative of *arjanan. Torp-Falk
18; Holthausen AEE]\ t 187; Pokorný I
62; Vries ANE1V 688; Zalizniak I 150;
Seebold 82; Lloyd-Sprtnger I 347-349;
Bammesberger Nom. 144; Kluge-Seebold
54-55.
*ar3az adj.: Burg *args 'cowardly, mean',
ON argr 'emasculate, effeminate', OE earj
'inert, weak, timid, cowardly', OFris erch
'evil, wrong', MLG arch 'angry, evil',
OHG arg 'greedy, cowardly, worthless'.
Related to Lith aržús, eržiis 'salacious,
lecherous' (Buga Aist. st. 1 1 9), further to
Hitt ark- 'to climb, to cover', Gk ópxéo-
ucu 'to dance, to jump'. Karsten jVB I
49; Weisweiler IF XLI 16-18; Sůtter-
lin IF XLV 307 (to Skt rhánt- 'small');
Zupitza Gutt. 208; Torp-Falk 19; Holt-
hausen AEE1V 85; Loewenthal PBB
1AN 157 (to Gk ápxóq 'rectum, anus');
Pokorný I 339; Vries ANEW 13 (to
Toch AB erkát 'depreciatory'); Fraenkel
123-124; Frisk II 433; Krause SUR 58;
Lloyd-Springer I 321-324; Puhvel
Festschr. Risch 154—155; Heidermanns
102-103; Kluge-Seebold 51 (to Gk 6p%\q
'scrotum'); Boutkan OFED s.v.
*ar3Ín sb.f.: ON ergi 'lewdness, lusť, OHG
argl 'negligence, greeď. Derived from *ar-
3az. Vries ANEW 104; Heidermanns 102.
*ar3Janan wk.vb.: ON ergjask 'to become
a cowarď, MHG gi-ergen 'to spoil, to
destroy'. Derived from *ar$az. Heider-
manns 103.
*arxwo sb.f.: ON qr 'arrow', OE earh id.,
Cf. also Gouh artvaz-na id. based on an
old í-stem. Close to Lat arcus 'arch, bow'.
Torp-Falk 18-19; Holthausen AEEh'
85; Walde-Hofmann I 64; Feist 56;
Pokorný I 67; Chemodanov SGGJa I 87;
Vries ANE]\ t 688; Lehmann GED 42;
Bammesberger Nom. 115.
*ar(i)baz sb.m.: OS erida id. Continues
*ars-to- morphologically different from
ťfie usual *ars-tro- id.: Arm araur, Gk apo-
xpov, Lat aratrum (Kuhn Kž^ LXXI 141).
See *arjanan. Mertnger IF XVII 121-
122; Walde-Hofmann I 62; Pokorný I
62; Vries AJÍEW 12; Frisk I 147.
*arjanan str./wk.vb.: Goth arjan 'to plow',
ON erja id., OE erian id., OFris era id.,
OS erian id., OHG erren id. Identical
with Mír airim id., Lith ariu, árti id., Slav
*orjq, *orati id. Further connected with Gk
ápóco id., Lat aró id. Persson Beitrdge
659, 669; Torp-Falk 18; Holthausen
AEE]V 94; Walde-Hofmann I 69; Feist
56-57; Specht KZ LVI 29; Belardi RL
II 193-195; Jóhannesson IEW 34-35;
Pokorný I 62-63; Chemodanov SGGJa I
62; Fraenkel 17; Vries AMEW 104;
Frisk I 147-148; Onions 297; Seebold
81-83; Vasmer-Trubachev III 148-149;
Lehmann GED 42; Matzel Festschr.
Rosenfeld 455-468.
*arjaz adj.: Run nom. pl. superl. atjosteR
'noble'. Related to Skt aryá- 'lord, master
of the house', Av airyo Aryan', Ir aire,
airech 'swain, suitor' (Krause FF X 2 1 7—
218; Run. 539). Bartholomae 198;
Mayrhofer I 52; Pokorný I 67; Vries
AME]V 13; Palmer Gedenkschr. Gůntert
11-19; Heidermanns 103— 104.
*arma-bau3az sb.m.: ON arm-baugr 'arm-
leť, OE earm-béa3 id., MLG arm-bog id.,
OHG arm-boug id. Compound of *armaz
and *bau3az. Carr Nom. comp. 46.
*arma-tau3on sb.m.: ON alm-bogi 'elbow',
Swed arm-bage id., OFris arm-boga. Com-
pound of *armaz and *bu3ó~n. Probably,
influenced by *alina-bu3on. Carr Nom.
comp. 46.
arma-xertaz
24
arnuz
* arma-xertaz adj.: Goth arma-hairts
'merciful, compassionate', OE earm-heort
id., OHG arm-herz id. Calque of Lat
misericors id. (Raumer Einwirk. 345). Com-
pound of *armaz II and *xerton. Kluge
Btrg. Gesch. XXXV 148-149, 159; Holt-
hausen AEEW 86; Feist 57; Carr j\C
3-4 (OHG < Goth); Beck ^dPh XCVIII
109-129; Lehmann GED 42-43; Kluge-
Seebold 82.
*arma-xertibó sb.f.: Goth arma-hairtipa
'mercy, charity', OHG arm-herzida id.
Calque of Lat misericordia id. (Raumer
Einwirk. 345). Gf. '"arma-xertaz. Feist 57;
Lehmann GED 43.
*arma-xertín sb.f.: Goth arma-hairtei
'mercy, compassion', OHG arm-herzí id.
Calque of Lat misericordia id. (Raumer
Einwirk. 345). Gf. '"arma-xertaz. Feist 57;
Lehmann GED 43.
*arma-líkaz adj.: ON arm-ligr 'pitifuF,
OE earm-líc 'miserable, wretcheď, OS
arm-lik id., OHG armi-lih id. Derived
from *armaz. Heidermanns 104.
*armaz I sb.m.: Goth arms 'arm' (from
*armiz), ON armr id., OE earm id., OFris
erm, arm id., OS arm id., OHG arm id.
Related to Skt Irma- id., Av anmo id., Lat
armus 'upper part of the arm', Gaul arama
'fork', OPrus irtno 'arm' and in particular,
with the samé ablaut grade, Slav *ormi
'shoulder' (Kirchhoff KZ I 39). Buga
Aist. (adds Lith pl. armaí 'bars holding the
front shaft of a carť which is, however,
from dial. German); Bartholomae 197;
Torp-Falk 18; Holthausen AEEW 86;
Waede-Hofmann I 69; Feist 58; Mayr-
hoeer I 96; Pokorný I 58; Fraenkel
16; Vries ANEW 14; Zalizniak II 185;
Onions 50; Vasmer-Trubaohev III
440-441; Hamp JIES X 187-189;
Lehmann GED 43; Lloyd-Springer I
331-333; Kluge-Seebold 52; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*armaz II adj.: Goth arms 'poor, pitiable,
miserable', ON armr id., OE earm id.,
OFris erm 'poor', OS arm id., OHG arm
'poor, powerless'. Probably continues
*arímaz derived from *artaz (Johansson
PBB XV 223-224; Wood MiJVXXI 39).
On the other hand, cf. Skt armaka- 'ruins'
based on the unattested adj . *arma- (Hum-
bach Festschr. Knobloch 189-193; Beck-
Strunk Festschr. Eggers 40), Hitt arman-
'sickness' (Ivanov Etimologija 1979 131).
Fick III 24 (to Gk épřj|jo<; 'desolate,
lonely'); Meillet MSL X 280 (to Arm
ol-orm 'pity'); Lorp-Falk 19; Feist 57—58;
Holthausen AEEW 86; Weisweiler IF
XLI 304-329; Mezger KZ LXXVI
178- 180 (to Hitt arahza- 'outside, all
arounď); Specht 264 (samé as
Johansson); Vries ANESV 14; Solta
427-428 (follows Meillet); Beck-Strunk
Festschr. Eggers 18—41 (to Lith irti 'to fall
apart, to dissolve'); Reiter TjBalk XIII
133-138; Puhvel 157-160; Lehmann
GED 43; Lloyd-Springer I 333-335;
Bammesberger Nom. 71 (to Gk rípGpov
'joinť), 244; Kluge-Seebold 52—53;
Heidermanns 104-105; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*arměnan wk.vb.: Goth arman 'to háve
mercy, to pity', OS part. gi-armod 'poor,
needy', OHG arměn 'to become poor'.
Derived from *armaz 'poor', probably a
calque of Lat misemi (Kluge Btig. Gesch.
XXXV 159). Feist 57; Lehmann GED
43; Heidermanns 104.
*armjanan wk.vb.: ON erma 'to keep
unhappy', OE irman 'to make miserable,
to aínicť. Derived from *armaz II.
Holthausen AEEW 186; Vries ANEW
104; Heidermanns 104.
*arniz adj.: Goth adv. arniba 'certainly',
ON ern 'brisk, vigorous'. Related to Skt
árna- 'undulating, surging' and further to
máti 'to arise, to move', Gk opvujn 'to set
into motion' (Bartholomae Z^Kf VI
355). Torp-Falk 17; Brugmann IF
XLX 384; Feist 58; Pokorný I 328
Vries ANEW 105; Frisk II 422-424:
Onions 297; Lehmann GED 43-44:
Heidermanns 105.
*arnuz ~ arnaz sb.m.: ON qrn 'eagle',
OE earn id., OS aru id. (in prop.), OHG
arn id. (f-stem). Based on *aron. Struc-
turally similar to Gk opvit; 'birď, opveov
arnuz
25
aseluz
id. Holthausen AEE] V 86; Pokorný I
326; Frisk II 421-422; Vries ANEW
688; Zalizniak II 220; Onions 324.
*aron sb.m.: Goth ara 'eagle', ON ari id.,
OS aro id., OHG aro id. Related to Hitt
harafn)- id., Gk opvii; 'birď, Bret er
'eagle', cf. also Lith erělis, arelis id., Slav
*orbl"b id. Meillet Etudes 418; Torp-
Falk 17; Suolahti DVN 345-352;
Trautmann BSW 13; Feist 54-55; Po-
korný I 325-326; Chemodanov SGGJa I
111; Fraenkel 122, R'Z LVIII 285-287;
Vries AMEW 13; Frisk II 421-422;
Zalizniak II 220; Onions 324; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 150-151; Lehmann GED
40; Bammesberger Nom. 1 76; Puhvel III
137-139; Lloyd-Springer I 341-344;
Kluge-Seebold 2.
*arsaz sb.m.: ON ars 'behind, backside',
OE ears id., OS ars id., OHG ars id.
Related to Gk oppoq id., Arm oř, pl. ořk',
continuing IE *orsos, cf. also Olr err 'tail'
< *ersa. Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II 101;
Torp-Falk 20; Holthausen AEE]V 86;
Pokorný I 340; Vries ANE][ t 14; Frisk
II 427; Zalizniak I 129; Lloyd-Springer
I 345-346; Bammesberger Nom. 54;
Kluge-Seebold 54.
*artjanan wk.vb.: ON erta 'to taunt, to
tease'. Identical widi Skt ardáyati 'to make
flow' (causative of árdati, rdáti 'to flow,
to dissolve'), Lith ardýti 'to untie, to
unstitch'. Torp-Falk 19; Marstrander
apud Vries ANEW 105 (to *ar^az)\
Mayrhofer 151; Pokorný I 63 (to Olr
aird 'point, top'), 329-330; Fraenkel
15-16; Vries ANEl\ r 105.
*art5n sb.f.: ON arta 'teal, Anas quer-
quedula', OE earte 'wagtail'. Probably
connected with *artjanan. Similarity with
Lat ardea 'heron', Gk épq)8ióg, ptoSiót;
id. may be deceptive. Torp-Falk 19;
Holthausen AEE]V 86; Walde-Hof-
mann I 64; Pokorný I 68; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 59; Vries ANEW 15; Frisk I
572-573.
*arbraz sb.m.: ON aršr 'plow', Close to
Gk apoxpov id., Olr arathar id., Lat ará-
trum id. Further connected with *aijanan.
Torp-Falk 18; Walde-Hofmann I 62;
Frisk I 147; Bammesberger Nom. 86.
*arutaz sb.m.: OS arut 'piece of ore',
OHG aruz 'ore, piece of ore, lump of
clay'. OHG meanings indicate an origi-
nál word for marsh iron and contradict
the popular hypothesis of an old borrow-
ing going back to Sum urudu 'copper'
(despite Karsten Germanen 196). Probably
related to *erwon, cf. Slav *želězo '(marsh)
iron' ~ *žel(e)za 'glanď. Torp-Falk 18;
Ipsen IF XLI 1 74-1 75; Lloyd-Springer
I 355-358; Kluge-Seebold 232; Truba-
ghev VJa XXXIII/5 7-8.
*arfon sb.m.: ON aifi 'chickweeď, OE earje
'tare', EFris alf, arve 'vetch'. Borrowed
from an unknown source as well as Lat
eruutn 'vetch, pea', Gk opo(3o<; 'bitter
vetch' (Hoops Waldbáume 463). Walde-
Hofmann I 419- 420; Vries AMEW 13.
*arwaz adj.: ON qrr 'swift, ready', OS aru
'ready for harvesting'. Identical with
Toch A arwar, B arwer 'ready', Av aurva-
'quick, brave'. Bugge A"^XI (1870) 403
(to Skt árvant- 'courser, horše'); Bartho-
lomae 200; Torp-Falk 17; Holthausen
AEE]Vm; Karsten MB II 194, 412-414;
Fraenkel ~fslavPh XXI 138-140; Po-
korný I 331; Vries ANEW 688; Lloyd-
Springer I 311-312; Sanders Festschr.
Kolb 558-568; Bammesberger Nom. 243;
Heidermanns 106.
*arwaz ~ *arwez sb.n.: ON grr 'scar',
MLG are id. Close to Skt neut. árus-
'wounď. (Torp-Falk 19). Pokorný I
338; Chemodanov SGGJa I 107.
*arwít5 sb.f: ON pl. ertr 'pea', OS erit
id., MLG erwete id., OHG arawiz id.
See *arfarS Torp-Falk 19-20 (non-IE);
Btnz Z dFh XXXVIII 371 (OHG araweiz
< *arwa-aita-); Ipsen Festschr. Streitberg
230-232; Walde-Hofmann I 419-420;
Vries ANEW 105; Frisk II 424.
*aseluz ~ *aselaz sb.m.: Goth asilus
'donkey, ass', OE eosul id., OS esil id.,
OHG esil id. An early borrowing (with
*-/- < -n-Tj from Lat asinus id. (Kluge
Urgerm. 68) or a later loan from Rom
*áselus < Lat asellus id. (Luft 7DADL XLI
aseluz
26
atiskaz
241-242). Forsterman KZ I 495
Schwentner PBB XLIV 497-498
Holthausen AEE]V 93; Feist 59-60
Schulze Kl. Schr. 507 (follows Luft)
Lehmann GED 45; Kluge-Seebold
233.
*asjó(n) sb.f.: ON esja 'a kind of clay',
OHG essa 'chimney'. Related to *azenaz
~ *azenan. Torp-Faek 22; Pokorný
I 68; Vries ANEW 105-106; Kluge-
Seebold 234.
*askaz sb.m.: Burg *asks 'ash-tree', ON
askr id., OE ďsc id., OS ask id. (< *askiz),
OHG asc id. (< *askiz). Close to Arm
haň id., Alb ah 'beech' < PAlb *aska, cf.
also Gk ói;úa 'beech'. Hoops JValdbáume
121; ZuprrzA Gutt. 159; Torp-Falk 23;
Holthausen AEE]V 12; Pokorný I 782;
Vries AME]\ t 15; Frisk II 400; Zalizniak
I 185; Onions 54; Normier Sprache
XXVII 22-29 (Indo-Iranian paraUels);
Lloyd-Springer I 360-363; Kluge-
Seebold 233; Orel AED 2.
*askjan sb.n.: ON eski 'ashen box', MDu
esch id., esche 'ash'. Derived from *askaz.
Schulze A'~ LXI 136; Vries ANEW 106.
*askón sb.f.: Goth azgo 'ashes' (with voiced
inlaut), ON aska id., OE esce id., MLG
asche id., OHG asca id. Connected with
Arm ačiun id. < *azg-. Cf., on the other
hand, *as- in Hitt hašša- 'ashes, hearth',
Skt asa- 'ashes, dusť and *azd- in Gk áLfx
'dry dirť (Walde KZ XXXI 290).
Meillet Esquisse 29; Osthoff PBB XIII
396-399 (from *ast-k-ón, to Gk c^ro 'to
dry up, to parch'); Zupitza Gutt. 96;
Grienberger Goten 41 (Goth suffix *-j-
vs. other Gmc *-k); Torp-Falk 22;
Kretschmer KZ XXXI 452; Holt-
hausen AEE\V 12; Feist 72; Specht 69;
Mayrhofer I 83; Pokorný I 69;
Chemodanov SGGJa 1110; Vries ANEW
15; Frisk I 25-26; Zalizniak I 155;
Onions 54; Lehmann GED 54; Kluge-
Seebold 56.
*asnjaz sb.m.: Goth asneis 'day-laborer,
hired man', OE esne 'servant', OHG asni,
esni id. Derived from *az(a)niz ~ *asaniz.
Holthausen AEEW 94; Feist 60; Onions
297; Lehmann GED 45; Bammesberger
Nom. 66—67.
*aspiz ~ *asp5(n) sb.f: ON qsp 'asp',
OE ď,sp id., tespe id., OHG aspa id., Cf.
also MLG espe id. < *aspjon. Connected
with Latv apse id., OPrus abse id., Slav
*osa id. Torp-Falk 23; Trautmann
BSW 11-13; Holthausen AEEW 13;
Thieme KZ LXLX 175 (on Skt sphyá- id.
< *aspi-); Pokorný I 55; Fraenkel 14;
Vries ANEW 688; Zalizniak II 214;
Janert KZ LXXIX 89-91, XCVII
202-203; Onions 54; Stang LS 13;
Vasmer-Trubachev III 156; Lloyd-
Springer I 370—372; Kluge-Seebold
234.
*astaz I sb.m.: Godr asts 'branch, bough',
OS ast id., OHG ast id. Notě a derivative
with a long grade *5staz 'knot, knob': OE
úst, MLG ost. Identical with Gk oi^oq
'branch', Arm ost 'twig'. Further cf. Hitt
haštuer- 'twigs, stick'. Bloomfleld Lan-
guage III 213-214 (*o Z do- < *o-s(ejdo-);
Sturtevant Language IV 163; Torp-Falk
559 (to Gk 00x05 'shooť); Holthausen
AEEW 243; Feist 60; Pokorný I 280;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 110; Frisk II 353;
Darms Vrddhi 236-238; Lehmann GED
45; Knobloch IF XCII 29-32; Puhvel
III 339-340; Lloyd-Springer I 373-375;
Kluge-Seebold 58.
*astaz II sb.m.: OE ast 'kiln', MDu ast id.
Identical with Gk oti^a 'dryness, heať,
Slav *ozďb 'malt-kiln, oasť. Frisk I
25-26; Pokorný I 68-69; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 88 (to Lat aestus 'heať); Onions
619; Dybo BSA 229-230.
*at prep.: Goth at 'from, at, with', ON at
'at, to', OE tet id., OFris et id., OS at id.,
OHG az id. Related to Phryg ad-, Lat ad
id., Umbr ař-, Ose az id., Olr ad-.
Torp-Falk 9-10; Holthausen AEEW
13; Walde-Hofmann I 11-12; Feist
60-61; Pokorný I 3; Vries ANEW 16;
Onions 58; Lehmann GED 45; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*atiskaz sb.m.: Goth atisk 'standing grain,
grainfielď (mase. or neut.), MLG esch id.,
OHG ezzisca 'seeď. Derived from *atjanan
atiskaz
27
at>alojanan
(Diefenbaoh V\V I 78; Grienberger Got.
31). Grimm DG I 47; Lottner KZ VII
180 (from *ades-ko-, to Lat ador 'spelť);
Fick I 351 (to Gk á9r|p 'awn'); Torp-
Falk 24; Schrader-Nehring II 648 (fol-
low Lottner); Feist 61; Lané Language
XIV 25 (to Toch A čiti, B acc. atiyai
'grass'); Pedersen Toch. 64 (against Lané);
Pokorný I 3 (follows Lottner); Ramat
Gedenkschr. Gúntert 11-18 (follows Grien-
berger); Lehmann GED 46; Kluge-
Seebold 233.
*atjanan wk.vb.: Goth fra-atjan 'to give
away (to be eaten)', ON etja 'to fodder',
OE ettan id., OFris etta id., MLG etten id.,
OHG ezzen id. Causative of *etanan.
Holthausen AEEW 94; Feist 61; Vries
ANEW 106; Seebold 180; Lehmann GED
208; Fvluge-Seebold 61.
*attón sb.m.: Goth atta 'father', ON atti
id., OFris aththa id., OHG atto 'ancestor'.
A nursery word (Meielet BSL XXXIV/
101 1-2), cf. Gk axxa id., Lat atta id.
and the like. Torp-Falk 10; Friedrich
ZDMG I (NF) 159 (from one of the lan-
guages of Asia Minor), Glotta XXIII
207-210; Feist 62; Martinet Gem. 56,
64-65, 161-162; Porzig Gliederung 129;
Pokorný I 70; Vries ANE]V 17;
Zalizniak I 153; Benveniste IEL 169,
370; Lůhr Expr. 254-255; Lloyd-
Springer I 385-388; Lehmann GED 46;
Ktuge-Seebold 60-61.
*atu3az adj.: Crim.-Goth atochta 'baď (leg.
atocha?). Identical with Hitt hatug(a)i-
'horrible, frightening' < *oduko- (Tisch-
ler KZ XCII 108-111), further to Lat
odi 'to hatě', Gk óóiJaaoiiai id., Arm
ateam id. (Grienberger Z^Ph XXX 127;
Tischler KZ XLII 108-111). Walde-
Hofmann II 202-203; Feist 61; Pokorný
I 773; Lehmann GED 46; Puhvel III
375-376; Heidermanns 106-107.
*atulaz adj.: ON atall 'fierce', OE atol
'dire, terrific, terrible', MDu atel 'terrible'.
Cf. also ON etja 'to fight, to contenď <
*atjanan. Related to Lat odi 'to hatě', Gk
(j8í)aao|iai id., Arm ateam id. (Fick BB I
334, II 195). See *atu$az. Torp-Falk
10; Feist 61; Holthausen AEEW 8;
Karsten MB II 274, 283; Walde-
Hofmann II 202-203; Pokorný I 773;
Vries ANEW 17; Frisk II 351; Heider-
manns 107.
*abalan sb.n.: OSwed adal 'nature, dispo-
sition', OHG adal 'descent, lineage'. Cf.
also OFris edila 'grandfather'. Identical
with Toch A atál 'man'. Cf. also Gk
átaXóq 'tender, delicate'. Grienberger
Got. 104 (prefix *a-/ *oj; Torp-Falk 10;
Holthausen AEEW 13; Neckel PBB
XLI 385-436; Leumann Glotta XV 154
(against comparison with axakóq); F\AR-
sten NB II 274- 275, 370; Szemerényi
Word VIII 42-50 (to Lat indoles 'inborn
quality, nature'); Pokorný 171 (to *attori);
Mezger KZ LXXII 114; Vries ANEW
1-2; Frisk I 176; Zalizniak II 214:
Benveniste 370; Van Wlndekens 171
Darms Vrddhi 192-207; Palmer Denkschr.
Gúntert 15; Lloyd-Springer I 44-46
Hefdermanns 109; Fvluge-Seebold 14:
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*ajíal(j)az adj.: Burg *apals 'noble', OESc
apul, apal- 'marital', OE tedele 'noble,
eminenť, OFris ethele 'having free citizen-
ship', OS ethili 'of good origin', OHG adal
'noble', edili 'noble, distinguisheď. De-
rived from *apalan. Holthausen AEE]\ j
13; Kobler 708; Heidermanns 107-109;
Kluge-Seebold 14, 204; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*abalin3az sb.m.: Burg *apalings 'noble-
man', ON qdlingr 'prince', OE ledelins
'king's son, man', OFris etheling 'free citi-
zen', MLG edelinc 'nobleman', OHG
ediling id. Derived from *apalan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 13; Vries ANEW 685;
Kobler 708; Heidermanns 108; Bout-
kan OFED s.v.
*abaljan sb.n.: ON eSli, edli 'patrimony,
origin', OE eoelo 'nobility', OS adali
'noble origin', OHG edili 'clan, nobility'
Derived from *apalan. Torp-Falk 10
Holthausen AEE]V 13; Pokorný I 71
Vries ANEW 93-94; Zalizniak II 214:
Hefdermanns 108.
*abalojanan wk.vb.: ON qdlask 'to gain,
abalojanan
28
aii3j az
to win', OE 3e-iedelian 'to render cele-
brateď. Derived from *apalan. Heider-
MANNS 108.
*ab(i) ptcl: Goth ap-pan 'but then, buť.
Related to Toch A atas, B ate 'away', Skt
áti 'beyond, very', Av aiti id., Olr aith-
'againsť, Slav *oťb 'from'. Bartho-
lomae 54; Torp-Falk 10; Feist 63;
Pokorný I 70; Vasmer-Trubachev III
168; Adams TB 10.
*abnaz sb.n.: Goth apn 'year'. Identical
with Lat annus id. < *atnos, Ose akeneí 'in
the year', Umbr acc. pl. acnu 'year'.
Meyer A"^ XXVIII 164 (further to Skt
átati 'to go, to walk'); Froehde BB XVI
196-197; Torp-Falk 10; Strachan BB
XX 8; Brugmann IF XVII 492; Walde-
Hofmann I 51; Feist 62-63; Szemerényi
TPS 172-175 (Lat annus < *asnos);
Pokorný I 69; Chemodanov SGGJa I 90;
Lehmann GED 47.
*a{5njan sb.n.: Gouh at-apni 'year'. Struc-
turally close to Lat bi-ennium. Derived
from *apnaz. Walde-Hofmann 151.
*auda-fundiz ~ *auda-fundjaz adj.:
ON aud-Jyndr 'easily perceived, clear', OE
eáb-fynde 'easy to be founď. Compound of
*auiaz ~ *auian and *fundiz II. Carr
Mom. comp. 92 (parallel formations);
Matzel KZGV 105.
*auda3az ~ *audÍ3az adj.: Goth audags
'blessed, fortunate', ON audigr 'rich, opu-
lenť, OE eádÍ3 'happy, blessed, prosper-
ous', OS odag 'rich, opulenť, OHG otag
id. Derived from *audaz ~ *audan.
Zimmermann BB XXIII 275-276 (to Lat
autumnus 'autumn'); Torp-Falk 6; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 83; Feist 63; Porzig
Gliederung 130; Vries ANEIV 18; Lehmann
GED 47.
*auda-3Ótiz ~ *auda-3Ótjaz adj.: ON
auů-^att 'easily goť, OE eád-^ete 'easily
got, prepareď. Compound of *audaz ~
*auian and a derivative of *3etanan.
Carr Nom. comp. 92 (parallel formations).
*audanaz ~ *audenaz sb.m.: ON audinn
'lenť, OE eáden 'given', OS odan 'given as
a gifť. Participle of the unattested verb
*audanan. See *auiaz ~ *auian. Torp-
Falk 6 (to Lith áusti 'to weave'); Holt-
hausen AEE1\ t 83; Lfnoouist Festschr.
Pipping 354; Jóhannesson IEW 7-8;
Krahe SuV 105; Pokorný I 76; Vries
ANEW 18; Seebold 83-84.
*audaz ~ *audan sb.m./n.: Burg *aud(s)
'wealth', ON auór 'fate, destiny, wealth'
(partly < *audiz), OE edd 'possession,
riches, prosperity, happiness', OS od
'happiness'. Cf. Goth auda-hafts 'fortu-
nate, blessed', MHG klein-ot 'treasure'.
Probably, connected with W udd < *audos
'lord, master', Bret ozac'h < *udakkos
'home owner'. Also compared with Lat
uber 'rich, fertile' < *oudh-ero- (Szemerényi
IBK XV 207). Loth RC XLI 234; Torp
SHS 172 (to Lith áudžu, áusti 'to weave');
Fowkes Goth. 5-6 (to IE *au(s)- 'to
inerease'); Torp-Falk 6 (samé as Torp);
Holthausen AEEU 7 83; Walde-
Hofmann II 738-739; Porzig Gliederung
130; Pokorný I 62-76; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 72; Vries ANEW 18 (separates
ON audr 'riches, wealth' from audr 'fate,
destiny'); Zalizniak I 185; Mezger K^
LXXXII 288-297 (to Gk avxúq 'šelf');
Seebold 83; Lehmann GED 47; Kobler
708; Bammesberger Mom. 54.
*au3a-duran ~ *au3a-duró(n) sb.n./f:
Goth auga-dauro 'window', OE ea3-dv.ru
id., OHG ouga-tora id. Compound of
*au3on and *duran, *duro. Carr Mom.
comp. 44.
*au3(a)njanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. iiygna
'to show', MLG t-onen id., OHG ougenen
id. Derived from *au3on. Torp-Falk 5.
*au3Ídaz adj.: latě ON eygor 'having eyes',
OE si1r-ea3e.de 'blear-eyeď. Derived from
*au3Janan. Torp-Falk 5; Vries AME]\ t
107.
*au3Janan wk.vb.: Goth augjan 'to show',
ON eygja 'to furnish with an eye', OE
eáwan 'to show, to manifest', OS ógan 'to
show', OHG ougen id. Derived from
*au 3 dn. Osthoff PBB VIII 261-262;
Torp-Falk 5; Holthausen AEE\V 87;
Feist 64; Vrtes ANEW 107; Lehmann
GED 48.
*au3Jaz adj.: ON eygr 'having eyes', OE
au3j az
29
auraz
súr-i^e 'blear-eyeď, OHG sur-ougi 'with
watery eyes'. Derived from *au^on.
Torp-Falk 5; Vries ANEW 107.
*au3on sb.n.: Goth augo 'eye', ON auga id.,
OE eáj« id., OFris age id., OS oga id.,
OHG ouga id. From *as(w)dn influenced
by *auzon. Further to IE *ok'- id.: Toch
A ak, B ek, Skt áksi, Av duál aii, Gk oaae,
Alb jji, Lith ate, Slav *oko (Schmidt K~^
II 381—382). A consonantal stem *a^wz
and an í-stem *a^wiz can be recon-
structed on the basis of compounds
(Schmidt Plur. 106-108, 388-405). Goth
aha 'mind, understanding' hardly belongs
here (despite Fick I 13; Zupitza Gutt. 72;
Osthoff IF XXVII 175). Meillet
LHLG I 289-290 (taboo); Zupitza Gutt.
Ti— H (to Slav *aviti 'to show'); Torp-
Falk 5; Stokes K~ XXXV 151-152
(to Mír uag 'den, cave'); Holthausen
AEEW 83; Speoht KZ LXH 211; Feist
64-65; Mayrhofer I 16; Pokorný I
775-777; Fraenkel 5; Vries ANEW 19;
Frisk II 436; Zalizniak I 157; Onions
340; Vasmer-Trubachev III 128-129;
Lehmann GED 48; Bammesberger Nom.
173-174; Kluge-Seebold 65; Huld
Festschr. Puhvel I 85; Adams TB 74-75;
Orel AED 405; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*aujan sb.n.: Run auja 'good fortuně'.
Related to Skt máti 'to be pleased, to
strive, to promote', Av avaiti 'to help', Gk
rtixrn; 'friend, beloveď. Bartholomae
162; Mayrhofer I 57; Pokorný I 683;
Vries ANEW 19; Frisk I 47; Krause
Run. I 241-244, 261-263; Lehmann GED
52.
•aukanan str.vb.: Goth aukan 'to increase,
to augment', ON auka id., OFris aha id.,
OHG auhhan id. Connected with Toch B
atik- 'to grow, to increase', Lat augeo id.,
Lith áugu, áugti 'to grow', Latv augt id.
Zupitza Gutt. 160; Torp-Falk 5; Walde-
Hofmann I 82-83; Feist 67; Jóhannes-
son IE\Y 10; Pokorný I 85; Fraenkel
24; Vries ANEW 19; Anttila Schw.
91; Onions 304; Seebold 84-85; Leh-
mann GED 50; Adams TB 130; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*auke conj.: Goth auk 'but, also, further-
more', ON auk 'also', OE eác 'also, how-
ever', OFris ak 'also', OS ok id., OHG
ouh id. Identical with Gk av-ye 'again'. A
compound of *au (Gk av 'again') and
particle *ge. Cf. also Toch A -ok, B -uk <
*u-ge (Van Windekens I 329-330).
Torp-Falk 5; Holthausen AEEW 82;
Feist 67; Pokorný I 74; Vries ANEW
19; Frisk I 183; Onions 304; Seebold 84
(to *aukan); Lehmann GED 50; Kluge-
Seebold 61-62; Adams TB 109; Bout-
kan OFED s.v.
*aukojanan wk.vb.: ON auka 'to increase'
(weak forms, cf. *aukanan), OE ókian id.,
MLG oken id., OHG ouhhon id. Derived
from *aukón. Pokorný I 85; Vries
AAEir 19; Seebold 84.
*aukón sb.m.: ON auki 'increase', OE eáca
'addition, increase, advantage', OFris áka
'increase', MLG oke id. Derived from
*aukanan. Holthausen AEE] V 83; Vrtes
ANEW 19; Seebold 84.
*aulaz sb.m.: Norw dial. aul 'pipe'. Iden-
tical with Gk avXóq id., Lith aulas 'boot-
leg'. Further related to Toch B pl. auloň
'blood vessels', Lith aulys 'beehive',
Slav *ulb(jb) id. Torp-Falk 6; Pokorný
I 88-89; Frisk I 186-187; Adams TB
134.
*aumaz adj.: ON aumr 'poorly, miserable'.
Identical with Toch B aume 'misery,
poverty' (Krause GGA 1958/1-3 54;
Strunk Festschr. Eggers 31-35). Karsten
NB II 244, 247; Vries ANEW 19;
Heidermanns 109-110; Adams TB 132;
Burlak IFTJa 240.
*auraz sb.m.: ON aurr 'wet clay, mud, wet
soil', OE ear 'sea, oceán'. Related to Gk
avavjpoc; 'without water', Thrac rvn.
Aípai; (Kretschmer Glotta X 51, XIV
93), Latv rvn. Auře. See *úran. Gering
Komm. I 24 (reconstructs *auza- = Lat
aurum 'gold'); Torp-Falk 6 (separate ON
aiar 'clay, soil' to be compared with
*uran); Persson IF XXXV 199-200;
Endzelin A"^ Lil 116-117; Janzén NB
XXIV 247-253; Feist 67-68; Holt-
hausen AEE] V 85; Detschew Thr. 39;
au raz
30
auzon
Pokorný I 80; Vries ANEW 20; Frisk I
103; Vendryes W-26 (to Olr úr 'soil,
earth'); Lehmann GED 50; Dybo BSA 33.
*ausanan str.vb.: ON ausa 'to sprinkle',
MLG oseň 'to scoop', MHG oseň id.
Identical with Gk aiíco 'to get a light, to
light a fire' (with a secondary semantic
development, see Fick BB II 187), cf. fur-
ther Lat haurio 'to draw' < earlier *aurio.
Torp-Falk 6; Walde-Hofmann I 637;
Vries ANEW 21; Schwyzer I 644;
Schulze Kl. Schr. 190-191; Pokorný I
90; Frisk I 193; Seebold 85.
*ausón sb.f.: ON ausa 'ladle', OE ease
'glass, tumbler'. Derived from *ausanan.
Holthausen AEE] ť 86; Vries ANE] V 2 1 .
*austaně adv.: ON austan 'from the Easť,
OE eástan id., OS ostana id., OHG ostana
'eastwarď. Derived from *austaz. Torp-
Falk 6; Holthausen AEE]V 86; Vries
ANEW '21; Onions 298; Kluge-Seebold
605.
*austaz sb.m.: OE eást 'Easť, latě MHG
ost id. Related to Skt usá 'morning lighť,
Gk Hom ř]áq 'dawn', Lat aurora 'day-
break, dawn', Lith aušra id. Torp-Falk
6; Holthausen AEEW 86; Walde-
Hofmann I 86; Pokorný I 86-87;
Fraenkel 27; Frisk I 605—606; Onions
298; Kluge-Seebold 605.
*austraz sb.m.: ON austr 'drawing water'.
Derived from *ausanan. Structurally close
to Gk éi;cu)aTT|p- Kpeáypa, ai)axT|p- \iít-
pou ovona. Pokorný I 90; Frisk I 529.
*austraz ~ *austran sb.m./n.: Burg adj.
*austr 'Northern', ON austr 'Easť, OE
eáster, eástre 'Easter', OHG pl. ostara id.
(fem.). Related to *austaz. Continues
*ausro-, cf, Lat auster 'South winď (<
*aus-tero-), Lith aušra 'dawn', Latv austrá
id., austra vejš 'Eastern winď. Torp-
Falk 6; Holthausen AEE]V 87; Walde-
Hofmann I 87; Pokorný I 87; Vries
ANEW 21; Onions 298; Lehmann GED
270 (on Goth ostro- in Ostrogothaé); Kobler
708; Kluge-Seebold 605-606.
*austronjaz adj.: ON austmnn 'eastern',
OE eastern id. OS ostrou id. OHG sund-
ostroni 'south-eastern'. Derived from
*austraz ~ *austran. Holthausen AEE] i'
87; Vries ANEW 21.
*aubaz ~ *aubón adj.: ON auS-fengr 'easy
to geť, OE íde 'easy, pleasanť, OS othi,
otho 'light, easy', OHG ódi, ódo id. Close
to Lat otium 'leisure', further cf. Skt ávati
'to be pleased, to strive, to promote'. See
*aujan. Torp-Falk 5; Falk-Torp 1407;
Holthausen AEE]V 87, 187; Fíarsten
NB II 390-391; Walde-Hofmann II
228-229; Pokorný I 77; Vries ANEW
18; Mezger KZ LXXXII 288-297;
Hetdermanns 110.
*aubjanan wk.vb.: ON eyia 'to waste, to
destroy', OE íban 'to lay waste, to de-
stroy', OHG fir- oděn 'to waste, to desert'.
Derived from *autpjaz. Torp-Falk 5;
Mezger KZ LXXXII 288-297; Heider-
MANNS 111.
*aubjaz adj.: Godr aupeis 'barren, desolate,
deserteď, ON auor 'desert, empty', OE
íede 'desert, forlorn', OHG Bdi 'desert,
empty'. Identical with Gk aiSaioq 'empty,
vain' (Schulze Kl. Schr. 71), thus histo-
rically may be related to *au\>az ~ *aupon.
Thurneysen 01 41 (to Olr úathad 'small
number'); Torp-Falk 4—5; Feist 69—70;
Holthausen AEEW 187; Karsten NB II
387-389; Mezger Word II 229, R'Z
LXXXII 288 (to Gk avxóq); Pokorný I
73; Vries ANEW 18; Frisk I 191;
Lehmann GED 52 (identical with *aupaz
~ *aupón); Heidermanns 111; Keuge-
Seebold 597.
*auz5n sb.n.: Goth auso 'ear' (*-s-), ON
eyra id., OE eáre id., OFris are id., OS dra
id., OHG dra id. Related to Av uš- id.,
Arm unkn id., Gk Dor mq id., Alb vesh id.,
Lat auris id., Olr áu id., Lith ausis id., Slav
*uxo id. Kuhn I 377; Schmidt Plur. 109,
406-407; Bartholomae 414; Torp-Falk
7; Meringer SBAW CXXV/2 12-13 (to
*5us- 'mouth'); Holthausen AEEW 85;
Walde-Hofmann I 85-86; Feist 69;
Pokorný I 785; Fraenkel 26; Vries
ANEW 107-108; Zalizniak I 157; Frisk
II 448-449; Onions 297; Vasmer-
Trubachev IV 179; Lehmann GED 51;
Bammesberger Nom. 1 74; Orel AED
auzon
31
azenaz
501; Kluge-Seebold 599; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*awidjan sb.n.: Goth awepi 'herd of sheep'
(-/>- < *-d-, irreg. -e-), OE eówd(e) id.,
OHG ouwiti id. Derived from *awiz.
Bremer Btrg. Gesch. XI 32 (reconstructs
Goth *aweipi); Holthausen AEEW 93;
Feist 70; Onions 332; Benveniste 48;
Lehmann GED 52.
*awistran sb.n.: Goth awistr 'sheepfolď,
OE éwestre id. (mase). Derived from
*awi z . Osthoff KZ XXIII 316 (from
*awi-wistraz); Meillet MSL XII 218-219
(from *oui-sth(e)-ro-)\ Bezzenberger KZ
XXII 267-269; Kluge Nom. Stamm.
51-52; Holthausen AEEW 93; Feist
70-71; Onions 332; Ltndeman Verschár-
fung 16.4; Lehmann GED 53; Bammes-
berger Nom. 88.
*awiz sb.f: ON ter 'ewe' (root stem), OE
eówu id. (< *awjo), OFris ei id., OS ewi
'lamb', OHG ouwi, ou 'sheep'. Identical
wiťh Hitt haiú- 'sheep', Toch B a()w id.,
Skt ávi- id., Gk oic, id., Lat ovis id., Olr
ói id., Lith avis id., Slav *ovb-ca id.
(Forsterman KZ I 493). Torp-Falk 22;
Trautmann BSW 20-21; Mikkola
Festschr. Streitberg 269; Holthausen AEEW
93; Walde-Hofmann II 229; Mayrhofer
I 59; Pokorný I 784; Fraenkel 28; Frisk
II 367-368; Vries ANEW 681; Zaliz-
niak II 206; Onions 332; Trubachev
Zhiv. 69—71; Vasmer-Trubachev III 116;
Puhvel III 379-380; Adams TB 35.
*awon sb.m.: ON ái 'great-grandfaťher'.
Cf. also Goth awo 'grandmother' . Related
to Hitt huhha- 'grandfather', Toch awe
id., Arm hav id., Lat auus id., OPrus awis
'uncle', Slav *ujb id. Uhlenbeck FBB
XXX 263 (Lallwort); Torp-Falk 22;
Walde-Hofmann I 88-89; Feist 71;
Pokorný I 89; Benveniste IEL 181;
Toporov PJa I 179-180; Adams TB 56.
*az(a)niz ~ *asaniz sb.f: Goth asans
'harvest, harvest time', ON qnn 'working
season', OE mase. ern 'harvest', OFris ern
id., OS aran-fimba 'mow, rick', asna 'tax,
levý' (< *asno), OHG am 'harvest'. Re-
lated to OPrus assanis 'harvest', Slav
*esenb 'autumn'. Cf. verbal derivatives in
OE earnian 'to earn', MLG amen 'to reap',
OHG arnon id. Wetnhold KZ I 247;
Froehde BB I 32 (to Lat annona 'annual
yielď < *ann-osna); Bezzenberger BB V
176 (to Skt neut. vasná- 'price, value');
Torp-Falk 18, 22; Pedersen IF V 44;
Schulze Qy. 475 (to Gk cópa 'spring');
Grienberger Got. 30 (to *askón); Hol-
thausen AEEW 86, 94; Feist 58-59
Walde-Hofmann I 50; Pokorný I 343
Vries AMEW 687-688; Zalizniak II 192
Martynov Slav.-germ. 133 (from Slavic)
Onions 297; Stang LS 25; Trubachev
ESSJa VI 28-29; Ramat Gedenkschr.
Giintert 71; Lehmann GED 44; Lloyd-
Springer I 304-307; Wagner KZ CV
273-275; Kluge-Seebold 231.
*azenaz ~ *azenan sb.m./n.: ON arinn
'hearth', OHG erin 'floor, floorboarď.
Related to Hitt loc. hašši 'herd', Toch AB
as- 'to dry', Skt asa- 'ashes, dusť, Lat Bra
'altar', Ose loc. aasaí id. Torp-Falk 18
(to Lat area 'ground, vacant space, uhresh-
ing floor'); Schroder Festschr. Streitberg
340-343 (to Skt irina- 'hole in the
grounď); Reichelt KZ XLVI 315-316;
Holthausen KZ LXXI 55 (to Gk
ápapíaKto 'to fit together, to equip')
Walde-Hofmann I 61; Mayrhofer I 83
Pokorný I 68; Chemodanov SGGJa I 66
Vries AMEW 13; Knobloch Festschr.
Folomé 347-352 (to Lat area).
*hačtjan sb.n.: Goth hadi 'beď, ON bedr
id. (< *badjaz ~ *badiz), OE bedd id.,
OFris bed id., OS bed, beddi id., OHG betli
id. Probably connected with W bedd,
Corn bedh, Bret béz 'grave' (Meringer IF
XLX 448; further see Posch). Dubious.
Fick I, 491; Posoh WuS XVI 4-16 (to
*bhedh- 'to dig, to pierce'); Braune PBB
XXIII 250; Bugge PB5XIII 176 (to Slav
*podb 'base, bottom support'); Torp-Falk
258; Holthausen AEEW 18; Feist 73;
Pokorný I 114; Vries ANEW 29 (to
*bapan); Zalizniak II 212; Onions 84;
Lehmann GED 55; Lloyd-Springer I
572—574; Bammesberger Nora. 65; Rluge-
Seebold 104; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*badjón sb.m./f.: ON bedja 'wife, bed-
fellow', OE y-bedda id., OFris bedda 'hus-
banď, OS gi-beddio id., MHG ge-bette
'wife, bed-fellow'. Derived from *badjan.
Vries ANEW 29.
*hadwó sb.f.: ON bqb 'batde', OE beadu
'battie, war', OS hadu- (in cmpn.), OHG
batu- (in cmpn.). Cf. Burg *badus id.
Related to Olr bodb 'crow, image of the
battie goddess'. Further cf. a semantic-
ally distant but formally similar Slav
*body, gen. *bodbVe 'fish-spear, harpoon'.
Grimm KZ I 437; Torp-Falk 256;
Torp-Falk 256; Holthausen AEEJ\ t
17; Pokorný I 114; Chemodanov SGGJa
I 96; Vries ANEW 69; Zalizniak I
149; Trubachev ESSJa II 155; Kobler
708.
*ha3maz ~ *ba3naz sb.m.: Goth bagms
'tree', ON badmr, barmr id. (with assimila-
tion), OSwed bagn id. An irregular phone-
tic transformation of *baumaz (Johansson
PBB XV 224-225; Uhlenbeck PBB
XXX 263-264). Schweizer KZ I 159;
Mertnger ZFXVI 158 (to *bapan, isolates
*bajmaz from *baumaz)\ Grienberger
Got. 42 (to Skt bahú- 'arm'); Torp-Falk
257-258; Feist 73-74; Pokorný I 149;
Vries AMEW 22; Zalizniak II 226;
Peeters KZ LXXXVIII 129-133; Leh-
mann GED 55-56.
*haidjanan wk.vb.: Goth baidjan 'to com-
pel, to force', ON bába 'to request, to
ask', OE bddan 'to constrain, to compel',
OS bědian 'to compel', OHG beiten 'to
compel, to tirge'. Causative of *bidanan
(Wood MP rV 489-490). Structurally
similar to Lith baidýti 'to frighten' and
Slav *běditi 'to constrain, to persuade,
to cause evil' (Vasmer-Trubachev I 142)
unless the latter is a denominative.
Torp-Falk 270-271; Zimmer KZ XXX
43-45; Sommer ff XI 79 (to Lat boiae
'collar'); Holthausen AEEW 14; Feist
74; Pokorný I 117; Vries ANEW 30
Stang LS 14-15; Benveniste IEL 95, 99
Peeters A^XCrV 206-207; Seebold 95
Trubachev ESSJa II 56-57 (Slavic verb
as denominative); Lehmann GED 56.
*bainan sb.n.: ON bán 'bone', OE bán id.,
OFris hen id., OS ben id., OHG bein id.
Gontinues *bhoino- based on IE *bhei- 'to
strike' (Bugge PBB XXIV 459; Wood
MZJVXXLX 69). For the semantic deve-
lopment cf. Slav *bedro 'hip' < *bhedh- 'to
strike, to prick'. Doederleto LS VI 125
(to Lat femur 'hip' < *bhedh-); Hellouist
ANF VII 7 (to ON beinn 'straighť); Wad-
stetn Z dph XXVIII 529 (samé as Hell-
ouist); Breal MSL V 158; Torp-Falk
257 (samé as Doederlein); Hirt Idg. Gr.
I 312 (from *bhonio-)\ Holthausen AEE] I"
16; Pokorný I 117-118; Vries ANEW
30; Zalizniak I 139; Onions 106; Lloyd-
Springer I 515—516; Bammesberger KZ
CIII 264-268 (to Lat finis 'boundary');
Hetdermanns 1 1 3; Kluge-Seebold 94;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*baitan ~ *foaitaz sb.n./m.: ON beit
'ship', OE bát 'boat, ship, vessel', OFris
bát 'boať. Probably related to *bítanan
(Lidén Festschr. Bugge 85-86, HVSUVI/l
34). Torp-Falk 270; Holthausen
AEEW 16; Vries ANEW 30 (to *baitja-
baitan
33
bal3Íz
nan); Onions 103; Seebold 97; Kluge-
Seebold 125-126.
*baitilaz sb.m.: Norw beitel 'chisď, MLG
beitel, betel id., MHG beizel 'stylus, prick'.
Derived from *bítanan. Torp-Falk 270.
*baitjanan wk.vb.: ON beita 'to yoke', OE
bietan 'to bridle, to rein in, to restrain',
OS und-bětian 'to dismounť, OHG beizen
'to spurn on'. Gausative of *bitanan.
Torp-Falk 270; Holthausen AEE]V 15;
Pokorný I 116; Vries ANEW 30-31;
Seebold 97.
*baitjan sb.n.: ON beiti 'pasturage, alum',
OE 3e-bďte 'bit (of a bridle)', MLG betě
'biť, MHG ge-beize 'falconry'. Cf. OHG
beiza 'alum' < *baito. Derived from *bíta-
nan. Vries ANEW 31; Seebold 97.
*baitraz adj.: Goth baitrs 'bitter', ON
prop. Beitr. An ablaut variant of *bitraz.
Derived from *bltanan. Niedermann IF
XXXVII 145-147 (to Slav *bridbkb
'sharp'); Wood MLN XX 41-42; Torp-
Falk 270; Feist 77; Vries ANEW 31;
Onions 97; Seebold 97; Lehmann GED
58-59; Heidermanns 115.
*baizaz sb.m.: Burg *bairs 'boar', OE bár
id., OS běr-swin id., OHG ber id. Identical
with Lith baísas 'terrible apparition',
Slav *běsb 'démon' < *bhoiclh-s-o- (Kluge-
Seebold 80). Torp-Falk 257 (reconstruct
*bairaz); Wissman Posto. 78; Holthausen
AEEW 16; Onions 103; Kobler 708;
Lloyd-Springer I 542.
*bakan ~ *bakaz sb.n./m.: ON bak
'back', OE biec id., OFris bek id., OS bak
id., OHG bahho id. (<*bakon). Of un-
known origin. The similarity with Slav
*bokb 'side' (Mladenov 40), itself unclear,
is semantically attractive but phonetically
difficult. Zupitza Gutt. 160; Torp-Falk
259; Holthausen AEEW 14; Vries
ANEW 23; Zalizniak II 227; Onions 68;
Kluge-Seebold 72; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*bakanan str.vb.: OE bacán 'to bake',
MLG backen id., OHG backan, bahhan id.
( % -kk-). With its pret. *boka, related to Gk
cpráyto 'to roasť. Persson I Vurzelerw. 190
Zupitza Gutt. 213; Torp-Falk 257
Holthausen AEE]V 14; Pokorný I 113
Frisk II 1057; Onions 69; Seebold 87—
88; Lloyd-Springer I 419-421; Kluge-
Seebold 72 (to Skt bhjáti 'to roasť);
Peeters IFUÍXXl 30-31.
*bakiz sb.m.: ON bekkr 'brook, rivuleť (<
*bakjaz), OE beče id., OFris -bitze (in com-
pounds), OS beki id., OHG bah id. Of
uncertain origin. Cf. *pankdri? Zupitza
Gutt. 160; Mikkola BB XXI 218 (to Slav
*bagno 'marsh'); van Wijk IF XXIV 233
(to Mír búal 'flowing water' < *bhoglo-
and further to *bheg"- 'to run', or to
Slav *bagno 'marsh'); Torp-Falk 257;
Holthausen AEE]V 18; Pokorný I 161;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 54; Vries ANEW
31; Zalizniak II 212; Onions 84;
Peeters IF 212-214; Lloyd-Springer I
427-429; Kluge-Seebold 71.
*bakójanan wk.vb.: ON baka 'to bake',
OHG bachón 'to bake'. Derived from
*bakanan 'to bake'. Seebold 87.
*baldraz sb.m.: ON mann-baldr 'great
man', theon. Baldr, OE bealdor 'prince,
hero'. Derived from *bal\>az. Grimm
DM I 202; Schroder Z dadl XXXV
241 (to Lith báltas 'white'); Mertnger IF
XVIII 282-285 (to *bulaz ~ *buló); Kuhn
Festschr. Helm 37-45; Schroder GRM
XXXIV 168; Holthausen AEEW 17;
Pokorný I 121; Vries ANEW 24; Leh-
mann GED 60.
*bal3Íz sb.m.: Goth balgs 'bag made of
skin, wine-skin', ON belgr 'skin, bellows',
OE bels 'bulge, bag, purse', NFris balge
'bag', MLG balch id., OHG balg id.
Related to Ir bolg 'sack', OPrus balsinis
'pillow', Slav *bolzina 'pillow, beam' con-
tinuing *bhelgh- 'to swell'. See *tel^anan.
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 105 (to Lat follis
'hoše' < *bholghnis); Zupitza Gutt. 26, 204;
Torp-Falk 268; Feist 78; Lané Language
LX 255; Vendryes BSL XLI 134-139;
Pokorný I 125-126; Vries ANEW 32;
Zalizniak I 149; Onions 87-88; Stang
LS 14; Seebold 99; Trubaohev ESSJa II
183-184; Van Windekens I 371 (to Toch
B pelke 'solemn but joyous utterance');
Lehmann GED 59; Lloyd-Springer I
438-440; Bammesberger Nom. 133 (to
bal3Íz
34
balwa-wisaz
OE belhán 'to make oneself angry, to swell
with anger'); Kluge-Seebold 75; Adams
TB 399 (against Van Windekens).
*hal3Janan wk.vb.: ON belgja 'to inflate',
OE a-bel^an 'to anger, to irritate', OS
ar-belgid 'incenseď, OHG gi-belgen 'to
irritate'. Derived from *tel^anan. See-
BOLD 99.
*balixón sb.f.: OHG belihha 'cooť. Close
to Lat fulica id. < Hholiká (Sommer HL
66; Vaniček Lat. 181). Suolahti VDN
302 (to *bhel- 'white' because of a white
spot on the birďs forehead); Walde-Hof-
mann I 559-560; Pokorný I 119; Lloyd-
Springer I 431-434; Kluge-Seebold 96.
*balkón ~ *belkon sb.m.: ON bjálki
'beam', OE balca 'beam, bank, ridge',
OFris balka 'beam', MLG balke id., OHG
balco id. Related to Gk (pá^ayi; 'line
of battie, phalanx, beam'. Torp-Falk
267-268; Pokorný I 123; Vries AMEW
70; Frisk II 985-986; Onions 70.
*balluz sb.m.: ON bqllr 'balí', OHG bal id.
Related to Lat follis 'bellows, balí', Gk
cpa^Aóc; 'penis', Thrac ethn. Tpi-paXXoí,
Olr balí 'membrtim'. Torp-Falk 267;
Kerényi Glotta XXII 41; Walde-
Hofmann I 524-525; Schulze Kl. Schr.
308; Detschew Thr. 523-526; Pokorný I
120; Vries AMEW 70; Frisk II 987-988;
Onions 70; Lerchner 54; Lloyd-
Springer I 430-431; Kluge-Seebold 76.
*balbaz adj.: Goth adv. balpaba 'boldly,
openly', ON ballr 'hard, stubborn', OE
beald 'bold, brave, confidenť, OS bald
'valiant, bolď, OHG bald 'brave, coura-
geous'. The old comparison with Lith
báltas 'white' based on the semantic
development into 'strong' or 'shining'
(Grimm DM I 202) could be tenable.
Schweizer KZ I 479; Uhlenbeck PBB
XXXV 161-180; Torp-Falk 267;
Osthoff PBB XVIII 255-256 (prefix
b-, -alpaz to *aljanan II); Feist 78—79;
Holthausen AEE]\' 17; Pokorný I 121;
Vries AMEW 24 (to *bheh- 'to sweU',
cf. Norw bála 'to ruť); Onions 105;
Lehmann GED 60 (samé as Vries);
Lloyd-Springer I 434-436; Matzel KZ
CV 121 (< *bhoh-to-, to *bheb- 'to swell');
Heidermanns 1 1 5—1 1 6; Kluge-Seebold
75.
*bal{?janan wk.vb.: Goth baljyjan 'to be
bold, to dare', ON bella 'to deal with',
OE byldan 'to make bold, to encourage',
OS beldian 'to make valianť, MHG balden
'to hurry'. Derived from *balpaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 22; Feist 78-79; Vries
AMEW 32; Lehmann GED 60.
*bal]3Ín sb.f: Goth prasa-balfrei 'quarrel-
someness', OE beldo 'boldness, rashness',
OHG baldi 'courage, boldness'. Derived
from *balpaz. Holthausen AEE]V 22;
Feist 78; Onions 94; Heidermanns 115.
*balwan sb.n.: Goth balwa-wesei 'malice,
wickedness', ON bol 'misfortune, bale',
OE bealu 'woe, harm, wickedness, de-
pravity', OFris balu-mon 'unfaithful guar-
dian', OS halu 'wickedness, misfortune',
OHG bálo 'disease, sickness' (mase).
Gonnected with OCorn bal 'illness' <
Halu- (Pigtet KZ V 351: also adds Slav
*bol'b 'pain, illness'). Kuhn KZ I 516 (to
Gk <paí)A.oc; 'weak, litde'); Berneker I 71
(against the comparison with Slav *bol'b
reflecting no traces of *-»-); Torp-Falk
268-269; Schmidt KZ XXXII 342;
Meringer IF XXI 296 (to Slav *tbhartb
'idol'); Schrader KZ XXX 466 (to Lat
fallo 'to deceive'); Kretschmer KZ XXXI
449 (samé as Kuhn); Schmidt KZ
XXXIV 342; Bugge PBB XIII 182
(prefix *-); Osthoff PBB XVIII 256
(samé as Bugge, -alwan to Gk Hom ÓA-oóc
'destructive, deadly'); Feist 79; Holthau-
sen AEEW 17; Weisweiler IF XU 70-
77; Karsten M II 195-196; Pokorný I
125; Chemodanov SGGJa I 80; Vries
AJ\EW 70; Zalizniak II 165; Onions 70;
Stang LS 15; Seebold LuE 482-483 (from
*ghuel- 'to exchange'); Lehmann GED 60;
Lloyd-Sprtnger I 444-445; Bammes-
berger Nora. 243; Trubachev ESSJa II
188 (agrees with Berneker); Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*balwa-wísaz adj.: ON bql-víss 'detes-
table', OS sbst. bala-wiso 'malice' (mase.
n-stem). Cf. also Goth balwa-wesei 'malice,
balwa-wisaz
35
bary o
wickedness' for which *b alwa-wísín may
be conjectured (Schubert Erw. 69).
Compound of *talwan and *wuaz. Feist
79; Lehmann GED 60.
*foančtan sb.n.: ON band 'bond, band',
OFris band id., OS hobid-band 'crown',
OHG bant 'priesťs band, band'. Identical
with Skt bandhá- 'bond, fetter', Av banda-
id. Cf. also Toch B panto 'support, aiď.
Derived from *bendanan. Bartholomae
926-927; Torp-Falk 259; Mayrhofer II
407; Pokorný I 127; Zalizniak II 216;
Vries ANEW 25; Onions 72; Seebold
103; Kluge-Seebold 77; Adams TB
365.
*foančtilaz sb.m.: ON bendili 'small cord,
string', ME bendel id., MLG bendel id.,
OHG bentil 'band'. Derived from *bandj6.
Vries ANEW 32; Seebold 103; Kluge-
Seebold 97.
*bandislan sb.n.: ON benzl 'bow in a bent
statě', MLG bendsel 'association'. Derived
from *bandjo. Vries ANEW 32.
*bandjan sb.n.: ON bendi 'corď, MLG
bendě id., MHG bendě id. Derived from
*bendanan. Vries ANEW 32.
*foančtjanan wk.vb.: ON benda 'to bend
(a bow), to join', OE bendan 'to bend',
MHG benden id. Derived from *bendanan.
Torp-Falk 259; Holthausen AEE]V 19;
Vrles ANEW 32; Onions 88; Seebold
103.
*bandjó sb.f: Goth bandi 'bond, fetter'.
Identical with Mír buinne 'band' <
*bhondhia. Derived from *benianan. Cf.
WGmc *bandiz: OE bend 'band, bond,
ribbon', OFris bend 'bond, tie', bendě id.,
OS bendi id. Torp-Falk 259; Holthau-
sen AEEW 19; Feist 79; Pokorný 1127;
Zalizniak II 216; Seebold 103; Leh-
mann GED 60-61; Bammesberger Nom.
134.
*foandsaz sb.m.: ON báss 'stali in a cow-
house', LG banes 'interior of a barn'
(fem.), G Banse 'bay in a barn'. Cf. also
OE bós-Í3 'winter cow-stalT. Derived
from *bendanan (Johansson iFXLX 116).
Goriaev 9 (to Russ baz 'cowsheď); Torp-
Falk 259; Uhlenbeck PBB XXX 264;
Holthausen AEEW 31; Feist 80-81;
Vries ANEW 28; Seebold 103; Lehmann
GED 61-62; Hessmann Festschr. de Smet
185-193; Bammesberger Nom. 77.
*banďstiz ~ *bandstó sb.m.: Goťh
bansts 'barn', OFris běste 'marital tie'.
Derived from *bandan (Diefenbach VW
274) or *bandsaz. Grienberger Got. 43;
Torp-Falk 259; Uhlenbeck PBB XXX
264; Schrader A^XXX 483-484 (to Gk
cru-tpeóq 'pigsty'); Johansson IF XIX
114-116; Wiedemann BB XXVIII 61;
Feist 80-81, PBBXV 546; Seebold 103;
Lehmann GED 61-63; Kluge-Seebold
79.
*bandwjanan wk.vb.: Goth bandwjan 'to
mark, to make a sign', ON benda 'to give
a sign, to beckon'. Derived from *banÍwo.
Torp-Falk 256; Feist 79; Pokorný I
104; Vries A7VEII r 32; Lehmann GED 61.
*foanďw5 sb.f: Godr bandwa 'sign'. Prob-
ably related to the isolated Lith bandy ti 'to
try', OPrus per-bandan 'trial'. Meyer Goth.
59 (to IE *bha- 'to shine'); Diefenbach
VW 296-297 (to *bendanan); Wood MP II
471 (samé as Diefenbach; semantically
*'knotted cloth'); Torp-Falk 256; Feist
79-80; Pokorný I 104; Fraenkel 34;
Lehmann GED 61 (follows Meyer).
*foan3Ójanan wk.vb.: Icel banga 'to ham-
mer', E bang, G dial. bangen 'to knock'. If
not of imitative origin, probably related
to Skt bhanákti 'to break', Arm bek 'bro-
ken', Lith beňgti 'to finish' (Vries ANEW
25). Torp-Falk 256 (to *banon); Traut-
mann BSW 26; Mayrhofer II 469;
Pokorný I 114-115; Fraenkel 34.
*banibo sb.f: ON bend 'wounď, OFris
benethe id., OS banedi id. Related to *banjd.
Vries ANEW 32.
*banjó sb.f: Goth banja 'wounď, ON ben
id., OE ben id., OS beni-wunda id. Derived
from *banón. Grimm K^ I 82; Schade
AWl 39 (to IE *g»hen- 'to strike'); Torp-
Falk 256 (to *badwo); Scheftelowitz BB
XXLX 37 (to Arm banam 'to open');
Torp-Falk 256; Holthausen AEEW 19;
Feist 80-81 (to Av banta- 'sick'); Pokorný
I 126; Vries ANEW 32; Zaliznlak II
bary o
36
barčton
173; Onions 72; Seebold KZ LXXXI
1 1 3 (follows Sohade); Vendryes B-32-34
(to Olr benaid 'to beat, to strike'); Leh-
mann GED 61; Bammesberger Mom. 112.
*banjójanan vvk.vb.: ON benja 'to wound
mortally', OE bennian 'to wounď. De-
rived from *banjb~. Holthausen AEE] i'
19; Vries AMEW 32.
*banki-beljan sb.n.: ON bekk-pili 'wain-
scotted walls of a halí', OE benc-óel
'bench-floor'. Compound of *bankiz and
*peljan. Carr Mom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*bankiz sb.m.: Burg *banki 'bench', ON
bekkr id., OE bene id., OFris benk, bank id.
(fem.), OS bank id. (fem.), OHG banc id.
(mase, fem.). See *bankon. Uhlenbeck
PBB XXXV 171; Torp-Falk 259;
Holthausen AEE] I ' 1 9; Vries AME]\ t 3 1 ;
Zalizniak II 176; Onions 88; Kobler
709; Lloyd-Springer I 456-458; Kluge-
Seebold 78 (from *branka-).
*bankón sb.m.: ON bakki 'bank, ridge',
OE banca 'lair, beď, LG bank 'bank,
shore'. Of uncertain origin. Wood MLN
XV 95 (to Skt bhanákti 'to break, to shat-
ter'); Torp-Falk 259 (to Lith bangá 'wave');
Holthausen AEEW 1 6; Vries AMEW 23.
*bannan sb.n.: ON bann 'prohibition,
ban', OE se-bann id., OFris ban(n) 'order',
OS ban(n) id. (mase), OHG ban 'or-
der, ban' (mase). Related to *bannanan.
Craigie AMF X 158 (from Olr); Torp-
Falk 256; Holthausen AEE]V 16
Wiessner TuB 19-28; Pokorný I 106
Seebold 89; Lloyd-Springer I 454-456
Kluge-Seebold 79.
*bannanan str.vb.: OE bannan 'to sum-
mon', OFris banna id., OS bannan 'to
precharge', OHG bannan 'to precharge,
to order'. Cf. Skt bhánati 'to speak, to
sounď, and further probably to Gk <pr||ií
'to say', Lat farí 'to speak', Arm ban
'worď < IE *bha- 'to speak'. Torp-
Falk 256; Holthausen AEE]V 16;
Walde-Hofmann I 525-526; Mayrho-
fer II 469-470; Pokorný I 106; Frisk II
1009-1010; Onions 71-72; Seebold 88-
90; Kluge-Seebold 79.
*bannojanan wk.vb.: ON banna 'to hinder,
to forbiď, OHG bannon 'to call upon'.
Derived from *bannan. Seebold 89.
*banójanan wk.vb.: ON baňa 'to kilT,
OFris bonia id. Derived from *banon.
Vries AMEW 25.
*banón sb.m.: ON bani 'death, baně', OE
baňa 'killer, murderer', OFris bona id., OS
baňo id., MHG baně 'death'. Of uncer-
tain origin. Persson UUÁ 1891 73 (to
*badwó); Zupitza Gutt. 30; Torp-Falk
256; Holthausen AEE]V 16; Pokorný I
126 (to Av bqnaym 'they make 31'); Vries
AMEW 25; Zalizniak I 153; Onions 72;
Meid Germ. Rek. 109 (to IE *g«hen- 'to
kill'); Bammesberger JVom. 1 76.
*baraz sb.m.: Crim. Goth baar 'boy',
MHG bar 'son, man'. Derived from
*beranan (Host Z dadl cxiv 44-45).
Schroder JVGTKG [1910] 15 (mistaken
for *barn); Feist 73; Seebold 105 (from
Goth *bam); Hamp JEGP LXXII 60-61
(continues Goth *bam); Lehmann GED
55.
*baraz ~ *bariz sb.n./m.: ON ban 'bar-
ley', OE bere id., OFris ber- id. (in empn.).
Related to Lat far 'spelť, Ose far id.,
Umbr far id., Alb bar 'grass'. Hol-
thausen AEE] V 21; Walde-Hofmann I
455-456; Feist 81; Porzig Gliederung 109
Pokorný I 111; Lehmann GED 62
Bammesberger Mom. 2 1 1 (old i-stem)
OrelAED 16-17.
*baráaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth bars 'bearď,
OE beard id., OFris berd id., MDu baert
id., OHG bart id. Related to Lat barba id.,
Lith barzdá id. (with a secondary -zd-),
Slav *borda id. (Solmsen KZ XXXrV 21).
Pedersen IF V 73 (Slav, Lat < Gmc);
Torp-Falk 262; Holthausen AEEJ\ t
17; Walde-Hofmann I 96; Feist 82;
Pokorný I 111; Chemodanov SGGJa I
61; Trier Venus 188-191; Fraenkel 36;
Vries AMEW 26 (ON baro id. < MLG
bard); Zalizniak II 166; Onions 83;
Lehmann GED 62-63; Lloyd-Springer I
488-490; Trubachev ESSJa II 197-198;
Kluge-Seebold 83.
*bardón sb.f: Burg *bardo 'axe', ON baria
bardon
37
baru3az
'a kind of axe', OHG barta id. Derived
from *bardaz. Cf. ON skegg-qx id. with
a similar semantic motivation. Torp-
Falk 262; Kobler 709.
*bar3Janan wk.vb.: ON bergja 'to taste',
OE ber^an 'to taste'. Probably derived
from *ber^anan. On the ouher hand, the
comparison with l^aXfragró 'to smelT can-
not be completely ruled out. Holthau-
sen IF XXXII 340; Zupitza Gutt, 208;
Holthausen AEEW 23; Vries ANEW 33
(to Gk tpéppco 'to feed, to nourish').
*barizinaz adj.: Goth barizeins 'of barley'.
Structurally close to Lat faňna 'flour' <
*farslna, cf. also Slav *boršbno 'dish, rye
flour' < *bharsinom. Derived from *baraz
~ *bariz. Hoops ]Valdbáume 362-363;
Walde-Hofmann I 455; Feist 81; Porzig
Gliederung 109; Chemodanov SGGJa I 63;
Trubaohev ESSJa II 212-213; Lehmann
GED 62.
*barjanan wk.vb.: ON berja 'to strike', OE
berian 'to také away, to withdraw', OHG
berren 'to treat cruelly'. Identical with
Slav *boriti 'to fighť, *boijq, *borti id.
and further with Alb bie 'to fall, to hit' <
PAlb *berja, Lat ferio 'to bore, to drill',
Lith barii, bárti 'to scolď. Torp-Falk
261; Holthausen AEEW 21; Walde-
Hofmann I 481-482; Porzig Gliederung
204; Pokorný I 134; Lerohner 22;
Fraenkel 35-36; Vries ANEW 33;
Trubaohev ESSJa II 203-204, 213-214;
Orel AED 24.
*barkaz sb.m.: Swed bark 'stubborn and
unfriendly man'. Identical with Arm bark
'harsh, sharp', Olr borb 'foolish, silly',
Latv bargs 'stern, grim'. Bezzenberger
BB XXVI 167 (to OE beorcan 'to make
a sharp explosive sound, to bark');
Pokorný I 138-139.
*barkuz sb.m.: ON bqrkr 'bark', MLG borke
id. (fem.). Related to *berko. Petersson
IF XXIII 403 (to *bher- 'to cuť); Torp-
Falk 263; Pokorný I 166; Vries ANEW
70; Kluge-Seebold 126-127.
*barmaz sb.m.: Goth barms 'lap, bosom'
(i-stem), ON barmr 'brim', OE bearm
'bosom, lap', WFris berm 'latus sinuatum
viae, aggeris', OS barm 'bosom, lap',
OHG barm id. Identical with Skt bhárman-
'support, nourishmenť, Gk (pop|ió<; 'bas-
ket for carrying' (Hirt IF XXXII 287).
Wood MP XI 326; Gúntert WuS XI
139; Torp-Falk 260-262; Holthausen
AEEW 18; Feist 81-82; Detschew Thr.
53 (to Thrac mtn. Báp|iiov opoq); May-
rhofer II 481; Pokorný I 131, 137, 142
(to *brumari); Vries ANEW 27; Zalizniak
II 185; Frisk II 1037; Onions 75; See-
bold 105; Anttila Schw. 91; Lehmann
GED 62; Bammesberger Nom. 71.
*barna-lausaz adj.: ON barn-lauss 'child-
less', OE bearn-leás id., OFris bern-las
id. Compound of *barnan and Hausaz.
Carr Nom. comp. 60.
*barnan sb.n.: Goth barn 'chilď, ON barn
id., OE bearn id., OFris bern id., OS barn
id., OHG barn id. Related to Lith bérnas
'boy', Latv berns 'chilď, Alb barre 'foetus'
< Hamá (Bezzenberger BB XVII 21). A
participle in *-no- of *beranan (Meillet
MSL XXI 47) in its meaning 'to give
birth'. Torp-Falk 260; Holthausen
AEEW 18; Feist 82; Pokorný I 131;
Trubaohev Rod. 44; Fraenkel 40; Vries
ANEW 27; Zalizniak I 139; Onions 69;
Seebold 105; Martynov BSI 12 (adds
dubious Slav fem. *berna 'pregnanť); Leh-
mann GED 62; Bammesberger Nom. 73;
Orel AED 19.
*barniskaz adj.: Godi bamisks 'childish,
childlike', ON bernskr 'childish'. Deriva-
tionally identical widi Lith bérniškas 'of
servant'. See *tarnan. Feist 82; Vries
ANEW 34; Lehmann GED 62.
*baró sb.f: E bar 'beam, barrier', MHG
bar id. Related to *batjanan. Deriva-
tionally close to Lat forus 'open space,
public pláce', forum id., Lith baras 'swath,
row of mowed corn' (Fick I 191).
Torp-Falk 261; Walde-Hofmann I 537;
Pokorný I 134.
*baru3az sb.m.: ON bqrgr 'barrow-hog',
OE bears id., OFris barg id., OS barug id.,
OHG barug id. Derivationally identical
with Alb baruM 'fleece' < *bhoru-k-o-,
based on IE *bhoru- attested in another
baru3az
38
batizon
derivative as *bhoruos in Alb ben 'sheep,
goať, Slav *borub 'sheep, barrow' (Orel
Linguistica XXVI 172-173). Weinhold
KZ I 247; Forsterman KZ I 497 (related
to Lat porcus 'hog, pig'); Torp-Falk 263;
Matzenauer LFXW 81 (to Slav *porzb
'bull, hog'); Trautmann BS1V 27 (on sin-
gulative -k- as in Av pasu- 'cattle' ~
pošuka- '(one) animal'); Kiparsky Lehnw.
61 (Slav < Gmc); Holthausen AEEW
17; Trier Holz 87-88; Machek KZ
LXrV 263 (further to Skt bhároati 'to
chew'); Pokorný I 135; Vries ANEW 70;
Zaeizniak I 129; Onions 76; Stang LS
15; Trubaohev ESSJa II 214-215;
Lloyd-Spremger I 493-495; Kluge-
Seebold 81; Orel AEW 18, 21-22.
*barwaz sb.m.: ON bqrr 'a kind of tree',
OE bearu 'wood, grove'. Related to Slav
a-stem *borb 'pine, pine foresť (Lowe
PBB LX 162; Schrader BB XV 287-
288). Schrader BB XV 287; Hirt PBB
XXIII 331 (Slav < Gmc); Meillet Etudes
II 234 (samé as Hirt); Persson Beitráge 22
(against Hirt); Berneker I 76; Torp-
Falk 260; Holthausen AEE]\ t 18;
Porzig Gliederung 144; Pokorný I 109;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 79; Vries ANEW
70; Zalizniak I 138; Martynov Slav-
germ. 108 (from Slavic); Stang LS 15;
Trubachev ESSJa III 216-217.
*foarw5n sb.f.: ON pl. hárat 'hand-bier',
OE bearwe 'basket, bier', EFris harwe
'hand-barrow'. Cf. also WGmc *bero >
OE bér 'bier', OS bara id., OHG bara id.
Derived from *beranan. Cf. also *běro.
Torp-Falk 260; Holthausen AEE]V 15,
18; Vries ANEW 25; Pokorný I 131;
Zalizniak II 219; Onions 94; Lloyd-
Springer I 469-470; Kluge-Seebold 74.
*barzan ~ *barsan sb.n.: ON barr 'nee-
dles of a fir-tree', OE bears 'coniferous
tree, foliage, tree', OHG bars id. Closely
related to Olr barr 'mop of hair, top'. W
bar id., Corn bar id. Substantivized *har-
zaz- Torp-Falk 265—266; Holthausen
AEEW 18; Pokorný I 109; Vrtes ANEW
27; Heidermanns 117.
*barzaz adj.: ON barr 'ready, strong,
vigorous', OHG bar 'uprighť. Identical
with Mír bon 'thick, large, strong' <
*bhorso-. Torp-Falk 265-266; Holt-
hausen AEEW 18; Pokorný I 108-109;
Lloyd-Springer I 466-467; Heider-
manns 117; Fvluge-Seebold 83.
*bastan ~ *bastaz sb.n.: ON bašt
'inner bark of a tree', OE biest id., MLG
bašt id. (mase), OHG bašt id. (mase).
Continues *bh-sto- or *bhss-to- related to
*bha- 'to shine', *bhas-\ Skt bháti 'to
shine', bhas- 'lighť, Gk (poívco 'to appear',
(práoKEi' 8ia<pávei and the like. Seman-
tically similar to Slav *lyko 'basť < IE
*leuk- 'to shine' (Trubachev Bern. 165—
166). Johansson IF XLX 121 (from
*bhad-stu-); Abegg IF XLVI 267;
Jacobsohn ZDADL LXVI 238-240 (from
Scytiiian, cf. Av bašta 'bundle, bunch',
Osset bašt id.); Torp-Falk 269; Hol-
thausen AEEW 15; Mayrhofer II
493-494, 499; Pokorný I 104-105;
Szemerényi KZ LXXI 211-213 (from
Illyrian *bast- < *bhndh-t-); Vries ANEW
28; Zalizniak II 166; Frisk II 982-984;
Onions 78; Darms Vrddhi 257-264;
KorvuLEHTO Festschr. Schmitt 246-258 (to
bábhasti 'to chew, to masticate, to de-
vour'); Lloyd-Springer I 500-502;
Kluge-Seebold 84.
*batiz comp. adv.: ON betr 'better', OE bet
id., OFris bet id., OS bet, bat id., OHG
baz id. (< *bataz). See *batizon. Cf. superl.
Goth batista 'besť, ON beztr id., OE betst
id., OFris betst id., OHG bezzisto id.
Grimm DG II 43 (reconstructs *batanan
'vigere, valere'); Osthoff Morph. Unt. VI
286-288; Torp-Falk 258; Holthausen
^££11' 21-22; Feist 83; Pokorný I 106;
Vries ANE]V 34-35; Onions 90-91;
Lehmann GED 63; Bammesberger Nom.
235; Kluge-Seebold 84, 102.
*batizón comp. adj.: Godr batiza 'better',
ON betri id., OE betre id., OFris betere id.,
OS betaro id., OHG bezziro id. May be
related to the isolated Skt bhadrá- 'blessed,
delightful, fortunate', Av hu-ba8ra 'happy,
lucky' (Bopp Glossarium 269) if those are
not from *bhndró-. Bartholomae 1828;
batizon
39
bauno
Torp-Falk 258; Stokes KZ XL 245
(to Mír baid 'durable'); Feist 83;
Holthausen AEE1 \ r 21-22; Wissmann
MP 14-16; Mayrhofer II 467-468;
Pokorný I 106; Chemodanov SGGJa I
107; Vries AMEW 34; Onions 91;
Lehmann GED 63; Hamp IIJ XXX 1 75
(together with MW bodd 'good wiU' from
*bhod-); Lloyd-Springer I 503-505,
577-578; Bammesberger Mom. 235;
Kluge-Seebold 102.
*batn5janan wk.vb.: Goth ga-batnan 'to
benefit, to profit', ON batna 'to improve,
to get better'. Related to *baton. Feist
174; Pokorný I lo6; Vries AMEW 28;
Heidermanns 118.
*batón sb.m.: ON bati 'improvement,
advantage', OFris bata 'advantage, gain',
MLG bate 'improvement'. See *batiz.
Torp-Falk 258; Pokorný I 106; Vries
AVE II 7 28; Lehmann GED 63; Heider-
manns 1 1 9.
*baj5a-xúsan sb.n.. 1 ON baS-hús 'badiing-
house', OE bted-hús id., OHG bada-hús id.
Compound of *bapan and *xusan. Carr
Mom. comp. 71 (parallel formations).
*bajían sb.n.: ON bad 'bath, bathing', OE
bei 'bath, font', OFris beftjth 'bath', OS
bath id., OHG bad id. Derived from
*bejanan. Torp-Falk 256; Holthausen
AEEW 15; Pokorný 1113; Vrtes AMEW
22; Zalizniak I 139; Onions 79; Kluge-
Seebold 72.
*baj5a-stufón sb.f: ON baS-stofa 'bath-
room', MLG bade-stove 'bathroom', OHG
bada-stuba id. Compound of *bapan
and *stufon. Carr Mom. comp. 83 (paral-
lel formations).
*baf)5janan wk.vb.: ON rare baoast 'to
bathe', OE badian 'to wash, to bathe', Du
baden 'to bathe', OHG badán id. Derived
from *bapan. Holthausen AEEW 17;
Vries AMEW 22; Onions 79.
*bau3az sb.m.: ON baugr 'ring', OE bec'13
'ring, crown', OFris bag 'ring', OS bog-
gebo 'one presenting a ring', MLG hoch
'ring', OHG boug id. Derived from *beu-
3anan. Together with Skt bhogá- id., con-
tinues a noun *bhoueho- derived from
*bheugh- 'to benď. Reflected in Slav rvn.
*Bugr> (West Bug, right tributary of Wisla)
also known in the XII century as Armilla
(Tomaschek ^OG XXVI 523; Bruckner
47). Torp-Falk 274; Holthausen
AEEJV 17; Mayrhofer II 504; Pokorný
I 152-153; Vries AMEW 29; Zalizniak I
129; Benveniste 111; Seebold 110;
Trubachev ESSJa III 78 (OCS bougb
'armillar' as a parallel to rather than a
borrowing from Gmc); Lehmann GED
73; Bammesberger Mom. 52.
*bau3Janan wk.vb.: Goth us-baugjan 'to
sweep ouť, ON beygja 'to bow, to benď,
OE bí^an id., OFris beia id., OS bogian id.,
OHG bougen id. Causative of *beu^anan.
Grienberger Got. 230-231; Torp-Falk
273; Holthausen AEEW 22; Feist 529;
Pokorný I 153 (to Av bunjainti 'to liber-
ate'); Vries AMEW 34; Seebold 111;
Lehmann GED 73, 380; Kluge-Seebold
105.
*bauknan sb.n.: ON bákn 'beacon', OE
beácen id., OFris bsken id., OS bokan id.,
OHG bouhhan id. Related to *iukjanan.
Torp-Falk 257; Holthausen AEE]V 17;
Pokorný I 105 (to IE *bha- 'to shine');
Zalizniak I 139; Onions 82; Kluge-
Seebold 74.
*b(a)ukójanan wk.vb.: ON bauka 'to dig',
MLG boken 'to knock, to beať, MHG
buchen id. Of imitative origin. Pokorný
I 97-98; Vries AMEW 29.
*baumaz sb.m.: OE beám 'tree', OFris
bam id., OS bom id., OHG houm id.
Continues *bhou-mo- derived from IE
*bheu- 'to grow', see *bewwanan. Cf. *bheu-
men- in Gk cpíjia 'growth', Skt bhuman-
'being, world, earth' (Johansson Btrg.
Gesch. XV 224-225). Torp-Falk 258;
Holthausen AEEh r 17; Speght 54
(reconstructs *haum-na-); Mayrhofer II
512-513; Pokorný I 149; Zalizniak II
226; Frisk II 1052-1053; Onions 82-83;
Peeters K~ LXXXVIII 129-133 (sec-
ondary form of *ba^maz)\ Lehmann GED
55-56; Bammesberger Mom. 71; Kluge-
Seebold 86; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*baunó sb.f: ON baun 'beán' (i-stem), OE
foauno
40
bebruz
beán id., OS bona id., OHG bona id. (5-
and on-stem). Of uncertain origin. May
be close to Slav *buna 'swelling, tuber'
< *bhouná, further related to *bewwanan.
Petersson IF XXIII 390 (to *bheu- 'to
swell'); Torp-Falk 257 (to Lat faba id.,
Slav *bobt> id.); Holthausen AEEW 17;
Pokorný I 106 (from *babno related to
OPrus babo id., Slav *bob~b id.); Vries
AMEW 29; Zalizniak II 192; Onions 83;
Trubachev ESSJa III 95-96; Kluge-
Seebold 123.
*bausaz adj.: Burg *bausiz 'wickeď, Nor\v
baus 'proud, bumptious', OFris basa-feng,
bás-Jeng 'obscene touch', MLG bose, bos
'unclean', OHG bosi 'worthless'. Prob-
ably, continues *baud-s-az, to *beudanan
(Heidermanns 120—121). Torp-Falk
276; Kobler 709.
*bautanan str.vb.: ON bauta 'to beat, to
hunť (secondary wk.), OE beátan 'to beať,
MHG bózen id. (some forms are wk.). Of
unknown origin. Torp-Falk 274 (to Lat
con.-fi.to 'to repress, to diminish, to put to
silence'); Feist 74; Holthausen AEEW
18; Jóhannesson IE] V 596— 597; Pokorný
I 112 (to Lat fústis 'knobbed stick,
cudgel'); Vries AMEW 29; Onions 83;
Seebold 90-91.
*bautilaz sb.m.: ON beytill 'Equisetum
hiemale', OE bíetel 'hammer', MLG bdtel
'beating iniplemenť, OHG stein-bózil
'cudgel'. Derived from *bautanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 23; Pokorný 1112; Vrles
AMW 35; Onions 85; Seebold 90;
Kluge-Seebold 95.
*baubaz adj.: Goth baups 'deaf, dumb'.
Probably related to Slav sbst. *buta 'stu-
pid person; haughtiness, pride'. Grien-
berger Got. 45; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. 1111
(to Olr bodar 'deaf'); Uhlenbeok PBB
XXX 265-266; Petersson IF XXIII 395
(to *beudaz); Meillet MSL X 282 (to Lith
bukús 'blunt, duli'); Feist 86; Fraenkel
63; Trubachev ESSJa III 101-102; Leh-
mann GED 65.
*bazaz adj.: ON berr 'naked, bare', OE ber
id., OFris ber-fot 'barefooť, OS bar 'naked,
bare', OHG bar 'uncovered, naked, bare'.
Identical with Arm bok' 'barefooť, Lith
basas id., Slav *bos~b id. Verner K£
XXIII 113; Pedersen IF V 46; Hubsch-
mann AG 430; Karsten MB I 42-43;
Persson UUÁ 1891 115 (to *bhes- 'to
scrape'); Kretschmer K£ XXXI 414;
Torp-Falk 269; Trautmann BSW 28;
Holthausen AEE]V 15; Fraenkel 36,
Glotta XXXV 87; Pokorný I 163; Vries
AMEW 3,^; Onions 75; Trubachev ESSJa
II 223-224; Lloyd-Springer I 465-
466; Bammesberger Mom. 239; Kluge-
Seebold 79; Heidermanns 121.
*bazjan sb.n.: Goth weina-basi 'wine-berry,
grape' (< *basjan), ON ber 'berry', OE
beri^e 'berry, grape' (fem.), OS beri 'berry',
OHG beri id. Connected with Skt bábhasti
'to chew, to masticate, to devour'. For
the semantic development cf. Slav *gruša
'pear' < *grušiti 'to break, to destroy', Lat
pirum 'pear' < *pisom, to *peis- 'to stick, to
pounď. Bugge PBB XXI 421 (to Norw
dial. bas, base 'shrub'); Lidén IF XVIII
415—416 (to OE basu 'crimson, purple');
Torp-Falk 269; Holthausen AEEW
21; Walde-Hofmann II 309-310; Feist
559; Mayrhofer II 409; Pokorný I 105
(to Skt bhás- 'light, splendour'), 145;
Vries AMEW 32-33; Onions 90; Zaliz-
niak II 182; Lehmann GED 400; Lloyd-
Springer I 560-561; Kluge-Seebold 89
(to Lith itoga 'berry' < *og"ha).
*bazójanan wk.vb.: ON bera 'to make
bare', OFris baria 'to reveal', OS baron id.,
OHG gi-baron 'to lay bare'. Derived from
*bazaz. Vrdís AMEW 33; Heidermanns
121.
*bebruz sb.m.: ON bjórr 'beaver, beaver's
skin', OE beofor 'beaver', MLG bever
id., OHG bibar id. Originally, a color
adjective. Related to Skt babhrú- 'reddish-
brown, brown', Av bawra-, bawri-
'beaver', Lat fiber id., Lith bebras id.,
OPrus bebrus id., Slav *bebrb id. ON
bjórr 'triangular cut off piece of meať is
a metaphoric usage of the above and
has nothing to do with Lat fibra 'fiber'
< *g'hisra (despite Noreen Abrifi 228).
Fórsterman K£ I 497 (related to l^aX fibra
bebruz
41
beranan
'fibre, filamenť); Bartholomae 925;
Torp-Falk 264; Trautmann BSlWb
28-29; Holthausen AEEW 20; Walde-
Hofmann I 490-492; Mayrhofer II
409-410; Pokorný I 136; Fraenkel 38;
Vries ANEW 40; Zalizniak II 227;
Onions 83; Hamp IF LXX 162 (to
*beranan); Trubaohev ESSJa I 174-175;
Kluge-Seebold 107.
*bekwjanan wk.vb.: ON bikkja 'to plunge
into water', MHG bicken 'to punch, to
kick'. Probably related to Gk <péponoa
'to be put to flight, to fiee', Lith bégu, begti
'to run', Slav *bégti id. Pokorný I 116;
Vries ANEW 36.
*bekwjón sb.f.: ON bikkja 'bitch', OE bicce
id. Unclear. Perhaps based on *bekwjanan.
Zupitza Gutt. 96; Torp-Falk 259 (to
*bakan ~ *bakaz); Vries ANEW 36 (to Skt
bhaga- 'vulva').
*bel3anan str.vb.: ON part. bolginn 'to
swelT, OE belhán 'to swell widr anger',
OFris part. ovir-bulgen 'to incense', OS bel-
gan id., OHG belgan 'to get angry'. Re-
lated to *bal3iz. Zupitza Gutt. 26, 204;
Torp-Falk 268; Holthausen AEE]V 19;
Jóhannesson IEW 629-630; Pokorný I
126; Vries ANEW 49; Seebold 99-101;
Ktuge-Seebold 640.
*bellanan I str.vb.: OHG widar-bellan 'to
rebounď. Probably connected with Slav
*bel'ati 'to swing, to limp'. Holthausen
AEEW 19; Jóhannesson IEW 629; Tru-
bachev ESSJa I 185; Seebold 101.
*bellanan II str.vb.: OE bellan 'to bellow,
to roar', MHG bellen 'to bay, to bark'.
Related to Toch AB pal-, pal- 'to praise',
OPrus billit 'to say, to speak', Lith bilstu,
bilti 'to start speaking'. Torp-Falk 266;
Pokorný I 123-124.
*bell5n sb.f.: ON bjalla 'beU', OE belle id.,
MLG belle id. Derived from *b~ellanan II.
Torp-Falk 266; Holthausen AEE] V 19;
Pokorný I 1 23 (to *bullojanan); Lerchner
24-26.
*belnón sb.f.: OE belone, belene 'hen-bane',
MLG billen id. Close to Slav *belm> ~
*belna id. Further cf. Gaul pe^-évíov id.,
W béla id. Piotet KZ IV 361-362 (to
Olr béal 'sun'); Kretschmer Glotta XIV
96-97 (a IVanderwori); Torp-Falk 267
(reconstruct *belunon < Celtic, cf. Gaul
bilinuntia id.); Trubaohev ESSJa I 185
187 (to *bhel- 'to speak'); Kluge-Seebold
111.
*bendanan str.vb.: Goth bindan 'to binď,
ON binda id., OE bindan id., OFris binda
id., OS bindan id., OHG bintan id. Re-
lated to Skt badhnati id., Av bandayeiti id.
Bartholomae 926; Torp-Falk 259;
Meillet A«£ XVII 194; Feist 93; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 23; Jóhannesson IEW
61 1-612; Mayrhofer II 406; Pokorný I
127; Vries ANEW 37; Mayrhofer II
406, 408; Onions 95; Seebold 102
104; Lehmann GED 71; Kluge-Seebold
111-112.
*ben3az sb.m.: ON bingr 'bolster, bed, a
heap of corn', MLG binge 'ketde-shaped
deepening'. Related to Skt bahií- 'much,
abundant, large', Gk na%vq 'ťhick', Latv
biezs id. Zupitza Gutt. 177; Mayrhofer
II 424-425; Pokorný I 127-128; Vries
ANEW 37; Frisk II 484-485.
*benutaz sb.m.: Norw dial. bunt 'Aira cae-
spitosa' (< *bunut-), OE bionot 'dry blade
of grass', OS binet 'bulrush', OHG binuz
id. ff originally stood for *'dead grass',
could be compared with *banon. Torp-
Falk 271; Onions 89.
*beranan str.vb.: Goth bairan 'to bear, to
carry; to give birth', ON bera id., OE
beran id., OFris bera id, OS beran id, OHG
beran id. Cf. also *$a-beranan 'to give
birth': Goth ga-bairan, OE je-beran, OS gi-
beran, OHG gi-beran. Continues IE *bher-
'to bear': Toch AB par-, Skt bhárati, Gk
<pépra, Arm bérem, Lat fero, Olr berid
merged with *bher- 'to give birth'.
Prefřxed *at-beranan > Goth at-bairan 'to
bring, to offer' is identical with Phryg
impf. aPPepex, Lat adfero 'to bring'.
Torp-Falk 260-261; Holthausen
AEEW 21; Walde-Hofmann I 483-485;
Feist 75; Jóhannesson IEW 612-613;
Mayrhofer II 473-476; Pokorný I
128-131; Vries ANEW 33; Frisk II
1003-1004; Illich-Svitych Opyt I 195
beranan
42
berkjon
(on the contamination of IE *bher- 'to
bear' and *bher- 'child; to give birth');
Onions 83; Seebold 104-106; Lehmann
GED 57; Kluge-Seebold 303; Orel
Phrygian 409; Adams TB 371; Burlak
IFTJa 248.
*foer3an ~ *ber3az sb.n./m.: ON bjarg
'rock', OE beors 'hill, mountain', OFris
berch id., OS berg id., OHG berg id.
Closely related to Av banzah- 'heighť,
Arm barjr 'high', Thrac pln. Bépya, Olr
brí 'hill', W bera 'heap', Slav *bergb 'shore,
mountain'. Further connected with IE
*bhergh- 'high'. Zupitza Gutt. 204; Bar-
tholomae 950; Torp-Falk 265; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 20; Feist 75-76 (on
Goth bairgahei 'hill country, mountainous
region'); Detschew Thr. 51-52; Pokorný
I 140-141; Vries ANEW 39; Zalizniak
II 166; Onions 76; Trubaohev ESSJa
191-193; Lehmann GED 57-58; Bammes-
berger Nom. 60; Lloyd-Springer I
553-554; Kxuge-Seebold 98-99.
*ber3anan str.vb.: Goth baírgan 'to pre-
serve, to keep', ON bjarga 'to savé, to
help', OE beorgan 'to savé, to protéct, to
defenď, WFris bergje 'to keep', OS bergan
id., OHG bergan id. Identical with Slav
*bergti id., cf. also Lith birginti 'not to
spend much', Osset em-barzyn 'to cover'.
Kirchhoff KZ I 39; Zupitza Gutt. 177;
Persson Beitrdge 927; Meringer IF
XVIII 262; Torp-Falk 265; Traut-
mann BSW 31; Holthausen AEE]V 20;
Feist 76; Jóhannesson IEW 624;
Pokorný I 145; Chemodanov SGGJa
I 81; Fraenkel 44; Abaev AION-L IV
33; Vries ANEW 39; Onions 108;
Benveniste 152; Seebold 106-107; Leh-
mann GED 58; Trubachev ESSJa I
189-191 (follows Mikugkij in comparing
these forms with Lith gefbti 'to praise');
Lloyd-Springer I 554-556; Kluge-
Seebold 99.
*foer35 sb.f.: ON bjqrg 'help, deliverance',
OE heáfod-beorj 'head-shelter, helmeť,
OFris here-berge 'inn', OS heri-berga id.,
OHG her-berga id. Derived from *ber%a-
nan. Holthausen AEE]V 20; Vries
ANEW 41; Seebold 107; Bammesberger
Nom. 109.
*berxta-líkaz adj.: ON bjart-ligr 'clear',
OE beorht-líc 'bright, light, clear', OS
berht-lik 'bright'. Derived from *berxtaz.
Heidermanns 124.
*berxtaz adj.: Goth bairhts 'bright, clear,
manifest', ON bjartr 'bright', OE beorht
'bright, light, clear', OS berht id., OHG
beraht id. Identical with W berth 'beautiful'
< *bherg-t-, Slav sbst. *berstb 'elm'. Fur-
ther related to Skt bhrajate 'to shine, to
beam', Av brazaiti id., Alb bardhe 'white'.
Forsterman K£l 104; Zupitza Gutt. 188
Bartholomae 972; Torp-Falk 264-265
Feist 76-77; Holthausen AEEW 20
Karsten VB II 324; Mayrhofer II
529-530; Pokorný I 139; Vries ANEW
39; Onions 118; Lehmann GED 58;
Lloyd-Springer I 545-546; Bammes-
berger Nom. 256; Heidermanns 1 23 —
124; Orel AĚ» 17.
*berxtín sb.f.: Goth bairhtei 'brightness,
clarity', ON birti id., OE birhtu id., OHG
berahtT 'clarity'. Derived from *berxtaz.
Holthausen AEE]V 23; Feist 76; Vries
ANE][ T 37; Lehmann GED 58; Heider-
manns 124.
*berxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth bairhtjan 'to ex-
hibit, to show, to disclose', ON birta 'to
illuminate, to brighten', OE ^e-birhtan 'to
make bright', OHG part. gi-beraht 'bright-
eneď. Derived from *f>erxtaz. Torp-
Falk 263-264; Holthausen AEEW 2"í;
Feist 76; Vries ANE]V 37; Lehmann
GED 58; Heidermanns 124.
*berilaz sb.m.: Burg *berils 'bearer', ON
berill 'barrel (for fluids)', OS biril 'basket',
OHG biril 'big poť. Derived from *bera-
nan (Schulze K£ LXX 258). Vries
ANEW 33, 68 (altematively, from MLat
barillus 'keg'); Seebold 105; Kobler 709.
*berkinaz adj.: ON birkinn 'related to
birch', OE bircen, beorcen id., OHG birkin
id. Derived from *berko. Vries ANE]V
37.
*berkjon sb.n./f.: ON coll. birki 'birch',
OE birce 'birch', OS birka id., OHG birca
id. Derived from *berko. Zupitza Gutt.
berkjon
43
beii3anan
196; Torp-Falk 263; Holthausen
AEEW1Z; Pokorný I 139; Vries ANEW
37; Zalizniak II 216.
*foerkó sb.f.: ON bjqrk 'birch', OE beorc id.,
OS herka id. Related to Skt bhurjá- 'kind
of birch', Lat fraxinus 'ash', and especially
to Lith béržas 'birch', OPrus berse id.,
Slav *berza id. Cf. also Dac pln. Bers-ovia.
Wiedemann IF I 512; Hirt IF X 53;
Torp-Falk 263; Kretschmer Festschr.
Bezzenberger 94; Holthausen AEEW 20;
Walde-Hofmann I 544; Feist 87 (on
Goth bercna 'A-rune of the Gothic Runic
alphabeť < *berkno); Pokorný I 139;
Fraenkel 40-41; Vries ANEW 41;
Zalizniak II 216; Onions 96; Truba-
chev ESSJa I 201-203; Lehmann GED
66; Kluge-Seebold 112.
*foernjó(n) sb.f.: ON bima 'she-bear', OE
byrene id., OHG birin id. Derived direcdy
from *beron I or from *bernuz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 24; Vries ANEW 37.
*foernuz sb.m.: ON bjorn 'bear', OE beorn
'man, prince, nobleman'. Derived from
*beron I. Torp-Falk 263; Holthausen
AFFW 'l\\ Specht 120; Pokorný I 136;
Vries ANE1V 4-1; Zalizniak II 220.
*ber5n I sb.m.: Burg *bers 'bear', OSwed
prop. Biari, OE bera 'bear', OS bero id.
(in prop.), OHG bero id. Close to Lith
béras 'brown' (with a long grade), Toch
A parno, B perné 'radiant, luminous'.
Fórsterman K£ I 497; Zupitza Gutt. 31
Torp-Falk 263; Gottlieb Anim. 39-41
Holthausen AEEW 21; Pokorný I 136
Fraenkel 39; Zalizniak II 220; Onions
83; Stang LS 15; Lloyd-Springer I
563-565; Bammesberger jYom. 176 (to
Gk 9r|p 'animal', Lith žveris id., Slav
*zvěrb id.); Kóbler 709; Kluge-Seebold
79-80.
*foerón II sb.m.: ON á-beri 'accuser', OE
-bera 'porter, bearer', OFris -bera id., OS
-bero id., OHG -bero id. Derived from
*beranan. Holthausen AEE]V 21; Vrtes
ANEW 33.
*ber|5ran sb.n.: OE beorúor 'child birth'.
Close to Gk tpáperpov 'stretcher', see
*beranan (Bammesberger Nom. 85). Holt-
hausen AEEW 21; Pokorný I 129; Frisk
II 1003-1004.
*foeučtanan str.vb.: Goth ana-biudan 'to
bid, to commanď, ON bjóda 'to offer',
OE beódan 'to command, to order, to
announce', OFris biada id., OS biodan id.,
OHG biotan id. Related to Skt bódhati 'to
wake, to be awake', Av baoSmt- 'becom-
ing aware', Gk 7ieĎ9o|iai 'to give notice',
Slav *bl'udq, *bl'usti 'to observe, to keep,
to protéct', and, with nasalization, Olr
ad-bond- 'to announce' and the like
(Meyer Goth. 61). Bugge KZ XIX
(1870) 441; Bartholomae 917-918;
Torp-Falk 274; Holthausen AEE]V
19-20; Lané Language XIV 27 (adds
Toch A pot-, B paut- 'to honor, to flatter');
Feist 41; Jóhannesson IEW 607-608;
Porzig Gliederung 122; Mayrhofer II
449-450; Pokorný I 150-151; Fraen-
kel 62; Frisk II 625-626, GHÁ XLIV
21-23; Vries ANEW 40; Onions 93;
Seebold 108-110; Trubachev ESSJa II
136-137; Lehmann GED 30; Kluge-
Seebold 109.
*foeučtaz sb.m.: Goth biups 'table', ON
bjódr id., OE beód id., OS biod id., OHG
biet id. Derived from *beudanan (Uhlen-
beck PBB XXX 268). Grienberger
Got. 50 (to *budmaz ~ *butmaž); Brug-
mann Grundrifi 11/ 1 155; Petersson IF
XXIII 395 (to *baupaz); Stroh DWG 15;
Torp-Falk 275; Holthausen AEE]V 19;
Feist 97; Pokorný I 151; Vries ANEW
40; Zalizniak I 129; Seebold 109
(against Uhlenbeok); Lehmann GED 74;
Bammesberger Nom. 60; Kluge-Seebold
105.
*beu3anan ~ *foÚ3anan str.vb.: Goth
biugan 'to bow, to benď, ON pret. pl. bugu
id., OE bú^an id., OS pret. bog id., pres.
bugan, OHG bíogan id. Related to Skt bhu-
játi id., Ir jid-bocc 'wooden bow' (Uhlen-
beck PBB XXX 268; Thurneysen K'Z
XLVIII 65), Lidr bugti 'to frighten', Slav
*brbgati 'to benď (Il'inskh RFV LXII
253-259). Zupitza Gutt. 218; Torp-
Falk 273; Berneker I 366 (Slav *b~bgaú
may be a metathesis of *gr>bati id.); Wood
beu3anan
44
bi
MPV 270 (from IE *bheuk-); Trautmann
BSW 39; Holthausen AEEW 38; Feist
96; Jóhannesson IEW 606-607; Mayr-
hofer II 504-506; Pokorný I 152-153;
Fraenkel 37; Vries ANEW 40; Onions
111; Seebold 110—111; Benveniste IEL
111; Trubachev ESSJa 115; Lehmann
GED 73; Kluge-Seebold 108.
*beu3az ~ *beu3Ón adj.: ON bjúgr
'bowed, benť, OHG sbst. biogo 'bend,
curve'. Derived from *beu^anan ~ *bú3a-
nan. Torp-Falk 273; Pokorný I 151;
Vries ANEW 41.
*beura-saliz sb.m.: ON bjór-salr 'beer-
hall', OE beór-sele id. Compound of neu-
raz ~ *beuran and *saliz. Carr Nom.
comp. 80 (parallel formations).
*beuran sb.n.: ON bjórr 'beer' (mase), OE
beór id., OFris biar id., MLG ber id., OHG
bior id. Borrowed from Rom *biw(e)r <
*biber 'wine, drink' ~ LLat biber id. (Lind-
ouist DK 29-30). Zupitza Gutt. 15;
Kluge PBB XXXV 570 (ON < OE);
Torp-Falk 276 (from *beuzan); Holt-
hausen IF LX 280 (< *brm-ra-); AEEW
20; Vries ANEW 40; Zalizniak II 166;
Onions 85; Kluge-Seebold 108 (to
*brewwanan).
*bewwanan str.vb.: OE 1 sg. beó, bíom 'to
be', OFris 1 sg. bim id., OS 1 sg. bium id.,
OHG 1 sg. bim id. Related to Skt bhávati
'to become, to be', Av bavaiti id., Gk ipíxo
'to bring fordr, to produce, to begeť, Lat
perf. Jut 'I was', OLat fui id., Lith búti
'to be', Slav *byti id. OE beó '(I) am' is a
relic of an old paradigm also reflected
in Lat_/zo < *Jío, pass. of facio, Olr -biu,
both from *bhuiio (Osthoff Perf. 426).
Bartholomae 927-933; Torp-Falk 272;
Holthausen AEE]V 20; Walde-Hofmann
I 504-505, 557-558; Mayrhofer II
485-487; Pokorný I 149; Fraenkel 68;
Frisk II 1052-1054; Seebold 112-115;
Trubachev ESSJa III 155.
*bewwu sb.n.: ON bygg 'barley', OE béow
id., OS bewo 'seeď. Related to *bow-
(w)anan. Torp-Falk 273; Holthausen
AEEW 21; Vries ANEW 66; Pokorný
I 149.
*bě3anan str.vb.: OHG bagan 'to scold, to
háve a row'. Close to Olr bágaíd 'to fighť
(Zimmer KZ XXXVI 447-454). Torp-
Falk 257; Seebold 93-94.
*bě3az sb.m.: ON bag)' 'contest, strife', OE
ba3 'bragging, boasting', OS bag 'praise',
OHG bag 'quarrel'. Derived from *iěsa-
nan. Torp-Falk 257; Jóhannesson IEW
598-599; Pokorný I 115; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 96; Vries ANEW 22-23, See-
bold 93-94.
*bě3ěnan wk.vb.: ON baga 'to quarrel',
OFris baga 'to boasť, OHG bagen 'to
quarrel'. Derived from *be^az. Torp-
Falk 257; Vries ANEW 69; Seebold 94.
*bějanan wk.vb.: OHG baen 'to warm
(with a compress)'. A parallel derivational
variant of *bakanarit Torp-Falk 256;
Pokorný I 113; Kluge-Seebold 73 (to
Slav *grěti 'to warm', supposedly from
*g'hrě- > *trejanan > *bejanan).
*bělan sb.n.: ON bál 'fláme, fire', OE běl
id. Related to *bhel- 'white': Gk tpa^.-
[^.]ói;' ^.eukÓi; (Hes.), Lith balas, cf. in par-
ticular Skt bhála- 'light, shine, foreheaď,
Slav *běh> 'white'. Persson Beitráge
28-30; Torp-Falk 267; Holthausen
AEEW 15; Mayrhofer II 496-497;
Pokorný I 119; Fraenkel 32; Vries
ANEW 23; Frisk II 988; Onions 70;
Trubachev ESSJa III 79-81.
*běriz adj.: ON bierr 'due, entitíed to', OE
wiestm-bdre 'fruitful, fertile', OFris a-bar
'obvious', MDu open-baer id., OHG danc-
bari 'grateful'. Derived from *beranan.
Karsten NB I 94-95; Torp-Falk 260-
261; Pokorný I 131; Vries ANEW 69;
Seebold 106; Matzel Festschr. Schroder
100, 117, KZ CV 108; Heidermanns
124-125.
*běrón sb.f: ON bára 'wave', ME bare id.,
MLG bare id. Derived from *beranan.
Torp-Falk 260; Vries ANEW 25;
Pokorný 1131.
*bi prep.: Goth bi 'by, about, over', OE be,
bí 'by', OFris be, bi id., OS be, bi id.,
OHG bi id. Secondary lengthening of the
stressed auslaut vowel in WGmc. Prob-
ably connected with *umbi. Brugmann
bi
45
bitraz
Grundrifi II/2 820-821; Torp-Falk 270;
Holthausen AEEW 22; Feist 88;
Pokorný I 34; Sohmidt Studien 225-227
(from IE */«'); Onions 131; Lehmann GED
67; Griepentrog KZ CIV 122; Kluge-
Seebold 92.
*bibójanan ~ *biběnan wk.vb.: ON
bifask 'to shake', OE beqfian 'to tremble, to
quake', OFris beva 'to shake', OS bibon
id., OHG biběn id. Reduplication related
to Skt bháyate 'to fear, to be afraiď, Skt
bibhéti id., Av ní-wyeiti id., OPras biatwei
id., Slav *bojati s( id. (Meillet MSL
XIV 346). Kluge KZ XXVI 85-86;
Wackernagel KZ XLI 305-309 (against
the above etymology); Bartholomae
927; Torp-Falk 271; Holthausen
AEEW 23; Mezger K'Z LXXII 127;
Mayrhofer II 431, 471-472; Pokorný I
162; Vries AMEW 35; Trubaohev ESSJa
II 163-164; Kluge-Seebold 88.
*bidan sb.n.: ON bii 'biding, waiting,
delay', OE bíd 'delay, abiding'. Derived
from *bidanan. Holthausen AEEW 22;
Bammesberger Mom. 56.
*bidilaz sb.m.: ON biňill 'wooer, suitor', OE
adj. bédul 'prayerful, supplianť (< *biiu-
laz), OHG bitil 'swain, suitor, solicitor.
Derived from *biďjanan. Holthausen
AEE1\'9; Vries AMEW 35; Seebold 92.
*bidjanan str.vb.: Goth bidjan 'to ask, to
pray', ON bidja 'to beg, to pray', OE bid-
dan 'to ask, to pray', OFris bidda id., OS
biddian id., OHG bitten id. Derived from
*bldanan (Osthoff PBB VIII 140-143).
Schweizer KZ I 561 (to Skt badhate 'to
press, to force'); Cuny REA 1910 10-13
(from Celtic); Bezzenberger BB XVI 252
(with doubts, to * g u hedh-); Zupitza Gutt.
31 (samé as Bezzenberger); Osten-
Sacken IF XXIII 377; Kern TNTL I
32-37 (to IE *bhedh- 'to bow'); Meillet
BSLXKW 23-24 (to IE * g»hedh-); Torp-
Falk 258; Holthausen AEE]V 22; Feist
89; Pokorný I 114; Vries AMEW 35;
Seebold 91-93; Onions 93; Benveniste
IEL 500; Meid Germ. Rek. 109; Lehmann
GED 67-68; Kluge-Seebold 114.
*bidó sb.f: Goth bida 'request, prayer,
beaď, OE běd 'prayer, supplication'
(neut.), OFris bede id., OS běda id., OHG
beta id. Derived from *biďjanan or direcdy
from *bidanan. Holthausen AEE]V 19;
Feist 88-89 (to Skt badhate 'to press, to
force'); Pokorný I 114; Seebold 93;
Benveniste IEL 501; Lehmann GED
67; Bammesberger Mom. 110; Kluge-
Seebold 104; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*bidójanan wk.vb.: ON bioa 'to bide a
biť, OE on-bídian 'to waiť, OFris bidia
id., OS bidon 'to remain'. Derived from
*bidanan. Holthausen AEE]V 22; Vrtes
AMEW 35; Seebold 95.
*bilan ~ *bilaz sb.n./m.: ON bil 'mo-
ment', OHG bil 'a moment when the
hunted game stands on guarď. If derived
from *bhei- 'to cut, to strike' (Lidén KZ
LXI 13), identical with Slav *bilo 'beater'.
Noreen Abrijt 227 (to Lidr bailús 'fearful');
Torp Festschr. Unger 172—172 (to *bhi as in
Gk á|i(pí 'about, on both sides of '); Vries
AMEW 36.
*bilaz adj.: OE bile-wit 'merciful, mild,
gentle', MHG bil-wiz 'cobolď. Close to
Mír bil 'gooď < *bhili- and probably Gk
cpíXoq 'beloved, dear'. Meringer IF
XVIII 284-286; Holthausen AEEW 23;
Pokorný I 153-154; Frisk II 1018-1020.
*bitan sb.n.: ON bit 'bite', OHG gi-biz
'rein, biť. Derived from *bítanan. Vries
AMEWS&; Seebold 97.
*bitójanan wk.vb.: ON bita 'to divide
with cross-beams, to cut into bits', OE
grist-bitian 'to gnash', OHG bizzon 'to
crunch, to gnash'. Derived from *biton.
Holthausen AEEW 25; Vries AME]V 38;
Seebold 97.
*bitón sb.m.: ON biti 'bit, cross-beam,
girder', OE bita id., OFris kor-bita 'conse-
crated piece', MDu bite 'morsel, biť,
OHG bizzo 'bit, wedge'. Derived from
*bítanan. Torp-Falk 270; Holthausen
AEEW 24; Pokorný 1116; Vries AMEW
38; Onions 97; Seebold 97.
*bitraz adj.: ON bitr 'biting, sharp', OE
biter 'bitter, sharp, severe', OS bittar 'bit-
ter', OHG bittar 'sharp, bitter'. Derived
from *bitanan. Marstrander MTS III
bitraz
4(3
blactron
312; Karsten NB II 254; Niedermann IF
XXXVII 145-147 (to Slav •bridbkb
'sharp, bitter'); Torp-Falk 270; Holt-
hausen AEEW 25; Pokorný 1116; Vries
ANEW 38; Onions 97; Seebold 97;
Lehmann GED 58-59; Bammesberger
Nom. 247; Hefdermanns 126-127; Kluge-
Seebold 114.
*bitulaz sb.m.: ON bitull 'biť, OE bitol,
bytol 'rein', MHG bizzel Tittle biť. De-
rived from *bitan. Holthausen AEEW
25; Vries ANEW 38; Seebold 97.
*bituliz ~ *bitulaz sb.m.: Dan bille 'bee-
tle', OE bítel 'beede, biting'. Derived from
*bitan or direcdy from *bitanan. Cf. *bitu-
laz. Torp-Falk 270.
*foíčtanan str.vb.: Goth bádán 'to waiť,
ON bída id., OE bídan 'to bide, to abide,
to continue, to waiť, OFris bída 'to waiť
(usually wk.), OS bidan id., OHG bitan id.
Related to Gk jteí0O|iai 'to be persuaded,
to obey', Lat fído 'to trusť. Wood MP
IV 489-490; Torp-Falk 270; Walde-
Hofmann I 493-494; Feist 86-87; Holt-
hausen AEEW 22; Trier Z dph LXX
341—342 (to Y.aX.fiscus 'basket, chesť, Icel
biSa 'milk ttib' and the like); Jóhannes-
son IE]V 604; Pokorný I 117; Vrdís
ANEW 35; Frisk II 487-488; Benveniste
IEL 95—98 (the originál meaning in Ger-
manic: 'attendre avec confiance'); Chan-
traine 868-869; Onions 93; Seebold
94—96 (to Latv gaidít 'to waiť); Lehmann
GED 56, 65-66.
*bíó(n) sb.f: ON bý 'bee', OE beó id.,
OFris be id., OS bia id., OHG bia id., cf.
blan id. (mase.). Cf. WGmc *binjan ~ *bino
> OS bini- (in compounds), bina id.,
OHG bini id., bina id. Somehow related
to ha.t Jucus 'drone' < *bhoi-ko-, Olr bech
id. < *bhi-ko-, W by daf 'beehive , Lith bité
id., Slav *bbčela 'bee' (Fick I 490; Meil-
let MSL XIV 476-478). Pedersen Kelt.
Gr. I 367, 537; Kluge Glotta III 280
(reconstructs *bhouk'-'o- for Gmc and Lat);
Torp-Falk 271; Johansson ZF III 225 (to
Lat fůcus 'drone' < *bhoiko-\ K? XXXVI
358; Walde-Hofmann I 555- 556; Holt-
hausen AEEW 18, 24; Pokorný I 116,
163; Fraenkel 45; Vries ANEW 66;
Zalizniak II 220; Onions 84; Truba-
ohev ESSJa III 91, 104-105; Kluge-
Seebold 108.
*bítan ~ *bítaz sb.n./m.: Goth anda-beit
'reproach, rebuke, £7utinía', ON hiel-bítr
'shadower', OE and-bita 'unleavened
breaď. Derived from *bitanan. Feist 46;
Seebold 97.
*bítanan str.vb.: Goth beitan 'to bite', ON
bita id., OE bitan id., OFris bita id., OS
bitan id., OHG bizan id. Related to Skt
bhinátti 'to split, to cleave, to pierce', Gk
<peí8o|iai 'to spáre', Lat findo 'to spliť.
Torp-Falk 270; Feist 87; Holthau-
sen 24; Walde-Hofmann I 500-501;
Jóhannesson IE] V 602-604; Mayrhofer
II 500; Pokorný I 116-117; Vries
ANEW 38; Frisk II 999-1000; Seebold
96-99; Onions 97; Lehmann GED 66;
Kluge-Seebold 94.
*bíblan sb.n.: ON bíldr 'axe, an instrument
for bleeding' (mase.), MLG bil 'axe',
OHG bihal 'axe'. Cf. also WGmc *bidlan
> OE bili 'crooked double-edged sword,
bili, falchion', OS bili 'sworď, MHG bil
'piek'. Continues IE *bh(e)i-tlo- (Holt-
hausen AEEW 23) also reflected in Slav
*bidlo 'rake, pole, plectrum' (Trubaohev
Etim. 46). Torp-Falk 269; Pokorný I
118; Vries ANEW 36; Onions 94; Tru-
baohev Rem. 130-132 (on Slav *-dlo < IE
*-tlo-m), ESSJa II 94-95.
*bladan sb.n.: Burg *blap 'blade, edge',
ON Had 'leaf, blade', OE bliti id., OFris
-bled id., OS blad id., OHG blat id.
Identical with Toch A pdlt, B puta id. and
related to *bloanan (Hirt Urgerm. II 41).
Torp-Falk 283; Holthausen AEEW 25;
Pokorný I 122; Vries ANEW 41; Zaliz-
niak I 139; Onions 98; Lehmann GED
76; Kluge-Seebold 116; Adams TB 388.
*blaďrón ~ blěčtrón sb.f: ON blaSra
'bladder', OE blédre 'blister, pimple, blad-
der', OS bladara 'bladder', OHG blatara
'pock-mark'. Derived from *blěanan.
Torp-Falk 283; Holthausen AEE]V 25;
Pokorný 1121; Vries ANEW 41; Zaliz-
niak I 155; Onions 98.
blaxon
47
blankaz
*blaxón sb.f.: ODan blaa 'oakum', OHG
blaha 'rough linen cloth'. Related to Latv
blaks 'even, smooth', Lith blakas 'equal'.
Petersson Glotta IV 296-297 (to Lat
floccus 'lock, flock'); Torp-Falk 285 (samé
as Petersson); Pokorný I 161; Fraenkel
47; Vries ANEW 46.
*blaikaz adj.: ON bleikr 'pale, wan', OE
blác 'shining, white', OS Mek id., OHG
bleih 'yellowish, pale'. Derived from
*blik(j)anan. Karsten MB I 58; Zupitza
Gutt. 196; Torp-Falk 286; Holthausen
AEEW 25; Pokorný I 156; Vries AMEW
43; Onions 99; Seebold 1 1 8; Bammes-
berger Mom. 237; Heidermanns 127-
128; Keuge-Seebold 118.
*blaikjanan wk.vb.: ON bleikja 'to bleach
linen', OE bltécan id., MLG blěken 'to
bleacheď, OHG bleihhen 'to bleach, to
make pale'. Derived from *blaikaz.
Holthausen AEEW 25; Vries AMEW
43; Onions 99; Heidermanns 127.
*blaik(j)5n sb.f.: ON bleikja 'chalk painť,
OHG bleihha 'make-up'. Derived from
*blaikaz. Torp-Falk 286; Onions 99;
Heidermanns 127.
*blaitaz adj.: OE blát 'pale, Uviď.
Identical with Slav *bléd~b id. Further may
be connected with *blaikaz. Schmidt
Voc. II 71; Torp-Falk 286; Holthausen
AEEW 26; Otrebski LP I 122 (adds Lith
blaívas 'pale' ?< Hlaidvas); Pokorný I
160; Stang LS 15; Trubachev ESSJa II
111-112; Lehmann GED 75; Heider-
manns 128.
*blaitojanan wk.vb.: E bloat 'to bloať.
Derivationally close to Gk <pA.oi8éco 'to
seethe'. Further related to Gk <pXi8áco
'to overflow with moisture, to be ready to
bursť (Fiok III 286), Latv blídu, blíst 'to
increase quickly'. Muhlenbach-Endzelin
I 316; Pokorný I 156; Frisk II 1027-
1028.
*blakojanan wk.vb.: ON blaka 'to slap, to
flutter', MDu blaken 'to shiver'. Probably
connected with Lat flagrum 'whip, scourge,
lash' (Zupitza Gutt. 213). Trautmann
BB XXX 328; Torp-Falk 284; Walde-
Hofmann I 511-512; Pokorný I 154.
*blakrójanan wk.vb.: Norw blaha 'to
flash'. Identical with Lat flagro 'to fláme,
to blaze, to burn' and further with Gk
tykíyw 'to burn'. See *blankaz. Torp-
Falk 284; Walde-Hofmann I 510-511;
Pokorný I 124-125; Frisk II 1022-1024;
Lerchner 34-35.
*blandan sb.n.: ON i bland 'among', OE
3e-blond 'mixture'. Derived from *blanůa-
nan. Seebold 1 16.
*blančtanan str.vb.: Goth blandan 'to mix,
to mingle, to associate with', ON Manda
'to mix', OE blandan id., MDu blanden id.,
OHG Montan id. Related to Lith blendžiů,
blgsti 'to sleep, to mix food with flour',
Slav *bli;dq, *ble } sti 'to err'. Further con-
nected with *tlendaz. Brugmann IF
XXXII 179-181; Lidén Studien 77; Torp-
Falk 285; Trautmann BS]V 34; Holt-
hausen AEEW 26; Feist 98-99;
Jóhannesson IEW 646; Pokorný I
157-158; Fraenkel 47-48; Vries AMEW
42; Onions 99; Seebold 115-117; Tru-
bachev ESSJa II 115; Lehmann GED
74-75; Kluge-Seebold 118.
*blanďjanan wk.vb.: OE blendan 'to
blinď, OFris blenda, blinda id., MLG
blenden, blinden id., OHG blenten id. Fac-
titive of *bleniaz. Structurally identical
with Lith Mandy ti 'to wander, to lower
eyes', Slav *blqditi 'to wander, to forni-
cate'. Torp-Falk 285; Fraenkel 47;
Ktuge-Seebold 118.
*blankaz adj.: ON blakkr 'pale, wan',
poet. 'horše', OE blanc 'white, grey',
MLG blanc 'lighť, OHG blanc 'bright,
white'. Probably, a deverbative. The
corresponding str. vb. *blenkanan, how-
ever, is only marginally attested (MLG
blinkeň) and may be secondary. Con-
nected with WGerm *blakjanan 'to be
visible' (OFris blesza, MLG blecken 'to
bare', OHG blecken 'to shine') and further
with *tlakrqjanan. Related to Gk cp^éyco 'to
burn', Lat flagro id. Karsten jVB I
52-53; FalkA/VFXLI 118; Torp-Falk
284; Holthausen AEEW 86, 418;
Walde-Hofmann I 5 1 0-5 1 1 ; Pokorný
I 124- 125; Vries AJVEW 42; Frisk II
blankaz
48
bleanan
1023-1024; Heidermanns 129 (to OE
bliec 'black'); Kluge-Seebold 115.
*blankjanan wk.vb.: ON blekkja 'to
impose upon', OE blencan 'to deceive,
to cheať. Derived from *blankaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 27; Vries ANEW 43;
Onions 99; Hetoermanns 129.
*blasaz adj.: ON sbst. blesi 'blaze, a white
Star on a horse's foreheaď, OHG hlas
'pale, white'. Hardly can be separated
from *bhel- 'white' (Gk tfakóq and the
like). Matzenauer IFXIII 170 (to Slav
*plěšb 'baldness'); Torp-Falk 285; Holt-
hausen AEETK 26; Pokorný I 158; Vries
ANEW 43; Onions 99; Rluge-Seebold
116.
*blautaz adj.: Burg *blauts 'bare', ON
blautr 'soft, fainť, OE bleát 'miserable,
wretcheď, OFris blat 'poor', MLG bloot
'uncovereď, MHG bloz id. Probably con-
nected with <fkax>po<; 'petty, paltry, indif-
ferenť, <pXu8apó<; 'soft'. Karsten NB I
62; Torp-Falk 287; Muller AIWim (to
Lat jlacceo 'to be flabby'); Holthausen
AEEW 26; Pokorný I 159; Vries ANEW
43 (to (pta)8áco 'to háve an excess of mois-
ture'); Onions 101; Lehmann GED 75
(with pre-Gmc *d, related to *blaupaz)\
Lůhr Expr. 267-268; Heidermanns 130—
131; Kluge-Seebold 12.
*blaubaz adj.: ON blauSr 'weak, efemi-
nate', OE bleáo 'gentle, timid, peaceful',
OS bloth 'fearful, despondenť, OHG blodi
'apathetic, tedious'. Related to *blautaz.
Wood MLN XV 326 (to Skt mlayati 'to
wither, to fade'); Torp-Falk 287; Hol-
thausen AEE]V 26; Pokorný I 159;
Vries ANEW 43; Peeters IF XCIV
295-296; Lehmann GED 75; Heider-
manns 131-132; Kluge-Seebold 120.
*blaubín sb.f: ON bleyoi 'cowardice', OS
blothl id., OHG blodi 'apathy'. Derived
from *blaupaz. Vries ANEW 44; Hei-
dermanns 131.
*blaubjanan wk.vb.: Goth blaupjan 'to
make powerless, to bring to naughť, ON
bleyba 'to lose hearť, OS part. gi-blóthid
'despondenť, OHG bloden 'to invalidate,
to fear'. Derived from *blaupaz. Torp-
Falk 287; Feist 99; Holthausen AEE]V
26; Karsten NB II 391-392; Vries
ANEW 44; Lehmann GED 75; Lůhr Expr.
267-268; Heidermanns 131.
*blendaz adj.: Goth blinds 'blinď, ON
blindr id., OE blind id., OFris blina id., OS
blind id., OHG blint id. Related to Liťh
blandús 'unclean', blqsti 'to sleep, to mix
food with flour', Slav *bl(sti 'to err'. Cf.
*blandanan. Torp-Falk 285; Feist 100;
Holthausen AEEW 27; Wissmann NP
82; Karsten JVB I 27; Fraenkel
196-197; Stang LS 15; Pokorný I 157;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 85; Fraenkel
47-48; Vries ANEW 44; Onions 100;
Seebold 116; Lehmann GED 75-76;
Bammesberger Nom. 240-241, 256; Hei-
dermanns 133-134; Kluge-Seebold 119.
*blendín sb.f: ON blindi 'blindness', OS
blindi id., OHG blinti id. Derived from
*blendaz. Heidermanns 134.
*blendjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-blindjan 'to
blind, to make blind', OFris blinda 'to
blindfold'. Derived from *blendaz. Feist
100; Vries A/VET I 7 44; Heidermanns 134.
*blendójanan wk.vb.: ON blinda 'to
blinď, OFris blindia id. Derived from
*blendaz. Heidermanns 134.
*bleu3az adj.: ON bljúgr 'bashful, shy',
MHG bliuc id. See *blautaz? Torp-Falk
287-288 (to Lidi blúkštu 'to become
slack'); Pokorný I 159; Vries ANEW 44.
*bleusan ~ *bleusón sb.n./m.: ON
blys 'torch', OE blysa id. Connected with
*bhleus- in Gk Ttepi-jtEtpAetKJnivoí ictípí
'burned by fire all arounď. Holthau-
sen AEEW 28; Pokorný I 159.
*blewwanan str.vb.: Goth bliggwan 'to
beat, to strike', ME bléwe id., MLG
blouwen id., OHG bliuwan id. Of unknown
origin. Osthoff KZ III (NF) 84-85 (to
Lat fllgo 'to strike, to strike down'); Wood
MLN XV 327-328; Torp-Falk 287
Feist 100; Gáters KZ LXXV 80-86
Pokorný I 125 (to *balwari); Onions 102
Seebold 120-122; Lindeman Verschárfung
15.17, 20.4; Lehmann GED 75; Kluge-
Seebold 119.
*blěanan str.vb.: OE bláwan 'to blow',
bleanan
49
bliwan
OFris pret. sg. on-ble id., OHG part.
-blaen id. Related to Lat_/?o id. Bremer
PBB XI 278; Torp-Falk 283; Holt-
hausen AEEW 26; Walde-Hofmann
I 517; Jóhannesson IEW 627-628;
Pokorný I 121; Onions 101-102; See-
bold 117-118.
*blějanan wk.vb.: MHG bltejen 'to bleať.
Identical witír Lat_/feo 'to weep, to neigh',
Latv bleju, blět 'to bleať, Slav *blějq id.
(Holthausen KZ XLVII 310). Torp-
Falk 284; Walde-Hofmann I 515-516;
Pokorný I 154-155; Stang LS 15.
*blěsanan str.vb.: Goth uf-blesan 'to
blow up, to boasť, ON blása 'to blow',
MLG Masen id., OHG blasan id. Em-
phatic derivative of *blěanan. Torp-Falk
283; Holthausen 26; Feist 511-512;
Jóhannesson IEW 627-628; Pokorný I
121; Vries AMEW 42; Onions 99; See-
bold 120; Lehmann GED 373; Kluge-
Seebold 115.
*blěsman adj.: ON indecl. bltesma 'of
a ewe in heať, OLFrank sbst. blasmo
'torch'. Derived from *blěsanan. Vries
AMEW4S.
*blěstaz ~ *blěstuz sb.m.: ON blástr
'blast, breath', OE blést 'blasť, OHG
Mast 'breath'. Derived from *blesanan.
Torp-Falk 283; Holthausen AEE]V 26;
Pokorný I 121-122; Vries AMEW
42-43; Zalizniak II 199; Onions 98;
Lehmann GED 373.
*blěwaz adj.: ON Már 'blueish, dark blue',
OE blé-h(ii)wen 'blueish, violeť, OFris
blan 'blue', OS Máo 'blueish', OHG blao
'blue, purple'. Related to Lat flavus
'golden yellow', Olr Már 'yellow', W Mawr
'grey, blue grey' (Persson Beitráge 31).
Torp-Falk 285; Schwentner FB 69-74;
Hirt Etym. 193 (from *mlěuo-, to Gk
\ieXac, 'black'); Holthausen AEEW 25;
Walde-Hofmann I 513-514; FsArsten
MB II 191-192; Pokorný I 160; Vries
AMEW 42; Lehmann Festschr. Starek
57-58; Polome RBPH XLIV 110-112;
Onions 102; Bammesberger Mom. 244;
Heidermanns 135; Fvluge-Seebold 116.
*blikan sb.n.: ON blik 'gleam', OS Mek
'metal leaf, OHG Meh id. Related to
*blik(j)anan. Torp-Falk 286; Pokorný I
156; Vries AMEW 44; Zalizniak II 185;
Seebold 119; Fvluge-Seebold 117.
*blikójanan wk.vb.: ON bliká 'to shine',
OE blician id. Derived from *blikan.
Holthausen AEEW 27; Vries AMEW 4:4:;
Seebold 119.
*blikón sb.f: ON bliká 'flash, lightning',
OE ofer-blice 'surface'. Derived from
*blikan. Seebold 119.
*blik(j)anan str.vb.: ON blíkja 'to gleam',
OE blíean 'to shine', OFris bliká id., OS
blikán id., OHG bi-blihhan id. A sufBxal
formation related to *blipjaz. Cf. also Lith
blykšti 'to pale', blyšketi 'to sparkle, to
shine', Slav *blbstati 'to shine', *bliskati id.
Zupitza Gutt. 196; Torp-Falk 286-287;
Holthausen AEE]V 27; Jóhannesson
IEW 644; Pokorný I 156; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 84; Vries AMEW 44; Fraenkel
46; Onions 99; Seebold 118-120; Golb
Origins 127; KujGE-Seebold 118.
*blipín sb.f: Goth bleipei 'benevolence,
merey', OHG herz-blídi 'joy'. Derived
from *blip(j)az. Feist 99; Heidermanns
132.
*blipjanan wk.vb.: Goth bleifrjan 'to také
pity, to be merciful', OHG Miden 'to
rejoice'. Derived from *bltp(j)az. Feist
99; Vries AMEJV 44; Heidermanns
132.
*blip(j)az adj.: Godr bleips 'kind-hearted,
merciful', ON blídr 'gende, milď, OE
blíbe joyful, glad, merry', OS Mithi 'shin-
ing, lighť, OHG blidi 'merry, glaď. Con-
tinues *mlíto- 'sweeť, cf. Hitt miliddu- ~
maliddu-, Luw *mlitu- (Heidermanns 133).
Johansson PBB XV 226-227 (to Skt
mláyati 'to fade, to wither'); Torp-Falk
286; Bugge P55XIII 181-182 (separates
a prefix *t-, further to Lith pa-líeti 'to
pour in'); Johansson PBB XV 226-227;
Feist 99; Holthausen AEE]V 27;
Karsten MB II 443-444; Pokorný I
155; Vries AMEW 44; Zalizniak I
146; Lehmann GED 75; Heidermanns
132-133.
*bllwan sb.n.: ON blý 'leaď, OFris Mi id.,
bliwan
50
blotan
OS bii id., OHG bilo id. Identical with
Lith blývas 'violet blue'. Further related to
*blipjaz and WGmc *bliwon 'color' > OE
blío, OFris blien, OS bil, *blajjon > OE
bláy 'blay (fish), gudgeon', MLG bleie id.,
G Blei(h)e id. Persson UUÁ 1891 109,
173; Much ~DADL XLII 163 (from
Celtic); Senn JEGP XXXII 509; Torp-
Falk 287 (together with Gk nó^uP8o<;,
lióXíPo? 'leaď and Lat plumbum id., from
an unknown source); Holthausen AEEW
25, 27; Pokorný I 155; Vries ANEW
45-46; Zalizniak I 146; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 81; Onions 99; Lehmann GED
75; Kluge-Seebold 117-118.
*blčanan str.vb.: OE blówan 'to blow,
to bloom, to blossom'. Corresponds to
wk. *blqjanan elsewhere: OFris bloia,
OS blojan, OHG bluoen. Related to Lat
flo 'to blow', flos 'bloom, flower', Mír
bláth id. See *Ďleanan. Torp-Falk 283-
284; Holthausen AEEW 28; Walde-
Hofmann I 518-519; Jóhannesson IEW
626-627; Pokorný I 122; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 101; Onions 102; Seebold
122; Lehmann GED 76; Fvluge-Seebold
121.
*blóďa3az ~ *bloďÍ3az adj.: ON blódigr
'bloody', OE blódij id., OFris blodich id.,
OS blodag id., OHG bluotag, bluotlg id.
Derived from *blodan. Vries A NES V 45 .
*blóďa3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON blódga 'to
make bleeď, OHG bluotagon 'to make
bloody'. Derived from *bloda^az ~ *blodi-
3a Z . Vries ANEW 44-45.
*blódan sb.n.: Goth blop 'blooď (with
*-/>-), ON Mód id., OE blód id., OFris blod
id., OS blod id., OHG bluot id. Deriva-
tionally identical to Mír bláth 'blossom',
W blawd, OCorn blodon < IE *bhlb~-to- and
further connected with *bloanan. Grien-
berger Got. 52 (to "Lat Jlavus 'golden yel-
low'); Hirt Ablaut 90 (to Gk \izXac,
'black'); Uhlenbeck PBB XXX 269-270;
Torp-Falk 283; Holthausen AEE]V 27;
Feist 101; Pokorný I 122; Vries ANEW
44-45; Zalizniak I 139; Onions 101;
Lehmann GED 76—77; Fsluge-Seebold
121 (to *bhel- 'to swell').
*bl5ďa-raučtaz adj.: ON blóó-raudr
'blood-reď, OE blód-reád id., early G blut-
rot id. Compound of *blodan and *raudaz.
Carr Jíom. comp. 88 (parallel formations).
*blóda-rennandz adj.: Goth blopa-rin-
nands 'blood-running, bleeding', OE blód-
yrnende 'having an issue of blooď, OFris
blod-rennand id. Compound of *blodan and
participle of *rennanan. Carr Jíom. comp.
88 (parallel formations).
*blóda-risaz adj.: ON indecl. blói-úsa
'bruised and bloody', LG dial. Blut-rise id.
Cf. also OFris blód-risne 'bleeding wound',
MLG blotrisene id. Compound of *blodan
and *risaz derived from *risanan. Vries
ANEJV45.
*blóčtjanan wk.vb.: ON blata 'to bleeď,
OE blédan id., OFris bledá id., MLG bloden
id., OHG part. bluotenti 'bloody'. Derived
from *blodan. Holthausen AEE]V 27;
Vries ANEW 46; Onions 99.
*blóm5janan wk.vb.: ON blómask 'to
bloom', OHG bluomon id. Derived from
*blomon. Vries ANEW 45.
*bl6món sb.m.: Goth bloma 'flower', ON
blómi 'bloom, blossom', OFris bloma id.,
OS bldmo id., OHG bluomo id. Derived
from *blóanan. Hirt Ablaut 90 (to Gk
P^cÓcíkco 'to go, to come, to pass'); Meil-
let Etudes 178; Petersson K£ XLVII
290; Torp-Falk 284; Feist 100; Po-
korný I 122; Zalizniak I 153; Onions
101; Seebold 122; Lehmann GED 76;
Kluge-Seebold 121.
*bl5staz sb.m.: ODan blóstr 'blossom',
MHG bluost id. Derived from *blóanan.
Petr BB XXI 210 (to Slav *bl'uščb 'ivy');
Lehmann GED 76.
*blóstran sb.n.: OHG bluostar 'sacrifice'.
A similar form can be reconstructed for
Gothic on ťhe basis of gup-blosireis 'wor-
shiper of Goď. Derived from *blotanan.
Feist 228; Seebold 123; Bammesberger
Nom. 87.
*bl5ta-xúsan sb.n.: ON blót-hús 'heathen
house of worship', OHG bluoz-húz 'tem-
ple'. Compound of *blótan and *xusan.
Carr Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*b!5tan sb.n.: ON blát 'sacrifice, worship',
blotan
51
bokojanan
OE blát id. Related to *blotanan. Torp-
Falk 287; Holthausen AEE]V 28; Vries
ANEW 4b; Seebold 123.
*blótanan str.vb.: Goth blotan 'to serve
(God), to honor (through sacrifice)', ON
bláta 'to worship', OE blotan 'to sacrifice',
OHG bluozan id. Probably related to
*bloanan. Bugge BB III 98 (to Lat flamen
'sacrificial priesť < *bhlád-men-); Grien-
berger Got. 51-52 (to OHG bloz 'super-
bus'); Osthoff BB XXIV 142 (samé as
Bugge); Loewenthal ANF XXXV 231
(to *bhel- 'to swell'); Meringer ^ÓG LIV
398-399 (to Skt mlayati 'to wither, to
fade'); Loewenthal PBB XLV 258-259
(to *blodan); Torp-Falk 287; Holthausen
AEEW 28; Feist 100-101; Walde-
Hofmann 512—513; Jóhannesson IEW
643; Krause GGA CCXII 54 (to Toch A
plac, B pláce 'speech'); Pokorný I 154;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 87; Vries ANEW
45; Seebold 122-123; Hamp IF LXXLX
157 (to W blawdd 'to boast, to brag');
Puhvel KZ LXXLX 5 (foUows Walde-
Horfmann); Lehmann GED 76.
*b5 ptcl.: Goth -ba 'if, even if'. Related to
Av ba 'truly', Gk <píj 'as', Lith ba 'so, yes',
be 'anď, Slav *bo 'for, because' (Bader
BSL LXVIII 39, 53). Grienberger Got.
41 (syncopated form of *ebó); Bar-
tholomae 912; Joseph IF LXXXVII
166-169 (to Gk -<j<pa in néaipa 'until');
Lrautmann BSW 22-24; Feist 72;
Pokorný I 113; Fraenkel I 28, Gnomon
XXVIII 238; Frisk II 1007-1008; Tru-
bachev ESSJa II 141-142; Lehmann
GED 55.
*bobon sb.m.: ON báji 'knave, rogue', OE
prop. Boba, Bofa, OS prop. Bbvo, MLG
bóve 'scam, scoundrel', Alam prop. Boabo,
MHG buobe 'boy, servant'. Originally, a
nursery word. Pokorný I 164 (short
form of *Ďropar); Persson SVSLFK 253 (to
Lat faba 'beán'); Wood MP XI 324 (samé
as Persson); Torp-Falk 272; Jóhannes-
son IEW 583 (to Icel babba 'to say, to
talk, to chat'); Vries ANEW 47.
*b03uz ~ *bo3az sb.m.: ON bógr 'shoul-
der (of an animal)', OE bo3 'shoulder,
arm', OFris bdg 'bow, branch', MLG boch
'joint, shoulder, hip', OHG buog 'joint,
shoulder, hip' (< *bo^iž). Identical with
Toch A poke, B poko 'arm', Skt báhú- 'arm,
fore-arm', Av bagu- 'arm', Gk Ttř\y\)<^
'elbow'. Zupltza Gutt. 205; Bartho-
lomae 955-956; Torp-Falk 272; Holt-
hausen AEEW 29; Mayrhofer II 429
Pokorný I 108; Vries ANEW 47
Zalizniak II 199; Frisk II 531-532
Onions 109-110; Rix Sprache XXXII
311-323; Bammesberger JVom. 156;
Kluge-Seebold 143; Adams TB 403.
*bójanan wk.vb.: OE bóian 'to boasť.
Identical with Lat 1 sg. *for 'to speak' <
*fa-i-or, Slav *bajq, *bajati 'to telí, to nar-
rate' (Holthausen KZ XLVHI 238-239;
Brugmann Grundrifi II/3 100, 197).
Further related to IE *bha- 'to speak': Skt
bhánati, Gk <pi\iií. Meillet BSL XX 31,
161; Holthausen AEE]V 29; Walde-
Hofmann I 525-526; Mayrhofer II
469-470; Pokorný I 106; Frisk II
1009-1010; Trubachev ESSJa I 138
139.
*bóka-listiz sb.f.: ON bók-list 'book learn-
ing', OHG pl. mase. buoh-liste id. Com-
pound of *bokz and Histiz. Carr Mom.
comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*bóka-stabaz sb.m.: ON bók-stafr 'letter,
character' (if not from OE), OE bóc-stdf
id., OS bok-staf id., OHG buoh-stab id.
Compound of *boks and *stabaz. FÍROG-
mann IF XLVIII 268; Torp-Falk 272;
Vries ANEW 48; Ebbinghaus GL XXI
194-197; Lehmann GED 77; Kluge-
Seebold 142 (ON < OE).
*bókjan ~ *bókj5n sb.n./f.: ON beéki
'beech', OE béce id., OS bdkia id. Derived
from *bdkz. Holthausen AEE]V 28;
Pokorný I 107; Onions 84-85.
*bókó sb.f.: Goth boka 'letter, character',
OS boka 'beech', OHG buohha id. (o- and
otf-stem). See *bb~kz. Forsterman KZ I
237; Torp-Falk 271-272; Feist 102
103; Pokorný I 107; Zalizniak II 206;
Lehmann GED 77; Kluge-Seebold 141.
*bókojanan wk.vb.: ON boka 'to affirm by
oath on the book', OE bócian 'to give by
bokojanan
52
bow(w)anan
charter, to charter', OFris boha id., MLG
boken id. Derived from *bokz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 28; Vries AMEW 48.
*bokz sb.f.: ON bók 'beech; book', OE bóc
'beech' (pardy neut.), OFris bok 'book',
OS bok 'beech' (also neut.), OHG buoh
'beech' (also neut. and mase). Related to
Gk cpriyóg 'oak', Lat fagus 'beech', Gaul
bago- in compounds, Slav *bbzb 'elder,
Sambucus' (Hoops Waldbáume 126).
Wissmann Buche passim; Osthoff BB
XXrX 249-251 (from *bhaug-); Zupitza
Gutt. 214; Bartholomae IF EK 271-272
(on Kurd búz 'elm' < Irán *buz-)\ Torp-
Falk 271-272; Holthausen AEEW 28;
Walde-Hofmann I 445-446; Feist
102-103; PaBler FuS 155-160; Pokorný
I 107; Ghemodanov SGGJa I 90; Vries
AMEW 47-48; Zaeizniak II 206; Frisk II
1008; Onions 107; Lané KZ LXXXI
197-212; Lehmann GED 77; Bammes-
berger Mom. 197-198; Griepentrog
]Vurzelnomina 41—45; Kluge-Seebold
141.
*bóniz sb.f.: ON bwn 'prayer, requesť, OE
bén 'prayer, petition'. A derivative in *-ni-
of *bojanan. Cf. in particular Arm ban
'word, speech' < *bha-ni-, and also Gk
cptovri 'sound, tone'. Torp-Falk 256;
Holthausen AEE]V 29; Walde-Hof-
mann I 525-526; Pokorný I 105-106;
Vries AMEW 69; Frisk II 1009-1010;
Szemerényi R'Z XLIII 122-123 (to
*biajan); Bammesberger Mom. 148.
*foosmaz sb.m.: OE bósum 'bosom', OFris
bosem, bosm id., OS bosom id., OHG buo-
sum id. Continues *bhos-mo- related to Skt
bábhasti 'to blow', Gk \i?x>x<a id. Torp-
Falk 272 (from *b~d~3-sma- related to
*bó~3uz ~ *bó3az); Holthausen AEElť
31; Pokorný I 101 (to IE *bheu- 'to
swelT), 146; Onions 108; Kluge-Seebold
147.
*bóta-lausaz adj.: ON bóta-lauss 'getting
no redress', OFris bot-las id. Compound
of *boto and Hausaz. Garr Mom. comp.
91 (parallel formations).
*botjanan wk.vb.: Goth botjan 'to do
good, to be of use', ON bata 'to better, to
improve', OE bétan id., OFris beta id., OS
botian id., OHG buozen 'to help, to excul-
pate'. Derived from *botó. Torp-Falk
258; Holthausen AEEW 29; Feist 103;
Vries AMEW 69; Lehmann GED 78;
Kluge-Seebold 147.
*bótó sb.f: Goth bota 'advantage, benefit,
good, usefulness, profit', ON bát 'cure,
remedy, compensation' (traces of root
stem), OE bát 'help', OFris botě 'improve-
menť, OS bota id., OHG buoza id.
Connected with *batiz. Wood MP XI
323 (to Skt bhútí- 'well-being, prosperity,
power'); Torp-Falk 258; Holthausen
AEE]V 31; Feist 103; Pokorný I 106;
Vries AMEW 51; Zalizniak II 206;
Onions 107; Lehmann GED 78; Kluge-
Seebold 147.
*bópó sb.f: OSwed bop 'huť, MLG bode
id., MHG buode id. Related to *bow(w)a-
nan. Pokorný I 149.
*bó(u) num.: Goth pl. bai 'both', ON bá-dir
id., OE be^en (< *bó-jeno), bá id., OFris bě-
the id., OS bě-thia id., OHG bi-de, bei-de
id. Related to the second element of
Toch A šmpi, B ant-api id., Skt u-bháu id.,
Gk cíuxpto id., Lat ambo id., Lith abú id.,
Slav *oba id. Sievers PBB X 495 (on
OE); Schmidt KZ XXVI 384; Meringer
KZ XXVIII 235-237 (Goth -ai under the
influence of twai 'two'); Torp-Falk 255
(Goth -op- in bajops id. = Lat -at- in nos-
trátes 'ours'); Holthausen AEE]V 29
Walde-Hofmann I 37; Feist 74, 77
Mayrhofer I 107; Pokorný I 34-35
Fraenkel 1; Frisk I 100; Vries AMEW
22; Onions 109; Lindeman Verschdrfung
1 1 .6; Lehmann GED 56; Jasanoff BSL
LXXI 123-131 (Toch < *Hent-bho-);
Lloyd-Springer I 513-515; Kluge-
Seebold 93; Ross-Berns Mumerals 571—
573; Adams TB 14; Burlak IFTJa 238;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*bów(w)anan str.vb.: Goth bauan 'to
dwell, to inhabiť (pardy wk.), ON búa 'to
dwell, to live', OE búan 'to dwell' (pardy
wk.), OFris buwa, bowa id., OS búan id.
Related to Skt bhávati 'to become, to be',
Av bavaiti id., Gk cpúco 'to grow', Alb buj
bow(w)anan
53
brakan
~ buj 'to statě overnighť, Lat perf. ful
'to be', Lith buti id., Slav *byti id. See
*bewwanan. Schmidt K£ XXVI 1-4
(Goth -au- < *-ow-); Kluge PBB VI
381-383; Bartholomae 927-933; Torp-
Falk 272; Holthausen AEE]V 38;
Walde-Hofmann I 557-558; Feist
83-84; Jóhannesson IEW 604-605;
Mayrhofer II 485-487; Pokorný I
146-149; Fraenkel 68; Frisk II 1052-
1054; Seebold 124-128 (specifically to
Skt bhňvayati 'to bring into being' and
Slav *baviti 'to be slow, to stay');
Trubachev ESSJa I 168-170, III 155;
Lehmann GED 63-64; Rluge-Seebold
86; Orel AED 39.
*foówwiz sb.m.: ON bar 'town, village,
farm', OFris halj be 'half of the house'.
Derived from *bow(w)anan. Seebold
126.
*fo5wwjanan wk.vb.: ON byggja 'to settle,
to inhabiť, OE býan 'to inhabit, to stay',
OFris buwa id., OS búan id., OHG buen,
buwen id. Derived from *bow(w)anan.
Holthausen AEE\ 1 ' 39; Vries ANE1 V 67;
Seebold 125.
*fora3ťlan ~ *hra3Čtaz sb.n/m.: ON
'moment, quick movemenť, OE
'deceit, frauď, OFris breud 'pulling'.
Derived from *bre$ianan. Holthausen
AEEW 32; Vries AMW 52; Van Wlnde-
kens I 387 (to Toch A praňk, B prentse
'moment').
*bra3nan sb.n.: OE brnčen 'brain', OFris
brán id., MLG bragen, bragen, bregen id. A
difficult word. Perhaps, originally an
adjective *Ďrajnan (maz3an) 'upper (mar-
row)' derived from IE *bhengh- 'high' and
opposed to *maz3iz ~ *maz3an proper.
On the other hand, the originál mean-
ing of *b~ra3nan could be *'heaď. For the
formation and meaning cf. Av barsšnu-
'height, heaď. Torp-Falk 279; Hol-
thausen AEE1 V 32 (to Gk ppexnóq 'top of
the heaď); Onions 113.
*braxsm6n sb.f: Norvv dial. brasma
'bream (a kind of fish)', OS bressemo id.
(mase), OHG brahsmo id. (mase), brahsma
id. Probably derived from *brexanan ~
*brexojanan (Torp-Falk 278). Pokorný I
142 (to *bhen>k- 'to shine').
*foraičtaz adj.: Goth braips 'broaď, ON
breidr id., OE brad id., OFris brěd id., OS
brid id., OHG breit id. Probably from
*bhroi-to- based on IE *bhrei- 'to cuť
(Wiedemann BB XXVIII 35). Bezzen-
berger BB III 81 (to Lith beřti 'to pour
out, to empty'); Petersson IF XXIII 392
(samé as Bezzenberger, adds Lat frons
'forehead'); Grienberger Got. 53 (to
Lat brútus 'heavy, difficult' < *bhroito-)\
Johansson A"^XXX 451 (to Gk ppíOúq
'heavy'); Bugge PBB XXIV 453-454
(reconstructs *bhondo-)\ Karsten NB I 58;
Siebs KZ XXXVII 306 (to *spriíarmn and
Lith brýdoti 'to stand at arrest while wad-
ing'); Loewenthal JVuS X 166-167
(from *bhr-oitos 'wall-eyed'); Torp-Falk
277; Feist 104; Holthausen AEEW 31;
Trier Lehm 43; Vries ANEW 55; Onions
119; Lehmann GED 79; Bammesberger
Nom. 252; Heidermanns 136-137 (to
*spndanari); Klajge-Seebold 134.
*braidislan sb.n.: ON breizl 'cover', OE
mase. (?) brddels 'anything spread, carpet,
covering'. Derived from *braidaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 32; Vries ANEW 55.
*foraičtín sb.f: Goth braidei 'breadth', OE
brédo id., OFris brěde id., OHG bráti id.
Derived from *braiiaz. Holthausen
AEEW 3,2; Feist 104; Onions 115; Hei-
dermanns 137.
*braiďjanan wk.vb.: Gouh us-braidjan 'to
spread ouť, ON brada 'to spread', OE
brédan 'to make broaď, OS bredian 'to
spreaď, OHG bráten id. Derived from
*braidaz. Holthausen AEE]V 32; Feist
529; Vries ANEW 55; Lehmann GED 79;
Heidermanns 137.
*foraičtón sb.f.: ON brada 'drift, flock', OE
bréde 'breadth', MLG brěde id., OHG
hant-breita 'palm'. Derived from *braidaz.
Holthausen AEEW 32; Vries ANE]\ r 55;
Heidermanns 136.
*brakan sb.n.: ON brak 'creaking noise',
OE brate 'breaking, flowing, rheum',
MLG brak 'burst, fracture', MHG brach
'noise'. Derived from *brekanan. Similar to
brakan
54
brautjanan
Lat fiagor 'fragility'. Osthoff Morph.
Unt. V 100 (adds Olr braigim 'to farť <
*bhragió); Torp-Falk 277; Feist 104 (sep-
arates *brakan from *brekanaň)\ Pokorný
I 165; Vries ANEW 53; Seebold 133;
Lehmann GED 79 (to Lat fiagor 'crash,
noise').
*brakójanan wk.vb.: ON braka 'to creak',
OS brakon 'to crash', MHG braken id.
Derived from *brakan. Vries ANEW 53;
Seebold 133.
*brakón sb.m.: Norw brake juniper bush',
E brake 'bush', MLG brake 'branch'. De-
rived from *brekanan. Torp-Falk 277;
Pokorný I 165.
*branďa-raiďó sb.f.: ON brand-reii
'grate', OE brand-rád 'branding roď, OS
brande-réda 'grate', OHG brante-reita id.
Compound of *brandaz II and *rait5.
Carr Nom. comp. 46.
*brandaz I sb.m.: ON brandr 'firebranď,
OE brand id., OFris brand id., OS brand
id., OHG hrant id. Derived from *bren-
nanan (Charpentier Á^XL 462). Torp-
Falk 263; Holthausen AEEW 32;
Jóhannesson IEW 619-620; Pokorný I
144-145; Vries ANEW 53-54; Zaliz-
niak I 129 (identifies *brandaz I and II);
Onions 114; Seebold 138; Kluge-See-
bold 130.
*brandaz II sb.m.: ON brandr 'blade of a
sword', OE brand 'sword' (if not from ON),
MHG brant id. Related to YjaX fions 'fore-
heaď (Petersson KZ XXXLX 392). It
can ako be just a metaphoric usage of
*branda Z I. Petersson IF XXIV 40-42
(to *buriaň); Holthausen AEEW 32;
Walde-Hofmann I 551; Pokorný I 167;
Vries zL/VETT 53; Zalizniak I 129; Onions
114 (identical with *brandaz I).
*bran3Ó(n) sb.f.: ON branga 'quarrel (?)'
(hap. leg.), MLG brank 'íighť. Unclear.
Falk Festschr, Bugge Kr. 13-14 (to
*prans(j)anari)\ Vries ANE]V 53.
*brannjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-brannjan 'to
burn (trans.)', ON brenna id., OE bďfrnan
'to kindle, to light, to burn', OFris barna
'to burn (trans.)', OS gi-brennian id., OHG
brennen id. Causative of *trennanan.
Torp-Falk 263; Holthausen AEEW 15;
Feist 176; Vries ANEW 56; Onions 128;
Seebold 137; Lehmann GED 80; Kluge-
Seebold 134; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*brannj5n sb.f: ON brenna 'fire', OHG
brenne-fiiscing 'burning offering'. Derived
from *brannjanan. Seebold 138.
*brantaz adj.: ON brattr 'steep', OE brant
'high, deep, steep'. Probably related to
Latv bruSds 'roof ridge' (Persson Kí?
XXXIII 292: Latv bruodins id.). Torp-
Falk 279; Holthausen AEEW 32;
Karsten NB II 229-230; Pokorný I 167;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 77; Vries ANEW
54 (to *brandaz II); Heidermanns 137.
*brast5janan wk.vb.: ON brasta 'to
bluster', OHG braston 'to pelt down, to
parter'. Derived from *brestanan. Che-
modanov SGGJa I 75; Seebold 139.
*braudan sb.n.: Crim. Goth broe 'bread',
ON braud id., OE breád 'bit, morsel',
OFris brad 'bread', OS brod id., OHG brot
id. Continues IE *bhrou-tó- related to
*brewwanan (Falk ANF XLI 117-118).
Another accentual and apophonic type of
the samé derivative in *-to- is represented
by *brupan. Persson SVSU X 784-785;
Schroder NG]\'G [1910] 13-15 (Goth
broe < *broet); Torp-Falk 281; Holthau-
sen IF XLVII 329 (reconstructs Goth
*broc = OHG brocko 'hunk, chunk'),
AEEW 33; Wood MUVXXV 72 (to Skt
bhárvati 'to chew, to devour'); Feist 106;
Pokorný I 145; Vries ANEW 54;
Zalizniak I 139; Stearns CG 132 (fol-
io ws Schroder); Onions 115; Seebold
143; Lehmann GED 80-81; Bammesber-
ger Nom. 79; Kluge-Seebold 137.
*brauskaz adj.: ON breyskr 'brittle', MLG
brosch id., G dial. brausch 'brittle, dry'.
Despite morphological difficulties, de-
rived from *breutanan. Holthausen KJ?
XLVII 311; Torp-Falk 282; Pokorný I
169; Vries ANEW 56 (reconstructs
*brautiskaz)\ Heidermanns 138.
*brautjanan wk.vb.: ON breyta 'to alter,
to change', OE brytan 'to break'. Causa-
tive of *breutanan. Holthausen AEEl\ r
37; Vries ANEW 56; Seebold 141.
brazclaz
55
breii3anan
*brazďaz ~ *forezďaz sb.m.: Norw dial.
bradd 'shore, bank', OE breord 'brim, mar-
gin, rim', OHG brart 'edge, prow of a
ship'. Related to *bruzčtaz. Torp-Falk
266.
*bre3Ůan sb.n.: ON brigd 'change, breach'
(also fem.), OE bri^d 'change, variety'.
Derived from *bre^ianan. Holthausen
AEEW 34; Vries ANEW 56.
*bre3Čtanan str.vb.: ON bregia 'to move
swiftly', OE brejdan 'to move to and fro,
to vibrate', OFris brada 'to pufl, to tug',
OS part. brugdun 'knitted, tieď, OHG bret-
tan 'to pull, to tug'. Derived from *brekanan.
However, if 'moving swiftly' or 'vibrating'
are older meanings, one could derive
this verb from *brexanan ~ *brexajanan.
Torp-Falk 278; Holthausen AEEW
33; Feist 103-104; Jóhannesson IEW
621-623; Pokorný I 142 (to *bhenk- 'to
shine'); Vries ANEW 55 (to *bher-
'fence'); Onions 113; Seebold 129-132;
Lehmann GED 79 (to *brěswó ~ *irěxwo);
Heidermanns 140.
*brexanan ~ *brexójanan str./wk.vb.:
ON brjá, brá 'to flicker' (wk.), MHG bre-
hm 'to light up' (str. and wk.). Gonnected
with Skt bhr&sate 'to shine, to glitter', Gk
cpopKÓv Xěvkov, noX\6v, ptxjóv, Hes.
Torp-Falk 278 (to Lith mérkti 'to shut
(eyes)', Slav *mbrknqti 'to become dark',
Gk á|iapijaaa) 'to sparkle, to twinkle');
Mayrhofer II 532 (the comparison with
Skt "subjective Auswahl bleiben muB");
Pokorný I 141-142; Frisk II 1036.
*brekan sb.n.: ON brek 'fraudulent pur-
chase of lanď, OE breč 'breaking, crash,
noise', MLG brek 'affliction, shortage'.
Derived from *brekanan. Holthausen
AEEW 33; Vries ANEW 55; Seebold
132-133.
*brekanan str.vb.: Goth brikan 'to break',
OE brecan id., OFris breka id., OS brehm
id., OHG brehhan id. Related to \^aXfrango
id., Lith bróžti 'to whisk' (Curtius Gr. Et.
542). Cf. WGmc derivative *brokaz ~
*brokan > OE bróc 'brook', MLG brok
'marsh', OHG bruoh 'swamp'. Zupitza
Gutt. 196, 214; Torp-Falk 277-278 (*tro-
kaz ~ *trokan to Gk ppayóq' éXoq, Hes.);
Holthausen AEE~W 33, 35; Walde-
Hofmann I 541; Feist 105-106;
Pokorný I 165; Fraenkel 35; Onions
115, 120; Seebold 132-135; Lehmann
GED 80; Kluge-Seebold 133.
*brekón sb.m.: ON breki 'breaker', OE
wiSer-breca 'adversary', OHG hus-brehho
'burglar'. Derived from *brekanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 33; Vries ANEW 55;
Seebold 133.
*brem(m)anan str.vb.: OE bremman 'to
roar, to rage', OHG pret. bram 'rugie-
bam' (*-»i-), MHG brimmen 'to roar'.
Identical with Lat Jřemo 'to roar, to re-
sounď, W brefu 'to bleať (Sohulze K^
XLV 55; Fick II 184). Persson Beitrdge
36 (on Gk fSpé|ico 'to roar' with initial
*b-); Osthoff Morph. Unt. V 93-94 (from
*mrem-); Torp-Falk 279; Holthausen
AEEW 33-34; Walde-Hofmann I 544-
545; Pokorný I 143; Seebold 135-136.
*brenďaz ~ brendón sb.m.: Swed brind,
bunde 'elk', Norw bringe id. Close to
Messap Ppév8ov ĚAatpov (Hes.), Ppév-
tiov • fi KEcpaAri toú k\á.qo\) (Strabo),
brunda 'caput červi' (isid.). Cf. Lidr bríedis
'deer', OPrus braydis 'mooze' and Alb bri
~ brí 'horn'. Bezzenberger BB XXIII
299-300; Lowenthal WiiSXI 60; Torp-
Falk 279; Mayer KZ LXVI 75-77,
87—89 (on onomastics containing this
stem); Pokorný I 168-169; Fraenkel 57;
Toporov PJa I 244-245; Orel AED
36-37.
*bren3anan str.vb.: Goth briggan 'to
bring', OE brin^an id., OFris bringa id.,
OS bringan id., OHG bringan id. Related
to IE *bhrenk- in W he-brwng 'to bring, to
leaď, Toch B praiik- 'to také away'.
Brugmann IF XII 155-158 (from *bher-
'to carry' and *enek- 'to reach'); Gau-
thiot Mélanges Saussure 119-121 (follows
Brugmann); Johansson PBB XV 227-228
(prefix *b-\ related to Gk pí(j<po 'quick,
fasť); Zupitza Gutt. 209; Torp-Falk 279;
Pedersen KZ XXXLX 354 (to Arm
bařnam 'to exalť < *bhorgh-n-)\ Holthau-
sen AEEW 34; Feist 105; Pokorný I
breri3aiian
5(3
bredanan
168; Chemodanov SGGJa 1111; Onions
118; Seebold 136-137; Lehmann GED
79-80; Kluge-Seebold 136.
*hren3Ďn sb.f.: ON bringa 'breast, chesť,
OE brin^-ádl 'epilepsy'. Derived from
*bren^anan. Torp-Falk 279 (to Icel bringr
'hiU', and further to Lith brinkti 'to soak').
*brenkaz sb.m.: ON fem. brekka 'slope',
ME neut. brinke 'bank, shore', MLG brink
'edge of a field, hill'. Close to Toch B
prenke 'island' (Van Windekens I 387).
Zupitza Gutt. 197-198 (from IE *mreng-
and further to *markan)\ Torp-Falk 277
(to *brekanari); Pokorný I 167; Vries ANE1V
55; Onions 118; Lerchner 50-51;
Kluge-Seebold 136 (to *barmaz II).
*brennanan str.vb.: Goth brinnan 'to burn
(intr.)', ON brinna, brenna id., OE beornan
id., OFris buma id., OS brinnan id., OHG
brinnan id. Of unknown origin. It is not
clear whether ON brimi 'fire', ME britn
'embers' belong here. Kuhn K£ I 201;
Bezzenberger BB XII 7 7 (to Lat furnus
'stove'); Strachan BB XX 1 2 (to Mír do-
e-prinn 'affiuiť); Abrahamson NTU VIII
15-21; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II 477-478;
Persson Beitroge 784 (from *bhren-u-ó);
Torp-Falk 263; Holthausen AEEW 24;
Feist 106; Jóhannesson IEW 619-621;
Pokorný I 144-145 (to IE *bhreu- 'to
move violently'); Vries ANEW 56-57;
Onions 128; Seebold 137-138 (to * g'her-
'to burn'); Lehmann GED 80; Kluge-
Seebold 134.
*brennón sb.f: Goth brinno 'fever', OHG
brinna 'burning, pain'. Derived from
*brennanan. Feist 106; Seebold 137.
*brestanan str.vb.: ON bresta 'to bursť,
OE berstan id., OFris bersta id., OS brestan
id., OHG brestan id. Related to Olr bris-
sim 'to break'. Torp-Falk 280; Hol-
thausen AEEW 21; Jóhannesson IEW
640-641; Pokorný I 169 (to Mír brosc
'noise'); Vries ANEW 56; Onions 129;
Seebold 139; Kluge-Seebold 100 (to
*brekanan).
*brestuz sb.m.: ON brestr 'outburst, crash',
OE berst 'loss', OHG bresto 'destruc-
tion, damage'. Derived from *brestanan.
Torp-Falk 280; Holthausen AEEW 21;
Vries ANEW 56.
*breuskan sb.n.: ON brjósk 'gristle', MLG
brúsche 'bump'. Probably related to
*brustz. Torp-Falk 281-282; Pokorný
I 171.
*breusta-ber3Ó sb.f: ON brjóst-bjqrg
'breastplate', OE bréost-beors id. (mase).
Compound of *breustan and *ber^o.
Carr Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations).
*breustan sb.n.: ON brjóst 'breasť, OE
bréost id. (also fem. and mase), OFris
briast id., OS pl. briost id. An ablaut vari-
ant of *brustz. Structurally close to Slav
*br'ustb 'calf (anat.)', *br'ustbvb id.
(Trubachev ESSJa III 34-35). Grimm-
Grimm II 443 (influenced by *breutanan)\
Kluge Btrg. Gesch. VIII 510; Torp-Falk
283; Holthausen AEEW 34; Pokorný I
170-171; Chemodanov SGGJa I 61;
Vries ANEW 57-58; Zalizniak II 206;
Onions 116; Lehmann GED 82; Bammes-
berger Nom. 200; Kluge-Seebold 140.
*breutanan str.vb.: ON brjóta 'to break',
OE brebtán 'to bruise, to break', MHG
briezen 'to buď. Of unclear origin.
Torp-Falk 281-282 (to Lith bnáutis 'to
penetrate'); Holthausen AEE]V 34;
Wood AIP V 270-271 (to IE *bhreu- 'to
eut off'); Persson UUA 1891 125 (to *bar-
janan); Trbír Holz 8 1 ; Jóhannesson IEW
635-636; Pokorný I 169; Vries ANEW
58; Stang NTS XX 239-242, LS 16;
Seebold 141-142; Lehmann GED 81;
Kóbler 715.
*brewwanan str.vb.: ON part. brugginn 'to
brew (beer)', OE breówan id., OFris past
part. browen id., OFris brouwa id., OS
part. gebreuuan id., MLG brouwen id.,
MHG briuwen, briiwen id. Related to Lith
briáuti 'to push', Slav *brujati 'to buzz, to
flow'. See *brupan. Torp-Falk 281;
Holthausen AEEiV 34; Jóhannesson
IEW 619-621; Pokorný I 145 (to *brm-
nanan); Vrtes ANEW 60; Onions 117;
Seebold 143-144; Lindeman Verschdtfung
17.6; Keuge-Seebold 132.
*brěčtanan str.vb.: OSwed part. bradhin
'melteď, OE brédan 'to roast, to broil',
brecíanan
57
broker
OFris brala id., MLG braden id., OHG
bratem id. Can be connected vvith *breja-
nan. Torp-Falk 263—264; Holthausen
AEEW 32 (to *bredaz); Feist 104-105;
Jóhannesson IEW 613-614; Pokorný I
132-133; Vries ANEW 62; Seebold
128-129; Lehmann GED 79; Kluge-
Seebold 131 (to IE * g'her- 'to burn').
*brědaz adj.: ON brádr 'hasty, sudden',
OE sbst. bréd 'odor, scent, breath'. De-
rived from *brějanan. Perhaps, further
related to Lat jřetum, Jřetus 'raging, swelling,
heat, violence'. Torp-Faek 263; Holt-
hausen AEEW 32; Walde-Hofmann
I 546-547; Pokorný I 132- 133 (to IE
*bher- 'to boil up'); Vries AMEW 52;
Onions 116.
*forědjanan wk.vb.: ON bneda 'to melt',
OE brédan 'to roasť. Derived from
*bredanan. Torp-Falk 263; Holthausen
AEEW 32; Seebold 129.
*brědó(n) sb.f./m.: ON brad 'raw
meať, OE brdde 'roasted meať, OS brado
'ham', OHG brato 'meat, roasted meať.
Related to *brěianan. Torp-Falk 263;
Holthausen AEE1 1' 32; Vries AJVE1 V 52;
Kluge-Seebold 131.
*brěxwó ~ *braxwan sb.f./n.: Goth
bratu 'twinkling (of an eye)' (only in the
context of in bratva augins év piTtfj
ó<p6aX|ioí>), ON brd 'eyeliď, OFris ag-bre
id., OS slegi-brawa, braha 'eyelid, brow',
OHG brawa 'eyelid, brow'. Cf. also OE
mase. bréw 'eyelid' < *bre3wiz ~ *brexwiz.
Derived from *brexanan ~ *brexqjanan.
Kuhn KZ I 134 (to IE *bhreu- 'brow');
Fick £JXX (1872) 178; Spitzer I 350,
463 (follows Kuhn); Johansson KZ XXX
445-448 (to Lith mérkti 'to motion');
Noreen SVSU V/3 7; Torp-Falk
278-279; Holthausen AEEW 32; Feist
103-104; Specht 83, 162 (to Lat jřóhs
'forehead'); Pokorný I 142; Vries ANEW
51-52 (to *bre^ianari); Zalizniak II 192;
Onions 112; Lehmann GED 78-79 (to IE
*bhrek- 'to gleam'); FLluge- Seebold 131—
132; Adams TB 418-419 (to Toch B preke
'time, occasion').
*brějanan wk.vb.: Crim. Goth breen 'to
roasť, MDu brayen id., MHG briejen 'to
smelP. A distant connection with Skt
bhuráti 'to move', Gk jtopcplpro 'to heave,
to rise' is possible. Figk I 696 (to Lat
Jřetmn, in its metaphoric meaning: Jřetus
ipse anni permiscet jřigus et aestum, Lucr. 6,
364); Grienberger Z dph xxx 133;
Bremer PBB XI 279; Holthausen PBB
LXVI 268; Feist 104-105; Pokorný I
132-133; Lehmann GED 79 (to IE *bher-
'to boil up').
*brima-laičtó sb.f: ON brim-leid 'sea', OE
britn-lád 'sea-way'. Compound of *briman
and Haido. Carr Nora. comp. 54.
*briman sb.n.: Burg *brhn 'fiooď, ON
brim 'surf', ME brim 'surf, sea'. Related to
Gk (ppijiáco 'to snort and leap (of ani-
mals)' (Froehde BB XVII 310). Char-
pentier IFXXLX 376 (to Skt bhrámati 'to
move around'); Pokorný I 133 (to
*brědaz); Vries ANEW 56-57; Frisk II
1043; Kobler 709.
*br5kz sb.f: ON brok 'tartan cloth,
breeches', OE bróc 'breeches', OFris brok
id., MLG brok id., OHG Im-bruoh 'stock-
ing'. The relations with Gaulish braca
'breeches', Mír bróc id., OPrus broakay id.
are not clear. The latter is probably from
Gmc. Much ~DADL XLII 170 (to *bre-
kanari); Stokes IF II 168 (to l^axjřagfó 'to
emit a smell, to smell'); Zimmer KZ XXX
87-88 (Mír bróc 'trousers' < Gmc);
Jaberg WuS LX 148-151 (from Celtic);
Torp-Falk 280; Holthausen AEE]V 35;
Jacobsohn ZDADL LXVI 244-246 (samé
as Jaberg); Pokorný I 165; Vries ANEW
58; Zalizniak I 157; Onions 116;
Birkhan GuK 402; Toporov PJa I
253-254; Bammesberger Mom. 198; Grte-
pentrog l^urzelnomina 62-90; Kluge-
Seebold 138.
*br5běr sb.m.: Goth bropar 'brother',
ON bródir id., OE bródor id., OFris
brother id., OS bróthar id., OHG bruodar
id. Continues IE Hhrater- id.: Toch A
pracar, B procer, Skt bh.rata.r-, Av bratar-,
Gk Ion <ppr|xr|p- á8eX(poi; (Hes.), Arm
elbayr, Lat Jřater, Olr bráth(a)ir, OPrus
brati, Slav *bratrt>. Kjeckers HG 95;
broker
58
brunstiz
Bartholomae 971-972; Torp-Falk 280-
281; Holthausen AEEW 36; Walde-
Hofmann I 541-542; Feist 106-107;
Mayrhofer II 530-531; Pokorný I
163-164; Zalizniak I 157; Vries ANEW
58; Frisk II 1039-1040; Onions 121;
Benveniste IEL 172; Szemerényi Kinship
25-28; Trubachev ESSJa II 238; Leh-
mann GED 81; Hamp KZ CIII 102-103;
Bammesberger Nom. 208; Kluge-
Seebold 138-139 Adams TB 421-422;
Burlak IFTJa 250.
*brobur-banon sb.m.: ON bródur-bani
Tratricide', OE bródor-bana id. Compound
of *bró\)er and *banon. Carr Nom. comp.
54.
*foru3J5(n) sb.f.: ON bryggja 'landing-stage,
pier', OE bryc3 'bridge', OFris bregge,
brigge id., OS bruggia id., OHG brugga id.
A guttural derivative connected with
Gaul briva 'bridge' < *bhrěua, Slav *bn>vb
id. Cf. also ON brú 'bridge' < *brb~wb~.
Kuhn KZ I 1 34 (to Skt bhrú- 'brow, eye-
brow', Gk ócppúi; id.); Meringer ]\'uS
I 189; Torp-Falk 281; Lané Language
LX 253-254; Holthausen AEEW 37;
Pokorný I 173; Vries ^7VEH'59, 61-62;
Zalizniak II 179; Seebold /FLXXXVII
189-191; Trubachev ESSJa III 71-72;
Kluge-Seebold 138.
*bru3nó sb.f.: Norw dial. brogn, brogne
'twig', OE brojnfej id. Closely related to
W brwyn-en 'bulrush', OCorn brunnen 'jun-
cus, scirpus', Bret broenn-enn < *bhrugh-no-.
Holthausen AEEh ' 36; Pokorný I 174.
*brukón sb.m.: Goth ga-bruka 'broken
piece, crumb', OE se-broc 'broken piece,
fragment' (neut.), OHG brocko 'a kind of
biscuiť. Comparison with *brekanan (Cur-
tius Gr. Et. 542; Gůntert Ablaut 54,
79-86) is impeded by uhe vocalism of
*brukon (but cf. *trunjaz ~ *brunon).
Torp-Falk 277; Hirt Idg. Gr. II 82
Holthausen AEEW 36; Feist 176
Walde-Hofmann I 541; Pokorný I 165
Lehmann GED 134.
*foruman sb.n.: ON brum 'buď, OHG
brom id. Probably from *bru3man, related
to *bru3no. Bugge BB III 99 (to 'La.tfrdns
'foliage, branch, bow'); Lidén Studien 96
(samé as Bugge); Torp-Falk 105 (follow
Bugge); Pokorný I 142; Vries ANEW 60
(to OE bróm 'shrub from which besoms
are made, broom').
*brunap5n sb.m.: Swed brdnad 'conflagra-
tion', OE brúnéda 'a kind of disease',
OHG bronado 'scab, rash'. Derived from
*brunjaz ~ *brunon. Torp-Falk 263.
*brunjaz ~ *brunón sb.m.: ON
bruni 'burned lava-fielď, OE bryne 'burn-
ing, fláme, fire'. Related to *brennanan.
Torp-Falk 263; Holthausen AEE]V 37;
Vries ANEW 61.
*brunjón sb.f: Goth brunjo 'armor, breast-
plate', ON brynja 'coat of mail', OE byrne
'corslet, coat of mail', OS brunnia id.,
OHG brunna, brunnl id. Borrowed from
Celtic, cf. Olr bruinne 'breasť, OW bronn
id., Bret bronn id. (Stokes Urkelt. 184).
Grienberger Got. 53 (to *brúwo);
Wtedemann BB XXVII 235 (to Alb mbrej
'to harness', brinje 'rib'); Wood iWUVXIII
82 (to *bher- 'to carry'); Petersson IF
XXIII 390-392 (to Lat frbns 'forehead');
Torp-Falk 282; Holthausen AEE)V
41; Feist 107-108; Szadrowsky GRM
XXXI 273; Pokorný I 170; Vendryes
B-104-105; Vries A^E]\' 62; Zalizniak
I 155; Lehmann GED 81-82; Kluge-
Seebold 139 (to *brustz).
*brunnón sb.m.: Goth brunna 'fountain,
source', ON brunnr, brudr 'spring, well'
(from *brunnaz), OE burna 'stream', OFris
burna 'spring, well', OS brunno, burno id.,
OHG brunno id. Based on an r//-stem
reflected in Arm albiwr 'founť, Gk ippéap
'well, reservoir'. Johansson BB XVIII
37; Stokes Urkelt. 172 (to Mír bruinnid 'to
make spouť); Osten-Sacken IF XXIII
379 (to Slav *brujati 'to stream'); Walde
KZ XXXIV 517; Torp-Falk 264;
Holthausen AEEW 39; Feist 108;
Pokorný I 144; Vries ANEW 61; Zaliz-
niak II 178; Frisk II 1040-1041; Onions
128; Lehmann GED 82; Kluge-Seebold
139-140.
*brunstiz sb.f: Goth ala-brunsts 'burnt
offering', OHG brunst 'fire, burning, in-
brunstiz
59
bručtiz
flammation'. Derived from *brennanan.
Torp-Falk 263; Feist 33-34; Seebold
138; Lehmann GED 24-25; Kluge-
Seebold 140.
*bruskaz sb.m.: Norw brusk 'bush', LG
briisch 'hair-lock'. Close to Lith pl. bruzgai
'scrub, copse, bush', brúzgas 'rod, twig'.
Fiok III 282; Torp-Falk 282; Pokorný I
172; Fraenkel 61.
*brustz sb.f.: Goth brusts 'breasť, OFris
brust id., MLG borst id., OHG brust id.
(also an i-stem). Identical with Slav
*brbstt>, *brbstb 'buď. Grimm D]V II
443 (to *breutanari); Zupitza Gutt. 129;
Bugge PBB XIII 320-322 (to Slav pl.
*pbrsi 'breasť); Grienberger Got. 53-54
(to *bruwd); Uhlenbegk PBB XXX 271;
Johansson IF XrX 117-118 (to Slav
*bbrdo 'hill, elevation'); Petersson IF
XXIII 391 (to IE *bhreus- 'to swell');
Torp-Falk 283; Feist 108-109; Pokorný
I 170-171 (to Olr brú 'belly'); Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 61; Vries AMEW 57;
Zalizniak II 206; Trubachev ESSJa III
57—58; Lehmann GED 82; Bammesberger
Mom. 200; Griepentrog ]Vurzelnomina
463-471; Keuge-Seebold 139-140 (to
Slav *grqdb 'breasť).
*brutan sb.n.: ON brot 'broken piece, frag-
ment', OE 3e-brot 'fragment'. Derived
from *breutanan. Holthausen AEEJ\' 36;
Vries AMEW 59; Seebold 141; Bammes-
berger Mom. 56.
*brutjójanan wk.vb.: ON brytja 'to chop',
OE bryttian 'to divide into fragments'.
Related to *brutjdn. Holthausen AEE] V
38; Pokorný I 169; Vries ANEW 62.
*brutjón sb.m.: ON bryti 'steward, bailiff',
OE brytta 'bestower, dispenser, distribu-
tor'. Derived from *breutanan. Torp-
Falk 282; Holthausen AEEW 37;
Pokorný I 169; Vries ANEW 62;
Seebold 141; Bammesberger Mom. 182.
*bruban sb.n.: ON brod 'brodť, OE brod
id., OHG brod id. Continues IE *bhrúto-
identical with Olr bruth 'heať, Thrac
PpíiTO? 'barley beer', Ppothog- xo ek
KpiGcov 7tó|ia, Hes. (Tomaschek Thr. 11/ 1
7) furťher belonging to IE *bhreu- 'to
move strongly', see *brewwanan. Torp-
Falk 281; Holthausen AEEW 36
Detschew Thr. 93; Pokorný I 145
Georgiev Issledov. 1 19; Vries AMEW 58
Zalizniak I 139; Onions 121; Bammes-
berger Mom. 79.
*bruzdaz sb.m.: ON broddr 'spike, shafť,
OE brord 'prick, sharp poinť, OHG brort
'edge, stem'. Continues *bhrazdhos <
*bhrus-dh-. Related to Lith bruzdúklis 'bri-
dle', Slav *brt>zda id. Pedersen IFV 73;
Meillet Etudes I 156; Torp-Falk 266;
Trautmann 5511' 39; Holthausen
AEE]V 36; Pokorný I 110; Fraenkel I
60; Vries ANEW 58; Zaeizniak I 129;
Onions 1 12; Trubachev ESSJa III 62.
*bruzčtjanan wk.vb.: ON brydda 'to prick,
to poinť, OE bryrdan 'to prick, to goaď.
Derived from *bruzdaz. Holthausen
AEEW 37; Vries AMEW 61.
*brúčti-3umón sb.m.: ON britš-gumi
'bridegroom', OE brýd-guma id., OFris
breid-goma id., OS brúdi-gomo id., OHG
brúti-gomo id. Compound of *brúdiz
and *3umon. Torp-Falk 282; Schmidt
ZDADL LI 28-287; Carr Mom. comp. 46;
Peeters K£ XC 8-9; Kluge-Seebold
132-133.
*brúčti-xlaupan sb.n.: ON brúS-laup
'bride's journey', OFris bro-lop id. Cf. also
OS brúd-loht, MHG brút-louft. Compound
of *brudiz and *xlaupan. Sghróder
~DADL LXI 17-34 (reconstructs the ori-
ginál meaning as 'bride's dance'); Krog-
mann IIMXVI 80-90; Torp-Faek 282;
Carr Mom. comp. 46; Vries AME]V 59;
Ktuge-Seebold 133.
*brúdiz sb.f: Goth brups 'bride, young
wife' (< *Ďrúpiz), ON brúdr 'bride', OE
hýd 'bride, wife', OFris breid 'newly mar-
rieď, OS bríid 'bride, married woman',
OHG brút 'newly married woman, young
woman, daughter-in-law'. Of unknown
origin. Uhlenbeck PBB XXII 188 (<
*mrúti- 'promised, engageď, to Lidr martl
'bride, daughter-in-law', Skt brávlti 'to
speak, to say'); Wood MIM XV 96
(follows Uhlenbeck); Wiedemann BB
XXVII 205 (samé as Wood); Bugge PBB
brudiz
60
budan
XIII 184-185 (from *per-údhi-, based on
*uedh- 'to leaď); Torp Festschr. Unger 1 74
(samé as Uhlenbeck); Braune PBB
XXXII 58 (to Lat Frutis, epithet of
Venus); Kluge PBB XXXIV 561-562
(foUows Braune); Helten PBB XXXV
306—310 (to *braudan, for the meaning
cf. OE hléj-di^e 'bread-kneader, mistress,
lady'); van Helten %LPh XLII 446-447
(to Slav *brakt> 'marriage'); Langenhove
LS II 48-64 (from IE *bhr-Hu-eH-ti- 'life-
giving force bearer'); Krogmann ]VuS
XVI 80-90 (to *breutanan); Hammar-
strom Glotta XI 216-217 (to Gk 'Aeppo-
8íxri); Torp-Falk 282; Holthausen
AEEW 37; Feist 103, 110-111; Trier
ZSSR LXV 254-255 (to IE *bhrater-
'brother'); Pokorný I 299; Vries AMEW
59-60; Zalizniak I 150; Onions 117;
Lehmann GED 83—84; Rluge-Seebold
132.
*brúkanan str.vb.: OE brúcan 'to use',
OFris brúka id., OS brúkan id., OHG
brúhhan id. Cf. Goth brukjan id. < *brňk-
janan. Related to Lith braukiú, braukti 'to
smear, to painť, Slav *brusiti 'to wheť.
Tomaschek Thr. 1/30 (to Thrac ethn.
Bp-úyei;); Solmsen K~Z XXXrV 70 (samé
as Tomaschek); Torp-Falk 281; Woods
MPV 270-271 (to *breutanan); Holthau-
sen AEEW 37; Feist 107; Holthausen
AEEW 36; Pokorný I 170, 173 (to Lat
frúx 'fruits of the earth, produce of dre
fields, pulse', fruor 'to enjoy, to delight in');
Chemodanov SGGJa I 91; Onions 120;
Seebold 140—141; ICluge-Seebold 131.
*brúkiz ~ *brukjaz adj.: Goth bruks
'useful', OE brýce id., OHG brúhhi id.
Derived from *brúkanan. Wood MP V
270-271 (to *breutanari); Zupitza Gutt.
96; Feist 107; Walde-Hofmann I
552-553 (to \^Afrúgi 'having merit', dat.
of frúx 'fruiť); Holthausen AEEW 36;
Pokorný I 173; Matzel Festschr. Schroder
97, KZ CV 134-135; Lehmann GED 81;
Bammesberger Mom. 260; Heidermanns
142.
*brúnaz I adj.: ON brúnn 'brown', OE
brún 'dark, brown', OFris brún 'brown',
OS brún-rod 'sparkling reď, OHG brún
'reddish-brown, blackish'. Structurally
identical with Gk tppíivoc; 'frog' <
*'brown' (Kuhn R'Z I 200). Further re-
lated to IE *bhreu-, cf. Skt babhrú- 'red-
dish-brown, brown'. Torp-Falk 264;
Schwentner FB 56-59; Holthausen
AEE]V 36 (adds Slav *bruněti 'to shine');
FvROGMANN ÍQLPh LXVII 1-10; IvARSTEN
MB II 204-205; Mayrhofer II 409-410;
Pokorný I 136; Dybo VSJa 26; Vries
AMEW 61; Frisk II 1047; Onions 121;
Heidermanns 143; Kluge-Seebold 132.
*brúnaz II adj.: ON sbst. brún 'edge', OE
brún 'shining, flashing'. Related to Olr brů
'border, edge, shore', Lith briauna 'edge'
(Persson Beitráge 17-19, 750-752: further
to *brúwo). Holthausen AEEW 36;
Pokorný I 170-173; Fraenkel 57; Vries
AMEW 60; Zalizniak II 220; Heider-
manns 143 (identifies *brúnaz I and II);
Adams TB "ilA (identical with Toch A
pdrwam, B pdrwane 'brows').
*brús5janan wk.vb.: Swed brúsa 'to roar,
to thunder', MLG brúsen id., MHG brúsen
id. Of imitative origin. Persson UUA
1891 164 (to Gk (pprjáooonai 'to neigh,
to be wanton'); Pokorný I 171-172;
Vries AMEW 61.
*brúwó sb.f: ON brún 'eyebrow' (general-
ized pl. stem), OE brú 'eyebrow'. Related
to Toch A duál pdrwan-, B pdrwane id.,
Skt bhru- id., Gk ócppvq id., Maced
áftpovxeq (leg. áftpovfeq)- 6(fpvq. Mase-
8Óveí; (Hes.), Mír brúad, Lith bruvis id.,
Slav *bry, gen. -~bve id. FvRetschmer
Einleitung 287 (on Macedonian); Hoff-
mann Mak. 51 (conjecture for Macedo-
nian); Torp-Falk 281; Holthausen
AEEW 36; Mayrhofer II 534-536;
Pokorný I 172-173; Fraenkel 57;
Zalizniak II 220; Frisk II 454; Onions
121; Trubachev ESSJa III 63-64;
Gindin Etim. 1984 41 (Maced áfSpoíctEq
= Slav pl. *brudi 'whiskers').
*budan sb.n.: ON bod 'bid, command-
menť, OE bod 'command, command-
menť, OFris bod id, OS gi-bod id, OHG
bot 'authoritative pronouncemenť . De-
budan
61
bukkaz
rived from *beudanan. Torp-Falk 274;
Holthausen AEE]V 28; Pokorný I 151;
Seebold 109; Bammesberger Nom. 56.
*buddon sb.m.: ON prop. Boddi, Norw
buiia 'newborn domestic animal', ME
budde 'buď, LG budde 'louse'. Of descriptive
origin. Holthausen AEEW 38; Vries
ANEW47; Kluge-Seebold 105-106.
*budmaz ~ *butmaz sb.m.: ON botn
'bottom' (*-t-), OE bodán id. (also botm
with *-/-), OFris bodem id., OS bodom id.,
OHG bodám id. (<*-J>-). Unexplained
fluctuations in the intervocalic dental.
Close to Gk mj9ur|v id. and further to
Skt budhná- 'bottom, grounď, Av buna- id.
(?< *bhundhno-), Lat fundus 'bottom'.
Petersson SVSL I 17-18 (alternation *d:
*dh explained from the paradigm nom.
*bhudh-, gen. *bhu(n)dnes); Bartholomae
968-969; Torp-Falk 275 (add OE
byden 'bushel, barrel', MLG bodem 'cask',
OHG butin(a) id. which are from MLat
butina 'bottle, vessel'); Porzig TTh.S XV
112-133; Nordmeyer GR XIII 127-
129; Holthausen AEEW 31; Walde-
Hofmann I 564-565; Mayrhofer II 438;
Pokorný I 174; Vrtes ANEW 51; Zaliz-
niak II 226; Frisk II 620-621; Onions
109; Lůhr Expr. 340-341; Kluge-
Seebold 122-123.
*bud5janan wk.vb.: ON bodá 'to an-
nounce', OE bodían 'to telí, to announce',
OFris bodia 'to summon', MLG boden id.,
MHG boten id. Derived from *beudanan.
Holthausen AEEW 28; Vries ANEW
46-47.
*buŮ5n sb.m.: Burg *buda 'messenger',
ON bodi id., OE bodá id., OFris bodá id,
OS bodo id, OHG boto id Derived from
*beudanan. Torp-Falk 275; Holthau-
sen AEEW 28; Pokorný I 151; Vries
ANEW AI; Zalizniak I 139; Onions 104;
Seebold 1 09; Bammesberger Nom. 1 74;
Kobler 709; Kluge-Seebold 128.
*bu3Ón sb.m.: Crim. Goth boga 'bow', ON
bogi id., OE bosá id., OFris boga id., OS
swi-bogo 'vaulť, OHG bogo 'arch, bow'.
Derived from *beu3anan. Torp-Falk
273; Holthausen AEEW 29; Feist 102;
Pokorný I 152-153; Vries ANEW 47;
Zalizniak I 153; Onions 111; Seebold
111; Lehmann GED 73, 77; Bammes-
berger Nom. 174; Kluge-Seebold 123.
*bu3Ílaz sb.m.: ON bygill 'stirrup', MLG
bogel 'hanger, G Biigel id. Derived from
*beu3anan. Vrtes ANE\V 67; Kluge-
Seebold 143.
*bu3Íz sb.m.: ON bugr 'bowing, winding',
OE bý^e 'bowing, bending, angle', MDu
boge 'bend'. Derived from *beu3anan.
Holthausen AEEW 39; Vries ANEW bZ;
Seebold 111.
*bu3Janan wk.vb.: Goth bugjan 'to buy',
ON byggja 'to let out, to lend', OE byc^an
'to buy', OS buggian id. Derived from
*beu3anan (Grienberger Got. 54). For tíre
semantic development cf. Gk rccoXéeo 'to
seli' ~ néX(ů 'to turn, to spin'. Osthoff
IF V 293-295; Uhlenbegk Btrg. Gesch.
XXX 2777; Loewenthal ANW XXXII
282 (to Gk <peúyto 'to fly'); Torp-Falk
274; Holthausen AEEW 39; Feist 111;
Pokorný I 153; Vries ANEW 67; Benve-
niste 1 1 0-1 1 1 (to Av baog- 'to savé, to
redeem, to liberate'); Seebold 111; Ben-
veniste IEL 1 08—1 1 1 ; Lindeman Verschdr-
fung 15.3; Lehmann GED 84.
*buxtiz sb.f.: ON bot 'patch', OE byht
'bending, corner' (mase.), MLG bucht
'bay', G Bucht id. Derived from *beu3anan.
Holthausen yl££I V 39; Vries ANE] V 5 1 ;
Kluge-Seebold 142.
*bukjanan wk.vb.: OFris buekia 'to bend',
MLG bucken id., MHG bůcken id. Based on
the unattested *beukanan to be compared
with Skt bhujáti id., \rfid-bocc 'wood bow'.
Mayrhofer II 504-506; Pokorný I 153.
*bukkaz sb.m.: ON bukkr, bokkr 'buck',
OE bucc 'roebuck', MLG buck 'goat, ram',
OHG boc, buc id. Borrowed from the
Celtic word for 'he-goať, cf. Mír boce, W
bwch, Corn boch, Bret bouc'h (Pedersen
Litteús VII 23-24). Meillet MSL XV
356 (hypocoristic gemination); Zupitza
Gutt. 196; Torp-Falk 273 (related to
Celtic and other Indo-European forms
continuing *bhugos ~ *bhukkos); Lané Lan-
guage VII 282 (to *beu3anan); Marttnet
bukkaz
62
burda-hakan
Gém. 87, 138-139; Porzig Gliederung 115;
Pokorný I 174; Vries AMEW 64;
Zalizniak II 178; Onions 122; Kluge-
Seebold 122.
*bukkón sb.m.: ON bokki 'he-goať, OE
bucca id. See *bukkaz. Holthausen
AEEW3&; Martinet Gém. 113, 139, 178;
Onions 122.
*bulaz ~ *buló sb.m./f.: ON bolr, bulr
'trunk', MLG bole 'plank', MHG bole id.
Related to *búljo(n). Torp-Falk 266 (to
Slav *b-blvan-b 'idol'); Vries AMEW 49 (to
*bhel- 'to swell').
*bul3J6n sb.f.: ON bylga 'billow', MLG
bulge 'rising wave', MHG bulge 'storm
wave'. Derived from *belsanan. Torp-
Faek 268; Pokorný I 126; Vries AMEW
67; Kluge-Seebold 144.
*buljanan wk.vb.: ON bylja 'to roar', OE
byl$an 'to offend, to anger', MDu bullen
'to race, to rage', MHG bullen 'to bark'.
Connected with *bellanan I. Holthau-
sen AEE]V 40; Pokorný I 123; Vries
AMEW 67.
*bullón sb.m.: ON bolli 'bowl', OE bolla
'round vessel, cup, poť, OFris strot-bolla
'larynx', OS bollo 'cup', OHG bolla 'bud,
round pod, globular vessď (fem.).
Related to *bul(j)6n. Torp-Falk 267 (to
Lat follis 'purse, bag'); Holthausen
AEElť30; Marttnet Gém. 194; Pokorný
I 121 (to IE *bhel- 'to swell, to blow);
Vries AMW 49; Onions 111.
*bull6janan wk.vb.: Icel-Norw bulla 'to
babble', OHG bullou 'to howl, to bark'.
Related to *Ďellanan II. Marttnet Gém.
142; Pokorný I 123.
*bulójanan wk.vb.: ON bola 'to fell trees',
OHG bolon 'to roli'. Derived from *bulaz
~ *bulo. Vries AMEW 48.
*bulón sb.m.: ON boli 'bull', OE bula
'young bull', MDu bul, bolle 'bull'. WGmc
words reflect *bull- < *buln- extracted
from oblique cases of *bulon. Perhaps
connected with Thrac póAivGoi; 'wild
bull' < *bhul-ento- (Tomaschek Thr. 11/ 1
5). Torp-Falk 266; Detsohew Thr. 74;
Pokorný I 121 (to IE *bhel- 'to swell');
Georgiev Issledov. 119; Vries AME]V 49;
Lerchner 55-56; Kluge-Seebold 144.
*bulstraz sb.m.: ON bólstr 'cushion', OE
bolster 'bolster, pillow', MDu bolster id.,
OHG bolstar id. Probably from *bulxstraz,
to *belsanan. Torp-Falk 268; Holthau-
sen AEEW 30; Vries AME]V 49; Onions
105; Seebold 100; Bammesberger Mom.
87; Kluge-Seebold 639-640.
*bultaz sb.m.: ON boltr 'bolť, OE holt id.,
MLG bolte id., OHG bolz 'catapulť.
Probably related to Lat fullo 'to trample',
Lith béldžiu, bélsti 'to knock, to rap', bildu,
bildeti 'to crash, to thuď. Bruch ^DADL
LXXIII 75-86; Torp-Falk 268; Walde-
Hofmann I 560-561; Holthausen
AE£n r 30; Pokorný I 124; Fraenkel 39;
Vries AMEW 49; Onions 105; Kluge-
Seebold 124.
*bun3Ón sb.f./m.: ON bunga 'elevation,
convexity', MLG bunge 'drum', OHG
bungo 'tuber'. Related to Skt bahú- 'much,
abundant, large', Gk na%vq 'thick', Latv
biezs id., Lith búožé 'knob'. Zupitza Gutt.
177; Mann Language XXVI 387 (to Alb
bung 'a kind of oak'); Pokorný I 128;
Fraenkel 64; Vries AMEJV 65.
*bunkojanan wk.vb.: OSwed buňka 'to
strike, to hit', MLG bunken id., G bunken
id. Denominative of *bunkon. Pokorný I
115 (to IE *bheg- 'to break, to strike');
Frisk II 484-485.
*bunkón sb.m.: ON bunki 'heap, pile', Du
bonk 'clump, cloť. To be compared with
Alb bung 'a kind of oak, Quercus sessi-
flora' < PAlb *bunga, further to *bheu- 'to
grow' (see *bewwanati). Torp-Falk 259
(to *bankiz); Vries ANE1V 65 (to Icel buna
'ox bone'); Lerchner 41—44; Orel AED
41-42.
*buran sb.n.: Goth ga-baur 'tribute, contri-
bution, tax, ^.oyeía, cpópoi;', OHG gi-bor
'progeny, offspring'. Derived from *bera-
nan. Kluge KZ XXVI 71; Feist 174;
Seebold 105; Bammesberger Mom. 58.
*buraz sb.m.: ON bon 'borer', OE bór
id., MLG bor id. Connected with *buro-
janan. Holthausen AEE]V 30; Vries
AMEW 51.
*burda-pakan ~ *burda-pak5n sb.n./m.:
burda-l)akan
63
bur3Z
ON bord-pak 'covering of planks', OE
bord-daca 'board thatch, a cover of a
house, snare'. Compound of *burdan and
*pakan. Carr Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*burdan sb.n.: Goth fotu-baurd 'footstool',
ON bord 'board, plank', OE hord id.,
OFris bord id., OS bord id., OHG bort
'deek'. A secondary ablaut variant is
*bardan > ON barů 'edge, brim' some-
times explained from *bardaz (Torp-Falk
262; Zalizniak II 166) or compared with
Lith barta 'boarď (Vries ANEW 26).
Togeťher with Umbr furf-ant '(they) put
upon the board' and Slav *bbrdo 'reed (in
loom), mountain ridge' continues IE
*bhrdho- (DlEFENBAOH K? XVI 221).
Uhlenbeok AfslPh XV 483 (Slav *bbrdo
from Germanic); Brůckner AfslPh XLII
127 (against Uhlenbeck); Torp-Falk
262-263; Holthausen AEEW 30; Feist
159; Trier Holi 86-87; Pokorný I 138;
Vries ANEW 50 (separates *turďan
'board' from *burdan 'edge, board of a
ship'); Zalizniak I 139; Onions 103;
Trubaohev Rem. 26-31, 131, ESSJa III
164-166; Anttila Schw. 91; Lehmann
GED 121; Kluge-Seebold 126.
*burdón sb.m.: ON bordi 'border', OE
horda 'hem, trimming', OS horda id.,
OHG borto id. A morphological variant of
*burdan. Holthausen AEEH r 30; Vries
ANEW 50.
*burdin3az sb.m.: ON byrdingr 'mer-
chant ship', MLG bordinc 'small vehicle'.
Derived from *burian (Falk ]VuS IV
111-112). Vries ANEW 67.
*burdiz sb.f: Goth ga-baurps 'birth', ON
mase. burdr id., OE y-byrd id., OFris herd,
berde id., OS gi-burd id. (mase), OHG gi-
burt id. Continues IE *bhrtí-, cf. Olr breth,
brith id. < *bhrta. Further related to
*beranan. Torp-Falk 261; Holthausen
AEEW 40; Feist 175; Pokorný I 131;
Zalizniak II 176; Vries ANEW 68;
Onions 96; Seebold 105; Trubaohev
ESSJa III 97-98; Lehmann GED 134;
Bammesberger Nom. 141; Kluge-
Seebold 304.
*burdjanan wk.vb.: ON byrša 'to em-
broider', OE byrdan id., OS burdian
id. Derived from *burdan. Holthausen
AEEW 40; Vries ANEW 67.
*bur3ěnan ~ *bur3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON
borga 'to bail, to pay', OE bor^ian 'to bor-
row', OFris borgia id., MLG borgen id.,
OHG borgen id., ir-borgon 'to promise'.
Derived from *ber^anan. Torp-Falk
265; Holthausen AEEW 31; Vries
ANE]V 50; Onions 108; Kluge-Seebold
126.
*bur3Jan sb.n.: ON byrgi 'enclosure,
fence', OE eord-byrj 'earth mound'
(fem.). Derived from *bur^z. Holthau-
sen AEEW 41; Vries ANEW 68.
*bur3Janan I wk.vb.: ON byrgja 'to close,
to shuť, OE byrdan 'to bury'. Cf. also
OHG borgen id. Derived from *ber$anan.
Holthausen AEEW A:\\ Vries ANEW 68;
Seebold 107.
*bur3Janan II wk.vb.: ON á-byrgja 'to
answer for, to také care of ', OE on-byr^an
'to vouch for', MLG borgen id., OHG
unter-burgen 'to fake'. Related to *bur^ěnan
~ *bur3qjanan. Holthausen AEE]V 41;
Vries ^JV£ir 68.
*bur3z sb.f: Goth baurgs 'castle, citadel,
city', ON borg 'hillock, wall, castle, city' (i-
stem), OE Aarj 'fortified pláce, castle,
city', OFris burch, burich id., OS burg id.
(also an z-stem), OHG burg id. (also an
z-stem). Corresponds to Av bmz- 'high',
Arm barjr id. < *bhrghu-, Olr brí 'hill'.
Other parallels see s.v. *ber^anan. Bréal
MSL VII 135-136 (to Gk Trépyoq 'tower,
fortification, castle'); VIuch ^TJADL XLI
113, ]VuS XII 353 (partly from Lat burgus
'castle, fořt, fortress' < Gk rcúpycx;);
Zupitza Gutt. 204; Jacobsohn £^XLVIII
139-140 (to Gk tpúpKOc;- teíxoq, Hes.);
Kretschmer Glotta XXII 100-102 (from
the samé North Balkán source as Gk
Jťúpyoc;); Gutenbrunner ÁJ3ADL LXXII
173-175; Bartholomae 949-950; Torp-
Falk 265; Holthausen AEE]V 38; Feist
85—86; Porzig Gliederung 173; Pokorný I
140-141; Vries ANEW 50 (to Gk
tppáaacú 'to fence in, to fortify', ipúpKOi;
bur3Z
64
bukaz
ValT); Zalizniak II 206; Onions 108;
Motz IF LXXXI 204-220; Lehmann
GED 64—65 (influenced by Lat burgus);
Bammesberger Nom. 195-196; Grie-
pentrog IVurzelnomina 91-116; Kluge-
Seebold 145—146.
*fourilón sb.m.: ON byrli 'cup-bearer', OE
byrele id. Derived from *burilaz, see *Ďeri-
laz. Holthausen AEE]V 41; Vries
ANEW 68.
*fouriz I sb.m.: Goth baur 'he who is born,
yevT]TÓ<;', ON burr 'son', OE byre id.
Derived from *teranan. Torp-Falk 261;
Holthausen AEE]V 40; Feist 84—85;
Vries ANEW 65; Pokorný I 131; See-
bold 105; Lehmann GED 64; Bammes-
berger Nom. 132.
*fouriz II sb.m.: ON byrr 'fair winď, OE
byre 'event, opportunity', WFris bur
'winď, MLG bore-los 'widrout fair winď.
Related to Slav *bur'a 'storm' (Uhlen-
beck PBB XXX 278; Lewy IF XXXII
158-159). Torp-Falk 261; Holthau-
sen AEEW 40; Pokorný I 131; Vries
ANEW 68; Trubachev ESSJa III 97-98.
*fourjanan ~ *burjójanan wk.vb.: ON
byrja 'to begin', OE býrian 'to happen',
OFris bera id., OS gi-burian 'to také care
of, to befiť, OHG purren 'to happen, to
be due'. Derived from *buriz LI. Torp-
Falk 261; Holthausen AEE1V 41; Trter
Holz 88; Pokorný I 131 (to *beranarí);
Vries ANEW 68; Kluge-Seebold 304.
*fourjaz adj.: Goth adv. ga-baurjaba 'gladly,
with pleasure', OE am-byr 'favourable'.
Related to *buriz II. Feist 175; Holt-
hausen AEEW 3, 5; Matzel KZ CIV
240-250, CV 135; Bammesberger ESts
LXIV 97-101 (reconstructs *buruz from
*beranan); Heidermanns 144.
*fourójanan wk.vb.: ON bóra 'to bore',
OE bórian id., OS boron id., OHG bordn
id. Related to *barjanan. Torp-Falk
261; Endzeltn K£ LU 124 (to Latv birze
'furrow in the field of corn'); Holthausen
AEEW 31; Pokorný I 135; Vries ANEW
49-50; Onions 108; Kluge-Seebold
124.
*fourón sb.f: ON bóra 'bore-hole', latě
OHG bóra 'auger'. Related to *burajanan.
Onions 108.
*fourstiz sb.f: ON burst 'bristle', OE byrst
id. (neut.), OS bursta id. (o-stem), OHG
burst id. (neut.), bursta id. (o-stem). Iden-
tical with Skt bhrslí- 'sharp point'. Cf. also
Slav *b~brščb 'kind of plant, Heracleum'
(Petr BB XXI 211). Torp-Falk 266
Holthausen AEE]V 41; Pokorný I 109
Vries ANEW 65; Zalizniak II 195
Onions 1 1 9; Trubachev ESSJa III
131-132; Kluge-Seebold 127.
*burj3Ín sb.f: Gouh baurpei 'burden, loaď,
OFris berde id., OHG burdí id. Based on
*bhrti- attested in Skt bhrtí- 'load, burden',
cf. also bhrtyd 'care, fooď. For further
connections see *beranan. Torp-Falk
261; Feist 86; Pokorný I 131; Vries
ANE1V 67-68; Zalizniak II 220; Onions
127; Lehmann GED 65; Kluge-Seebold
145.
*buskaz sb.m.: Norw busk 'bush', ME
busch, busche id., MLG busch id., OHG
buse id. Derived from *bow(w)anan.
Torp-Falk 276-277; Vries ANEW 66
(from latě Lat boscus 'a forest where wood
gathering is permitteď); Kluge-Seebold
147 (to nruskaz).
*buttaz ~ *bútaz sb.m.: ON bútr 'log',
LG adj. butt 'blunt, plump', MHG butze
'eut out piece'. Probably related to *bau-
tanan. Torp-Falk 274; Vries ANE\ V 66.
*buj)lan sb.n.: ON bál 'farm, abode', OE
hold 'building, dwelling, house', OFris
bodel 'movable property', OS bodal 'land
property'. Derived from *bów(w)anan.
Structurally similar to Lith hukla 'resi-
dence, camp' < *bhu-tlo-. Torp-Falk
272-273; Holthausen AEEW 30; Fraen-
kel 68; Vries ANEW 48; Onions 124;
Seebold 126; Kluge-Seebold 143 (ON
to MLG boule 'sleeping pláce', MHG buole
id. < *bolon further compared with Lith
guolis 'resting-place').
*búkaz sb.m.: ON búkr 'trunk, body', OE
búc 'belly, stomach', OFris buk 'trunk,
body', MLG buk id., OHG biih 'sto-
bukaz
65
buwon
mach, womb'. A descriptive formation.
Osthoff BB XXIX 255 (to OE búc 'bot-
tle, jug'); Torp-Falk 273 (to Heu^anan);
Holthausen A]VN 29 (to Latv baugas
'intestines'); Vries ANE]V 64 (samé as
Torp-Falk); Pokorný I 1 00; Zalizniak I
130; Onions 123, 125; Kluge-Seebold 85.
*búlj6(n) sb.f.: ON bála 'blister', OE býl
(mase), hýle 'bile, blotch, sore', OFris bil,
běh id., OS bíila id., OHG bulla 'blister,
pimple, swelling'. Cf. Skt bulí- 'buttoeks,
vulva', buri- 'vulva' (reflecting unaspirated
*b), Lith bulis id. Osthoff Suppl. 66-67
(to IE *bheu- 'to grow); ZuprrzA Gutt. 72;
Persson Beitráge 30; Torp-Falk 274-276;
Holthausen AEE] V 39; Feist 511; Mayr-
hofer II 439-440; Pokorný I 98-102;
Vries ANE]V 48; Fraenkel 63-64;
Onions 104; Lehmann GED 371; Kluge-
Seebold 105, 143.
*foúran sb.n.: ON búr 'chamber, panťry',
OE búr 'cottage, dwelling, room', OS búr
'dwelling, room' (mase.), OHG búr
'house' (mase.). Close to Messap (Júpiov
oiKTina, Hes. (Krahe IF XLVII 326,
Spr. Vorz. 104). Further to *bow(w)anan.
Torp-Falk 273; Holthausen AEE]V 38;
Porzig Gliederung 129; Pokorný I 146,
149; Vries ANE]V 65; Zalizniak II 167;
Onions 111; Seebold 126; Lehmann
GED 64; Bammesberger Nom. 75; Kluge-
Seebold 86.
*búsniz sb.f.: Goth ana-busns 'command,
commandmenť, ON býsn 'wonder', OE
býsen 'example, pattern', OS am-búsan
'order'. Derivative in *-sni- based on
*beuianan. Brugmann Grundriji I 705
(compensatory length in *-ú- < *-us-)\
Torp-Falk 275; Holthausen AEE] V 4-1;
Feist 41-42; Vries ANEW 68; Seebold
109; Lehmann GED 31; Bammesberger
Nom. 148.
*búsójanan str.vb.: Norw husa 'to dart, to
make a dash', EFris bušen 'to be turbu-
lent, to storm', MDu búsen 'to tipple'.
Related to Slav *bystn> 'quick'. Torp-
Falk 276; Vries ANEW 68; Trubaohev
ESSJa III 153-154.
*búpó ~ *bój5Ón sb.f.: ON búd 'abode,
booth', MLG bode 'huť (*-£-), MHG buode
id. (-o-). Derived from *bow(w)anan.
Structurally close to Olr both 'huť <
*bhuta, Lith bútas 'house', OPrus buttan
id., Slav *byto 'stay, possessions'. Torp-
Falk 272; Trautmann BSW 40-42;
Fraenkel 68; Vries ANEW 63; Truba-
chev ESSJa III 155; Lehmann GED 64;
Kluge-Seebold 142.
"•^búwa-landan sb.n.: ON bú-land 'home-
lanď, OS bú-land 'cultivated lanď. Com-
pound of *búwan and Handan. Carr
Mom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*búwan sb.n.: ON bú 'house, estate', OE
bú 'dwelling', OS bú id. Derived from
*bow(w)anan. Torp-Falk 272; Holt-
hausen AEEh r 38; Pokorný I 149; Vries
ANEW 63, 67; Seebold 125; Lehmann
GED 64.
*búwiz sb.m.: ON býr 'town, village,
farm'. Identical with Lidi bSvis 'resi-
dence'. Furdier derived from *bow(w)a-
nan. Torp-Falk 272; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 73; Fraenkel 68.
*búwón sb.m.: ON bii 'dweller', OHG
erd-búwo 'inhabitant of the earth'. Derived
from *bow(w)anan. Vries ANE]V 63.
*dabanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-daban 'to hap-
pen, to be suitable', OE part. se-dafen
'becoming, fit, suitable'. Related to Arm
darhin 'smith' (< *dhabhro-), Lat faber
'forger, smith, artificer, carpenter, joiner',
Lith daba 'nature, way' (if not from
Slavic), daba? 'now', Slav *doba 'time',
*dobiti 'to form, to decorate'. Torp-
Falk 200-201; Holthausen AEEW 69;
Walde-Hofmann I 436-437; Feist
176-177; Pokorný I 233-234; Fraenkel
79; Seebold 146; Trubachev ESSJa V
38-39; Lehmann GED 134-135; Kluge-
Seebold 166.
*dabjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dabba 'to
tap', E dab 'to tap lightly', EFris dafeii 'to
strike', MDu dabben 'to patter', G tappen
id. An imitative verb. However, a con-
nection with *daianan cannot be ruled
out — in this čase cf. Slav *dobiti 'to form,
to decorate'. Vries ANEW T 7 1 (to *dab-
jaz); Trubachev ESSJa V 38-39.
*dabjaz sb.m.: Norw dial. dab, dabbe 'small
fat person', MHG tappe 'clumsy man'.
Identical with Slav *dobb 'valiant, noble'.
Loewenthal ANF XXXV 240 (to Skt
dabhnóti 'to hurt, to injure'); Persson
IF XXXV 202 (to Latv depis 'fool');
Pokorný I 233 (to Gk xá<poi; 'funeral
rites; raised platform'); Holthausen
AÍVN 33 (to SCr depati 'to strike'); Vries
ANEW 71.
*dabnójanan wk.vb.: ON dafna 'to thrive
well', OE je-dafenian 'to be becoming, to
fit'. Connected with *daianan. Torp-
Falk 200; Holthausen AEE]V 69; Vrtes
ANEW 71; Lehmann GED 134-135.
*tiačtrójanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dadra 'to
shake, to tremble', G dial. tattern id. Of
imitative origin. Torp-Falk 202.
*da3a-lan3az adj.: ON dag-langr 'all day
long', OE dď3-lan3 'lasting a day', MHG
tage-lanc id. Compound of *da^az and
Han^az. Carr Nom. comp. 88 (parallel
formations).
*tia3a-werkan sb.n.: ON dag-verk 'day's
work', OE dďj-weorc id., OFris dei-werch
id., OS dag-werk id., OHG taga-werk
id. Compound of *da$az and *werkan.
Carr Nom. comp. 52.
*da3az sb.m.: Godr dags 'day', ON dagr id.,
OE í£k3 id., OFris dei id., OS dag id.,
OHG tag id. Identical with Skt ni-daghá-
'heat, summer', Mír daig 'fire', Lith dagas
'summer heať. Continues *dhog*hos, deri-
vative of IE *dheg"h- 'to burn'. Schulze
Kl. Schr. 833, 844-847; Zupitza Gutt.
101, 205; Torp-Falk 199; Holthausen
AEEW 69; Feist 113-114; Walde-
Hofmann I 466—467 (contamination with
IE *agh-r- 'day'); Lané JEGP XXXV
25 (phonetically difficult *-g"h- > *-j-);
IVIayrhofer II 39; Pokorný I 7 (related
to Skt áhar- 'day' with secondary *d-),
240-242; Fraenkel 85-86; Vries ANEW
71-72; Zalizniak I 130; Seebold K~
LXXXI 125; Onions 246; Lehmann GED
86; Bammesberger .Nom. 51; Kluge-
Seebold 812.
*da3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON daga 'to dawn',
OE dasian id., MLG dagen id., OHG
tagěn id. Derived from *da^az. Torp-
Falk 199; Holthausen AEEW 70; Vries
ANEW1X.
*daÍ3az I sb.m.: Gotii daigs 'dough, soft
mass', ON deigr id., OE neut. dá3 id.,
OFris deeg id., MLG dech id., OHG tag
id. Continues *dhoighos derived from IE
*dheigh- 'to kneaď. Close to Toch A tseke
'molded figuře', Skt deha- 'body', Av uz-
daěza- Svalí', Arm dez 'heap', Gk toí%oi;
'wall', Slav *děža 'kneading trough, ves-
sel' < *doighiá. In the Gmc perspective,
substantivated *dai$az II. See *íí3anan.
Bartholomae 411-412; Torp-Falk 206;
Holthausen AEEW 69-70; Feist 114;
Mayrhofer II 65-66; Pokorný I
244-245; Vries ANEW 1^-lb; Zalizniak
I 130; Frisk II 865-866; Onions 286;
Seebold 151; Trubachev ESSJa V 23-
daÍ3az
67
dammaz
24; Lehmann GED 87; Bammesberger
Nom. 52; Heidermanns 145; Kluge-
Seebold 819.
*daÍ3az II adj.: ON deigr 'soft', MLG dech
'pasty', MHG teic 'soft'. Deríved from
*ii3anan. Karsten NB I 58—59; Torp-
Faek 206; Vries ANEW 75; Seebold
151; Matzel Festschr. Schroder 94, K% CV
96; Heidermanns 145; Fsluge- Seebold
819-820.
*daÍ3J6n sb.f.: ON deigja 'dairy-maiď, OE
die^e 'female baker' . Derived from *di^a-
nan or directly from *dai^az I. Formally
close to Slav *děža 'kneading trough, ves-
sel' < *doighia. Sievers PBB L 1 6; Hol-
thausen AEEW 69; Vries ANEW 75;
Onions 242; Seebold 151; Trubaghev
ESSJa V 23-24; Bammesberger Nom.
180-181.
*dailibó sb.f: ON «/ 'deal, share', OHG
teilida 'division'. Derived from *dailjanan.
Torp-Falk 198; Vries ANEW 75.
*dailiz sb.m.: Goth fem. dails 'part, por-
tion, share', latě ON deill 'deal, share',
OE dél 'part', OFris děl id., OS děl id.,
OHG teti id. Identical with Slav *dělb
'part, division'. Further related to *dai-:
*di- 'to divide' with an irregular develop-
ment of the anlaut. Bopp apud Schwei-
zer R~£ I 478 (to Skt dmati 'to bursť);
Wood MLNXX1 39 (to Gk 8ř|taonai 'to
hurt, to damage'); Pedersen K~^ XXXLX
372 (from Slav *dětb 'portion'); Torp-
Falk 198; Holthausen AEE]V 69; Feist
114; Pokorný I 176, 195; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 84; Zalizniak II 185; Onions
247; Martynov Jazyk 17-18 (folio ws
Pedersen); Trubaghev ESSJa V 9-10;
Lehmann GED 87; Fvluge-Seebold 820;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*dailjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-dailjan 'to
divide, to alloť, ON deila 'to divide, to
deal', OE cbélan 'to divide, to separate',
OFris děla id., OS dělian id., OHG teilen
id. Derived from *dailiz. Structurally
close to Lith dailýti 'to divide', Slav *děliti
id. Buga RFV LXX 103; Berneker
I 195; Torp-Falk 198; Holthausen
AEEW 69; Feist 114; Pokorný I 176;
Fraenkel 80; Vries ANEW 75; Mar-
tynov Slav.-germ. 112 (Gmc < Slav); Ben-
veniste IEL 156; Trubachev ESSJa IV
233-234; Lehmann GED 87.
*dailó(n) sb.f: ON deila 'disagreement,
contesť, MHG teile 'division'. Related to
*dailiz. Vries ANEW 75.
*áajjanan wk.vb.: Goth daddjan 'to suckle',
OSw dícggia id. Structurally identical with
Skt dháyati 'to suck, to drink', Osset d&jun
'to suck', Slav *dqJQ, *dojiti 'to suckle, to
milk'. Further related to *dejanan, *dloja-
nan. Torp-Falk 205; Feist 112-113;
Mayrhofer II 93; Pokorný I 241-242;
Vries ANEW 76; Lindeman Verschdtfung
10.4; Trubachev ESSJa V 53-54; Leh-
mann GED 85.
*dalaz ~ *ďalan sb.m./n.: Goth dal(s)
'ravine, pit, valley', ON dalr 'dále', OE
dtsl 'dále, den, giilf ', OFris del 'valley', OS
dal id., OHG tal. Identical wiur W dol
'valley', Slav *doh> id. (Hellouist ANF
VII 171; Meillet Etudes 242-243). Cf.
probably Gk BóXoc; 'round building with a
conical roof. Schweizer KZ I 478;
Sperber WuS VI 40; Loth RC XLII 86;
Torp-Falk 204; Holthausen AEEW 69;
Feist 114-115; Huisman R'Z LXXI 103;
Pokorný I 245; Vries ANEW 72; Frisk I
677; Zalizniak II 186; Onions 242;
Trubaghev ESSJa V 64-65; Bammes-
berger Notn. 54; Fvluge-Seebold 813.
*dal3Ójanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dalga 'to
strike', LG dalgen id. Related to *dul^an.
Torp-Falk 210; Pokorný I 247.
*daljan ~ *daljó sb.n./f: Goth ib-dalja
'declivity, slope' (mase. or neut.), OE of-
drele 'downward slope', dell 'deep hollow,
valley', OFris déle id. MLG delle id., latě
MHG klk id. Derived from *ialaz ~
*ialan. Torp-Falk 204; Holthausen
AEEW 71; Feist 114, 287; Onions 253;
Lehmann GED 202; Kluge-Seebold 169.
*dammaz ~ *tiamman sb.m./n.: ON
dammr 'dam', OFris damm, domm id.,
MLG dam id., MHG tam, tamm id.
Continues *d/i9-mno, based on *dhě-men-,
cf. Skt dhaman- 'statute, law' (Grien-
berger Got. 66). Schroder ZPADL
čtammaz
68
čtarsa
XLII 66 (to IE *dheb- 'thick'); Torp-Falk
201—202 (samé as Grienberger); van
Wijk IFXXW 31-32 (from *dambna-, to
Gk 6«7tx(o 'to bury', Arm damban 'grave');
Wood MB XVIII 84 (from *dhm-uo-, cf.
Gk OajrÓQ 'thick'); Gůntert Labyrinth 30
(pre-IE term); Walde-Pokorny I 850
(follow Sohroder); Pokorný I 238; Vrfes
AMEW 72-73; Onions 242; Lehmann
GED 111; Kluge-Seebold 1 6 1 (back for-
mation from *dammjanan).
*dammjanan wk.vb.: Goth faur-dammjan
'to dam up, to hinder', OE for-demman 'to
dam up', OFris damma 'to fence in',
MHG ver-temmen 'to fence in'. Derived
from *iammaz ~ *tamman. Torp-Falk
201; Holthausen AEEW 71; Feist 146;
Vrtes AME1V 75; Onions 242; Lehmann
GED 111; Kluge-Seebold 161.
*dampaz sb.m.: MLG damp 'steam',
OHG dampf id. Based on str. vb.
*iempanan > MHG dimpfen 'to steam, to
smoke' which can be related to Lith
dumpiú, dúmpti 'to blow'. Pokorný I
247-248 (to Skt dhámati 'to blow', Mír
dera 'black, dark'); Onions 243.
*daniz sb.m.: Goth prop. Danus, ON pl.
Danir 'Dane', OE pl. Dene id., OHG pl.
Teni id. Of uncertain origin. Zachris-
son Festschr. Kock 404-408; Ltndouist MB
106-110 (to *dentanan); Holthausen
AEEW 71; Vries AMEW 73.
*ďan3\vjanan wk.vb.: ON dengja 'to
hammer', OE denc^an 'to knock, to
ding', MHG tengen 'to strike'. Causative of
*denjwanan. Identical with Slav *dqzíti 'to
rush', cf. furťher Lith danginti 'to move, to
resettle'. Torp-Falk 200; Vries AMEW
75; Trubachev ESSJa V 100; Kluge-
Seebold 170.
*dani-mark5 sb.f: ON Dan-mqrk 'Den-
mark', OE Dena-mearc id., OHG Dene-
marca id. Compound of *daniz and
*marko. Vries AME]V 73.
*dankó sb.f: ON dqkk 'pit, pool'. Could be
formally identical with Latv danga 'vault,
angle', Slav *dqga 'are' but the latter seem
to reflect *-gh-. Torp-Falk 200; Vries
AMEW 93; Trubachev ESSJa V 98-99.
*dankwaz ~ *denkwaz adj.: ON dqkkr
'dark', OFris diunk id. Identical with
Hitt dankui- 'black, dark' (Kammenhuber
KZ LXXVII 62). Torp-Falk 201;
Schwentner PBB XLV 457; Karsten
MB II 429-431; Pokorný I 247-248 (to
Mír dm 'black'); Vries AME]V 92; Hei-
dermanns 146, 152, KZ XCLX 297;
Fvluge-Seebold 199.
*dann5n sb.f: OS danna 'pine', OHG
tanna 'fir wooď. If related to Gk Bájivoi;
'thickeť (Fick I 464), *damnón should be
reconstructed. Torp-Falk 200 (to Skt
neut. dhanva- 'bow'); Frisk I 652.
*dapraz adj.: ON dapr 'sad, downcasť,
MLG dapper 'heavy', OHG tapjar id.
Compared with Toch A tpár, B tapre
'high' (Wiedemann BB XXX 216: also to
Slav *dobrb 'gooď, *debeh> 'strong, thick').
Wood MiJVXXI 227 (to Skt dabhrá- 'lit-
de, small'); Torp-Falk 200; Karsten MB
II 257; Pokorný I 239; Chemodanov
SGGJa 1111; Vries ^jVEII r 73; Onions
244; Trubachev ESSJa V 45-46;
Heidermanns 146—147; Kluge-Seebold
815; Adams TB 280 (compares Toch with
*deupaz); Burlak IFTJa 246 (samé as
Adams).
*dar(r)adaz sb.m.: Burg *dards 'spear',
ON darradr 'darť, OE dani id., OHG tart
id. Derived from *darran. Holthausen
AEEW 70; Vries AMEW 74; Onions 244;
Kobler 709.
*darran sb.n.: ON dair 'darť. Borrowed
from Irán *dáru-\ Av dauni- 'trunk,
wooden weapon'. Martinet Gem. 199;
Vries AMEW 74 (to Skt dhara 'edge,
blade').
*darsa str.vb.: Goth ga-dars 'to venture, to
dare', OE dear 'to dare', OFris dur id.,
OS dar, darr id., OHG -tar id. Related to
Skt dhrsnú- 'bold, courageous', Av darši-
'bold, strong', Gk Gpaaút; 'bold, rash',
Oapoéto 'to be courageous', Lith drqsús
'brave' and probably Slav *dbrz~b 'dar-
ing, audacious' (with unexplained *-Z~).
Bartholomae 699; Torp-Falk 203;
Meillet/FV 333; Feist 177-178; Holt-
hausen AEEW 80; Mayrhofer II
darsa
69
dauba-bandan
112-113; Pokorný I 259; Fraenkel
101-102; Frisk I 654-655; Onions 244;
Seebold 147; Trubaohev ESSJa V
228-229; Lehmann GED 135.
*dasón ~ *ctasaz sb.m.: ON dasi 'lazy
fellow', MDu daes 'fool'. Related to Lat
jěriae, OLat fěsiae 'days of rest, holidays',
jestus 'of the holidays, festive, solemn',
Umbr fesnaf-e 'in fanum' < *dhes-.
Walde-Hofmann I 481, 489; Pokorný I
259; Vries ANEW 74 (to MLG dosen 'to
mock').
*daubaz adj.: Goth daujs 'duli, numb,
deaf, nEJitopcoiiévoc;', ON daujr 'deaf', OE
deáf id., OFris dáj id., MLG doj 'id., OHG
toub id. Probably related to Gk x\)<pA.ó?
'blinď, TÍi(po<; 'smoke, conceiť (Persson
UUÁ 1891 55). On the other hand, cf.
Slav *duhb 'upright, straighť. Karsten
MB I 62; Torp-Faek 209-210; Lewy KZ
XL 420 (to Latv stubs 'stump'); Feist
115-116; Holthausen AEEW 70; Wiss-
mann MP 88; Jóhannesson IEW 503-506;
Pokorný I 264; Vries AMEW 74; Frisk
II 949-950; Chantraine 1147-1148;
Onions 246; Seebold 155; Trubaohev
ESSja V 145; Lehmann GED 88; Bam-
mesberger Mom. 237; Heidermanns 148;
Kluge-Seebold 817.
*daubibó sb.f.: Goth daubipa 'dullness,
numbness, stubborness', ON deyjb 'deaf-
ness'. Derived from *iaubjanan I. Feist
115; Vries AMEW 76; Heidermanns 148.
*daubjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-daubjan 'to
make insensitive, to be numb, to harden',
ON deyja 'to make blunť, OHG gi-touben
'to weaken'. Derived from *daubaz.
Feist 115; Vries AMEW 76; Lehmann
GED 88; Heidermanns 148.
*daubjanan II wk.vb.: ON deyja 'to dive',
OE á-dujan id., OS bi-dobian id. Derived
from *dubanan. Holthausen AEE]V 73;
Vries ANEW 76.
*daudaz adj.: Goth daups 'deaď (-/>-
under the influence of *daupaz ~ *dau-
puz), ON dauSr id., OE deíd id., OFris dďd
id., OS dod id., OHG tot id. Derived from
*iewanan. Feist 1 1 8; Torp-Falk 1 99;
Holthausen AEEW 70; Fvarsten MB II
333-334; Host MTS XV 410-411;
Pokorný I 260; Vries AME1V 74; Onions
246; Seebold 148; Lehmann GED 89-90;
Bammesberger Mom. 251; Heidermanns
149; Fíluge-Seebold 829; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*ttaudjanan wk.vb.: Goth daupjan 'to kilT,
ON deySa id., OS bi-dodian id., OHG
pret. gi-dotía id. Derived from *daudaz.
Feist 118; Vries AMEU' 76; Lehmann
GED 90; Heidermanns 149.
*dau3a str.vb.: Goth daug 'to be good, to
be suitable', OE deáh 'to be of use, to be
gooď, OFris dach, daech 'to be suitable
for, OS dog id., OHG toug id. Related to
Gk teÍix™ 'to produce, to make, to builď,
Tt>Y2(ávcfl 'to meet, to attain a goal', Lith
daug 'much, many', Slav *dugb 'strength,
power', *dužb 'strong, large' (Wood MP
XI 333). Zupitza Gutt. 178; Grtenber-
ger Got. 54-55; Torp-Falk 207; Holt-
hausen AEEW 79; Feist 127-128;
Johansson K^ XXX 422 50; Jóhannes-
son IEW 508; Pokorný I 271; Fraen-
kel 84, IF LLX 161; Vries AMEW 86;
Frisk II 888; Onions 286; Trubaohev
ESSja V 150, 167-168; Seebold 149-
151; Lehmann GED 96-97; Fvluge-
Seebold 818.
*dauniz sb.f./m.: Goth dauns 'odor, smelT,
ON daunn id. Related to IE *dheu- 'to fly
about, to whirl': Skt dhíinóti 'to shake, to
agitate', Gk Gúto 'to sacrifice'. Schwei-
zer R'Z I 159; Torp-Falk 206-207
Feist 116-117; Mayrhofer II 107-108
Pokorný 259-260; Vries AME]V 74:
Frisk I 698-699; Lehmann GED 88-89.
*daupjanan wk.vb.: Goth daupjan 'to im-
merse, to baptize', ON deypa 'to dip', OFris
depa 'to immerse, to baptize', OS dópian
id., OHG toujen id. Derived from *ieu-
paz. Kluge Btrg. Gesch. XXXV 131-132
(Gothic influence on WGmc meanings);
Torp-Falk 209; Feist 117; Vries AMEW
76; Lehmann GED 89, 92; Heidermanns
154; Kluge-Seebold 817-818.
*<tauba-bandan sb.n.: ON pl. dauba-bond
'death bonď, MHG tot-bant id. (hap. leg.).
Compound of *iaupaz ~ *daupuz and
dauj)a-bandan
70
denraz
*bandan. Carr jVotn. comp. 83 (OHG is a
calque of Lat uincula mortis).
*čtaupa-čla3az sb.m.: ON dautla-da.gr
'deaťh day', OE deád-dtej id. Compound
of *daupaz ~ *daupuz and *da^az. Carr
Mom. comp. 80 (parallel formations).
*daupaz ~ *čtaupuz sb.m.: Goth daupus
'deadr', ON daudr id., daudi id. (n-stem),
OE déad id., OFris dath id., OS doth id.,
OHG tod id. Substantivized *daudaz.
Torp-Falk 199; Holthausen AEE]V 7 1 ;
Feist 118; Pokorný I 260; Vries AMEW
74; Zalizniak II 199; Lehmann GED
90; Bammesberger Mom. 159; Kluge-
Seebold 826; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*ctawjanan str./wk.vb.: ON deyja 'to
die', OS doian id., OHG douwen 'to set,
to go down'. Derived from *dewanan.
Torp-Falk 198-199; Jóhannesson IEW
502-503; Pokorný I 260-261; Vries
AMEW 76; Onions 266; Seebold 147;
Kluge-Seebold 826.
*tiawwěnan wk.vb.: ON dqggva 'to
bedew', OFris dawa 'to melt', MHG tou-
wen id. Derived from *dawwo ~ *dawwan.
Torp-Falk 204; Vries AMEW 92-93.
*dawwo ~ *dawwan sb.f./n.: ON dqgg
'dew', OE mase. deáw id., OFris dáw id.,
OS mase. mili-dou 'mildew', OHG tou
'dew'. Connected with Toch A twe, B
tweye 'dusť, Lat suf-Jio 'to fumigate, to
perfume, to scenť < *-dhuiio. Torp-
Falk 204; Holthausen AEEW 71;
Walde-Hofmann II 625; Pokorný I
260-261; Vries AMEW 92; Zalizniak II
173; Onions 263; Lehmann GED 89;
Kluge-Seebold 817; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*delaz ~ *ďeló sb.m./f: Sw dial. del
'teať, OE dělu id., OHG tila. Identical
with Alb djale 'boy, youth', cf. also Latv
dels 'son', Lat Jilius id. with a long vowel.
Derivative of IE *dhei- 'to suck', see
*dajjanan. Torp-Falk 205; Holthausen
AEEW 71; Walde-Hofmann I 496-497;
Pokorný I 242; Dybo VSJa 25 (pretonic
shortening of *ě in Gmc); Lehmann GED
85; Schrijver LL 352 (follows Dybo);
Orel AED 67.
*delbanan str.vb.: OE delfan 'to dig',
OFris delva id., OS bi-deltan id., OHG bi-
telpan id. Related to Slav *dblbti 'to gouge,
to thump', rare *delbti id. Torp-Falk
204; Holthausen AEE1\' 71; Pokorný I
246; Chemodanov SGGJa I 82; Onions
254; Stang LS 17; Seebold 153; Truba-
chev ESSJa IV 205, V 206.
*delbaz ~ *delban sb.m./n.: ON stein-
deljř 'wagtail, Motacilla', MLG ř/c/fditch'.
Derived from *delbanan. Gf. a structurally
close Slav *dblb'b 'chisel, pit'. Vries
AMEW 75; Trubaohev ESSJa V 206-
207.
*deljaz sb.m.: Swed dill 'dill', OE dik id.,
OS dilli id., OHG tilli id. Related to Olr
deil 'roď < *dheli-. Torp-Falk 203;
Trter Holz 56; Fvluge-Seebold 181 (to
OHG toldo 'foliage').
*demmaz adj.: ON dimmr 'dark, dim', OE
dim id., OFris comp. dimme id. Related to
Olr dem 'black, dark'. Torp-Falk 201;
Holthausen AEEW 73; Sghwentner
PBB XLV 454-455; Karsten NB II
220-221; Pokorný I 247-248; Vries
AMEW 77; Onions 268; Heidermanns
151-152.
*demmojanan wk.vb.: ON dimma 'to
become dim', OE part. á-dimmad 'to dim,
to darken, to obscure'. Derived from
*demmaz. Vrtes AMEW 77; Heider-
manns 151.
*den3\vanan str.vb.: OSwed diunga 'to
knock, to rap', ME din^en, den^en 'to beať.
See *dan3ivjanan. Torp-Falk 200; Vrtes
AMEW 75; Trubaohev ESSJa V 100;
Kluge-Seebold 170.
*denraz sb.m.: OHG tenar 'fiat hand,
palm'. Related to Hitt dannar-eššar
'armpiť, Gk 9évap 'palm, footsole'.
Thematization of the originál *dhenr
(Lůhr Wortschatz 68). No connection with
WGmc *denjan > OE dam 'den', MLG
fem. denně 'low ground', OHG tenni
'drreshing-floor' (despite Fvluge-Seebold
821) which is to be compared witír Skt
dhánus- 'dry land', dhánu- 'sandbank,
shore'. Wood AÍLMXXl 41-42 {*tenjan
to Skt pl. dhana 'grain'); Torp-Falk 199;
Holthausen AEEW 72; Pokorný I
clenraz
71
čteuzan
249; Frisk I 661-662; Onions 255-256;
Bammesberger Mom. 74; Lůhr Wortschatz
67-70; Kluge-Seebold 821.
*dentanan str.vb.: ON detta 'to fall, to
drop'. Related to Alb gdhend 'to plane' <
PAlb *ka-denta (Joke Studien 21-22).
Fick I 463 (to Lat de-fendo 'to fend, to
repel, to averť); Torp-Falk 199-200;
Jóhannesson IEW 512-514; Pokorný I
250; Vries AMEW 76; Seebold 154;
Bammesberger Mom. 131; Orel AED
112.
*derbanan str.vb.: OE deorjan 'to labor',
OFris far-derva id., MLG vor-dewen 'to step
down', MHG ver-derben 'to die, to pass
away'. Related to Lith dirbu, dirbti 'to
work', dárbas 'work'. Torp-Falk 567;
Holthausen AEEW 72; Pokorný I 257;
Chemodanov SGGJa 171; Vries ANEW
77-78; Fraenkel 82; Seebold 154-155.
*derbaz adj.: ON djarfi 'bold, daring', OE
deorf 'valianť, OFris déme 'daring, auda-
cious', OS derbi 'hostile, evil'. Derived
from *derbanan. Torp Festschr. Unger
176-179 (to Gk xpéipco 'to feeď); Torp-
Falk 202; Holthausen AEEW 70;
Karsten MB I 32; Walde-Pokorny I 863
(to Lith dárbas 'work'); Pokorný I
257-258; Vries AME]V 77-78; Seebold
154; Heidermanns 152-153.
*derkaz adj.: OE deorc 'dark, obscure'.
Identical with Olr derg 'reď < *dhergo-
and further connected wiuh Litíi dérgiu,
dérgti 'to become dirty'. Cf. also Toch
A tdrkár, B tarkár 'clouď < *dhrg-ru-.
Zupitza Gutt. 160; Pedersen BB XLX
299—300 (to Lat furuus 'ark, dusky,
gloomy' < *dhorg"o-); Reichelt K£ XLVI
323 (samé as Pedersen); Torp-Falk 202;
Sohwentner PBB XLV 457-458; Hol-
thausen AEEW 72; Pokorný I 251-252;
Fraenkel 103; Heidermanns 153; Adams
75 21.
*deupa-líkaz adj.: ON djúp-ligr 'deep',
OE deóp-líc id. Derived from *deupaz.
Heidermanns 154.
*deupaz adj.: Goth dhips 'deep', ON djipr
id., OE deóp id., OFris comp. diape id.,
OS diop id., OHG tiof, tiufi id. Related to
Olr domain id., Lith dubiis id., Latv duSbs
id. Zupitza Gutt. 37; Torp-Falk 209
Feist 121; Holthausen AEEW 72
Karsten MB I 29; Pokorný I 267
Fraenkel 108-109; Vries AMEW 78
Onions 250; Lehmann GED 92; Bammes-
berger Mom. 240; Heidermanns 153—
154; Kluge-Seebold 824; Adams TB 280
(to Toch A tpar, B tapre 'high').
*deupibó sb.f.: Goth diupipa 'depuY, ON
dýpt id., ME depthe id., OLG diopitha id.,
MLG děpede id., MHG tufede id. Derived
from *deupaz. Identical with Alb det 'sea'
< PAlb *dtubeta (Jokl Studien 14-15).
Torp-Falk 209; Feist 121; Vries AMEW
90; Onions 258; Bammesberger Mom.
117; Heidermanns 154; Orel AED
61-62.
*deupín sb.f: Goth diupei 'depth', OS diupi
id., OHG tiufi id. Derived from *deupaz.
Torp-Falk 209; Feist 121; Onions 258;
Lehmann GED 92; Heidermanns 153.
*deurja-líkaz adj.: ON dýr-ligr 'glorious',
OS diur-lik 'valuable, excellenť, OHG
tiur-lih id. Derived from *deurjaz. Hei-
dermanns 154.
*deurip5 sb.f: ON dýro 'glory, fame', OS
diuritha id., OHG tiurida id. Derived from
*deurjaz. Torp-Falk 199; Vries AMEh r
90; Onions 247; Heidermanns 154.
*deurjaz adj.: ON dýrr 'dear, precious',
OE deóre 'dear, expensive', OFris diure id.,
OS diuri 'valuable, expensive', OHG tiuri
id. Related to Skt adv. dhurd 'violently',
Gk á-B-upco 'to play'. Torp-Falk 199;
Holthausen ^££[1' 73; Kluge 129, 727;
Karsten MB II 384-385; Pokorný I
266-267; Vries AMEW 91 (to *dheu- 'to
weave'); Onions 247; Heidermanns 154—
155 (to Slav *dum 'stupidity, madness');
Kluge-Seebold 822-823 (from *dheg>h-
ro- to *dheg"h- 'to burn').
*deuzan sb.n.: Goth dius 'beast, animal',
ON dýr id., OE deór id., OFris diar
id., OS meri-dior 'sea animal', OHG tior
'animal'. Continues IE *dheuso- closely
related to *dhouso- > Alb dash 'ram', Lith
pl. daúsos 'paradise', Slav *duxb 'breath,
spirit' (Burda KZ II 190-191; Saussure
deuzan
72
diso
Mánoire 81). Persson UUA 1891 81-83;
Grienberger Got. 58 (to Gk 9éco 'to run');
Torp-Faek 217; Wood AJPhil XLI 345-
346 (to Gk Gúco 'to rage'); Feist 121-122;
Holthausen AEE]V 72; Pokorný I
244-245; Chemodanov SGGJa I 83;
Fraenkel 115; Vries ANE1V 90; Zaliz-
niak I 139; Onions 250; Trubachev
ESSJa V 153-154; Lehmann GED 92-93;
Bammesberger Nom. 96; Heidermanns
155-156; Keuge-Seebold 825; Orel
AED 57.
*<tewanan str.vb.: Goth diwan 'to die'.
Connected with Av 1 duál. pres. med.
dvaidl 'to press', Phryg Saóc;' [. . .] i)7tó
Opityčov X\>Koq, Hes., Slav *daviá 'to press,
to squeeze'. Grienberger Got. 58 (to
Gk Géto 'to run'); Torp-Falk 198-199;
Feist 122; Lidén Arm. St. 40-41 (to Arm
di 'corpse'); Wood MLN XXI 226-227
(to Lat fatigo 'to grow weary'); Pokorný
I 235; Seebold 147-149; Llmdeman Ver-
schárfung 16.5; Lehmann GED 3, 93.
*dědiz sb.f.: Goth ga-deps 'act, deeď, ON
dád id., OE déd id., OFris děde id., OS dad
id., OHG tat id. Formally identical with
Av ni-8aiti- 'laying down', Lith detis 'loaď
derived from IE *dhě- 'to put, to seť, see
*Íonan. Bartholomae 1082; Torp-
Faek 198; Holthausen AEE]V 68; Feist
178; Trier Lshm 104-109; Pokorný I
237; Fraenkel 91-92; Vries AMW 71;
Zalizniak I 150; Onions 250; Seebold
157; Lehmann GED 136; Bammesberger
JVom. 146; Kluge-Seebold 816; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*čtěxón sb.f.: OHG tahá 'jackdaw'.
Probably telated to OPrus doacke 'starling'
< *ddk- (Pott BVS VI 113). Nessel-
mann Thesaurus 31; Toporov PJa I 354;
Fvluge-Seebold 187.
*dějanan vvk.vb.: OHG taen 'to suckle'.
Related to Skt dháyati 'to suck, to drink',
Gk aor. 0r|aaxo id., Arm diem id., Olr
dírám id., Latv dějů id., Slav *dojiti 'to
milk'. Cf. zero grade in OSw dla 'to
suckle', MLG tlen id. See *dajjanan.
Torp-Falk 205; Mayrhofer II 93;
Pokorný I 241-242; Frisk I 673-674;
Lindeman .ATS XXII 72-73; Lehmann
GED 85.
*dÍ3raz adj.: ON digr 'stout, big', OFris
adv. diger 'careful', MDu deger 'complete',
MHG adv. tiger, tigere 'complete, tutal'.
Derived from *di^anan. Karsten MB II
254; Torp-Falk 205; Feist 119; Van
Windekens I 533 (to Toch A tsiňk
'hardly, strongly'); Pokorný I 244-245;
Vries AME\V 76; Seebold 151; Lehmann
GED 90 (on Goth digrei 'abundance');
Hetdermanns 156—157.
*ďÍ3anan str.vb.: Goth irreg. d(e)igan 'to
kneaď, Norw digen 'to milk'. Related to
Toch A tsek-, B tsaik- 'to shape, to form',
Skt degdhi 'to smear, to anoinť, Av caus.
daězqyeiti 'to wall abouť, Gk Giyyávto 'to
touch, to také hold of, Lat fingo 'to form',
Lith díežti 'to skin, to flay'. Bartho-
lomae 673-674; Torp-Falk 205-206;
Holthausen AEE1V 69-70; Walde-
Hofmann I 501-502; Feist 118-119;
Jóhannesson IE\V 501-502; Mayrhofer
II 62; Pokorný I 244-245; Fraenkel 98;
Vries ANEW 76; Frisk I 674-675;
Onions 242; Seebold 151-152; Lehmann
GED 90; Burlak IFTJa 263.
*díkón ~ *dikaz sb.m.: ON díti 'ditch,
dike', OE díc id. (fem.), OFris dik id., OS
dik id., OHG tíh id. Of unknown origin.
Fick KZ XXII 103-104 (to Lat figó 'to
fix, to fasten, to thrust in, to attach', Lith
dýgti 'to grow, to crop'); Torp-Falk 205
(follow Fick); Holthausen AEE]V 72;
Pokorný I 244; Vries AMEW 76;
Zalizniak II 182; Onions 278; Lehmann
GED 90; Kluge-Seebold 167.
*díojanan wk.vb.: OSwed dia 'to suck',
MHG dlen 'to suck, to suckle'. Related to
*dějanan. Torp-Falk 205; Pokorný I
241-242; Frisk I 673-674.
*dísó sb.f.: ON dis 'goddess, sister'.
Unclear prefixal formations in WGmc:
OE ides 'woman', OS idis 'woman, wife',
OHG itis 'woman'. Unclear. Related to
*dajjanan? Or to Arm pl. di-k' 'gods' if
the latter is to be separated from Gk
6eó<; 'goď? Torp-Falk 206; Frisk I
662-663.
cÍoJdíz
73
čtra3an
*dóbiz adj.: Goth ga-dofs 'appropriate,
suitable', OE y-dífe 'becoming, fit,
proper'. Derived from *iaianan. Torp-
Falk 200; Feist 179; Seebold 146.
*ŮÓ3az sb.n.: Goth fidur-dogs 'four days
long', ON dogr 'day or nighť. Derived
from *ia3az. Torp-Falk 199; Schulze
Kl. Schr. 844-845; Holthausen AEEW
74; Feist 149; Pokorný I 7, 241-242;
Vries AMEW 92; Lehmann GED 86.
*d51jo sb.f.: ON dal 'little dále', LG dole
'hole', OHG tuola 'hole, pit' (o- and on-
stem). Related to *dalaz ~ *dalan.
Torp-Falk 204; Vries ANEW 92;
Lehmann GED 87.
*doma-xúsan sb.n.: ON dóm-hús 'court-
house', OE dóm-hús id. Gompound of
*domaz and *xusan. Carr Mom. comp. 80
(parallel formations).
*dóma-st51az sb.m.: ON dóm-stóll 'judg-
ment seať, OHG tuom-stuol 'tribunál'.
Compound of *dó?naz and *stolaz. Carr
Mom. comp. 85 (parallel formations).
*áómaz sb.m.: Goth doms 'discernment,
distinction', ON dómr 'court of judgment,
judgmenť, OE dóm 'judgment, ruling',
OFris dóm id., OS dóm id., OHG tuom id.
(also neut.). Close to Gk 9co|ió<; 'heap',
Phryg duma, dumos 'religious assembly',
further derived from *dhe- 'to put, to seť.
See *ió~nan. Torp-Falk 198; Holthau-
sen AEEW 74; Feist 122-123; Pokorný
I 238; Dybo VSJa 27; Fraenkel 92 (Lith
dome 'attention' is secondarily derived
from dometis 'to watch'); Frisk I 700;
Vries ANEW 79; Zalizniak II 167;
Onions 24; Seebold 158; Lehmann GED
93; Bammesberger Mom. 72; Orel Phry-
gian 425.
*áómjanan wk.vb.: Goth domjan 'to deem,
to judge', ON dcema 'to judge, to talk',
OE démon 'to diink, to judge', OFris dona
id., OS a-domian 'to judge', OHG tuomen
id. Derived from *Íomaz. Torp-Falk
198; Holthausen AEEW 74; Feist 122;
Vries AMEW 92; Onions 250; Lehmann
GED 93.
*dónan str.vb.: OE dán 'to do, to make',
OFris dma id., OS doan id., OHG tuon id.
Related to IE *dhe- 'to puť: Hitt dai-
'to puť, Toch AB ta- id., Skt dádháti id.,
Av daSaiti 'to bring', Gk xíGr|ui 'to puť,
Lat facio 'to do, to make', Lith děti 'to
puť, Slav *děti 'to puť. Bartholomae
678; Torp-Falk 197-198; Holthausen
AEEW 75; Walde-Hofmann I 440-442;
Mayrhofer II 14-15; Pokorný I
235-239; Fraenkel 91-92; Frisk II
897-898; Onions 279-280; Seebold
157-160; Kluge-Seebold 841; Burlak
IFTJa 245.
*<tówjanan wk.vb.: Goth part. af-dauips
'troubled, annoyeď. Similar to Slav
*daviti 'to strangle, to press, to squeeze'.
Cf. also ON dá 'catalepsy' < *dawan
close to Phryg Sáoi;' . . . bnb Opuyróv
AÚkoc; (Hes.). Causative of *dewanan.
Fvretschmer Einleitung 211; Wood MLM
XXI 226-227 (to ON dasask 'to become
weary'); Fiok BB XXLX 236; Torp-Falk
198; Feist 4; Detschew Thr. 117;
Pokorný I 235; Fraenkel 100 (Lith dovyti
'to tormenť < Slav); Vries AMEW 71;
Stang LS 18; Trubachev ESSJa IV 198
199; Lehmann GED 3; Orel Phtygian
422.
*draban sb.n.: ON draf 'draff, husks', ME
mase. drafjeasť, MLG draf 'draff, husks,
dregs', OHG pl. trebir 'husks'. See
*ÍroÍ(j)az. Further to be compared with
Olr drab 'dregs, yeasť, Slav *drob~b 'bit,
intestine' (Fraenkel 102-103). Torp-
Falk 202-203; Feist 126-127, 179;
Pokorný I 204, 252; Vries ^AEIT 79-80
(to Gk xpécpto 'to fatten, to nourish');
Chantraine 1135 (follows Vries);
Onions 287; Trubachev ESSJa V 119-
120; Lehmann GED 96, 136; Kluge-
Seebold 834.
*drablón sb.m.: ON drafli 'curdled milk'.
Cf. also neut. draf 'tatde' < *drablan.
Structurally close to Gk tpoipaXíg 'fresh
cheese, sour milk', further to Gk Tpéepto
'to feeď (Petersson SVSL I 125). Vries
AMEW 80; Frisk II 925-927.
*dra3an sb.n.: ON drag 'rim, lining', OE
je-ř/ívej 'dragging, band, multitude', MLG
ge-drach 'yielď. Derived from *dra^anan.
dra3an
74
drau3az
Holthausen AEEJ V 75; Vries ANE] V 80.
*dra3anan str.vb.: Goth dragan 'to draw,
to accumulate, to také on', ON draga 'to
draw', OE dragan 'to draw, to drag',
OFris draga, drega 'to carry', OS dragan id.,
OHG tragan id. Identical with Alb dredh
'to turn, to rotate' < PAlb *dradza, cf. also
Arm darnam 'to turn' (Lidén Arm. St.
101-102). Walde IF XLX 106 (to Lat
traho 'to pull' if from *dhragho); Zupitza
Gutt. 177; Berneker 212-213 (to Slav
*dorga 'roaď); Trautmann BB XX 330
(to Gk Tpéxto); Torp-Falk 211; Feist 123;
Holthausen AEE] V 76; Walde-Pokorny
I 859 (to Skt dfhyati 'to be strong');
Jóhannesson IEW 519-521; Pokorný I
257; Vries ANEW 80; Onions 288;
Seebold 160-162; Lehmann GED 93-94
(to IE *dher- 'to hold'); Mottausch KZ
CVI 160-172; Kluge- Seebold 830-831;
Orel AED 73.
*dra3Ílaz sb.m.: Burg *dragik 'carrier',
ON dregill 'ribbon', OHG tregil 'bearer'.
Derived from *dra3an, *dra^anan. See-
bold 161; Kobler 709.
*ďra3Jo sb.f.: ON dregg 'dregs, lees'.
Related to OPrus dragios 'yeasť (if not
from Germanic), Lith pl. drages id. (if not
from Old Prussian), Lett dial. dradzi 'sed-
iment in melted butter', Slav *droždía
'yeasť < *dhroghió, Alb dra ~ dra 'oil-cake,
melted butter' < PAlb *draga (Forste-
mann KZ XLX (1870) 355). Fick KZ
XXI 4; Froehde BB XIII 455 (adds Lat
fracěs 'grounds, dregs of oil'); Persson
Beitrdge 929 (follows Froehde); Torp
Festschr. Unger 178; Zupitza Gutt. 31, 178;
Torp-Falk 211; Reichelt KZ XLVI
322; Pokorný I 251; Fraenkel 100;
Vries ANEW 82; Onions 289; Truba-
ohev ESSJa V 128-129; Fsluge- Seebold
835; Orel AED 71; Dybo BSA 13.
*dra3Ón sb.f: ON pl. drqgur 'timber car-
ried on horseback', OE dm^e 'dragneť
(neut.?), OHG traga 'barrow, nurse,
nanny'. Derived from *dra^anan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 75; Vries ANEW 80;
Seebold 161.
*draxtuz ~ *čtraxtó sb.m./f: ON dráttr
'draught, pulling', MLG dracht id.
Structurally close to Lat part. tractus, of
traho 'to drag'. Further related to *dra^a-
nan. Torp-Falk 211; Walde-Hofmann
II 698-699; Vries ANEW 81; Kluge-
Seebold 830.
*draibjanan wk.vb.: Godi draibjan 'to
drive, to propel', ON dreifa 'to scatter, to
disperse', OE dréjan 'to drive', MHG
durch-treiben id. Derived from *drííanan.
Holthausen AEElť 75; Feist 123; Vrles
ANEW 82; Seebold 163.
*dramban sb.n.: ON dramb 'roli of fat on
the neck'. Glose to Gk GpónPoq 'coagu-
lated mass'. Pokorný I 257—258; Frisk
I 685-686 (further to xpéipto 'to thicken,
to curdle'); Chantraine 442; Lehmann
GED 96.
*dran3az sb.m.: ON drangr 'lonely up-
standing rock'. Identical with Alb drang
'barge-pole, punting-pole; young crea-
ture, cub', Lidi draňgas 'thick pole', dránga
'perch, pole', Slav *drqgl, 'club, stick'
(Zupitza Gutt. 177). Johansson KZ
XXXVI 374; Torp-Falk 211; Traut-
mann BS] V 59; Stang LS 19; Pokorný I
254; Fraenkel 101; Vries ANE]V 81;
Mann Language XXVI 386; Trubachev
ESSJa V 129-130; Orel Zf^alk XXIII/1
73, AED 72.
*drankan sb.n.: Goth dragk 'drink, potion',
OHG tram id. (mase, neut.). Derived
from *drenkanan. Feist 123; Onions 289;
Seebold 165; Bammesberger Nom. 53;
Kluge-Seebold 832.
*drankjanan wk.vb.: Goth dragkjan 'to
make drink', ON drekkja 'to drown, to
swamp', OE drencan 'to give to drink',
OFris drentza id., OS or-drenkian id.,
MHG trenken id. Causative of *irenkanan.
Torp-Falk 211-212; Holthausen
AEEW 76; Feist 123; Vries ANEW 82;
Onions 289; Seebold 165; Kluge-
Seebold 832.
*Ůrau3az sb.m.: ON drangr 'ghost, spectre'
(unless = draugr 'dry log'), OS gidrog
'mirage', OHG gi-trog 'deception' (neut.).
Identical with Av draoya- 'lie, deceiť. See
*dreu3anan. Bartholomae 768; Torp-
drau3az
75
dreu3anan
Falk 213; Pokorný I 276; Vries ANEW
81; Lehmann GED 95; Crozier ANF Cil
1—12 (on ON draugr 'companion').
*draumaz sb.m.: ON draumr 'dream', OE
dreám 'joy, pleasure', OFris dram 'dream',
OS dróm id., OHG troutn id. Derived from
*ireusanan 'to fall', semantically similar to
the development of IE *suep- 'to sleep'
based on *suep- 'to fall', presumably, with
an intermediate stage 'to become weak, to
drowse' (cf. E drowse also connected with
*ireusanan). Notě that *draumaz is formally
close to Gk 9paí>na, 6paí>o|ia 'debris,
wounď based on Gpaúto 'to break' < IE
*dhreus-. Schroder GRM XVI 164
(from *drau3maz, to *drau3az)\ Schulze
Kl. Schr. 862; Torp-Falk 213 (separate
OS and OE); Holthausen AEEW 76;
Porzig Gliederung 180; Pokorný I 275;
Vries AJ\E1\ t 82; Zalizniak I 130; Frisk
I 680-681; Onions 289; Ghantraine I
439; Bammesberger Mom. 70; Kluge-
Seebold 833-834.
*ďraumjanan wk.vb.: ON dreyma 'to
dream', Du dromen id., OHG troumen id.
Derived from *draumaz. Vries AjYE1\'
83.
*draupjanan wk.vb.: ON dreypa 'to drop,
to dip', OE dreópan id., MLG dropen id.,
OHG troufen id. Causative of *dreupanan.
Torp-Falk 214; Holthausen AEE]V 77;
Vries ANEW 83; Seebold 169.
*drausjanan ~ *drauzjanan wk.vb.:
Goťh ga-drausjan 'to cast down, to over-
throw', ON dreyra 'to bleed, to ooze',
OHG troren 'to rain'. Causative of *dreu-
sanan. Torp-Falk 214; Feist 5; Vries
ANEW 83; Seebold 171; Lehmann GED
95.
*drauzaz ~ *drauzjón sb.m.: ON dreyri
'gore, blooď, OE dreór 'blooď, OS drór
id., OHG trar id. Derived from *dreu-
sanan. Torp-Falk 215; Holthausen
AEEW 77; Vries ANEW 83; Onions 289;
Seebold 171; Lehmann GED 95.
*drenkanan str.vb.: Goth drigkan 'to
drink', ON drekka id., OE drincan id.,
OFris drinka id., OS drinkan id., OHG trin-
can id. Of unknown origin. It is plausible
that *drenkanan is a back formation based
on *drankjanan, the latter originally mean-
ing 'to milk' and related to Slav *dregati
'to pull'. Wood M/JV XVIII 15-16 (to
*dra3Jo); Zupitza Gutt. 161 (to Skt dhrájati
'to glide, to move'); Torp-Falk 211-212
(to Lith nérti 'to dive'); Cahen Etudes 23—
25 (from pre-Gmc); Zupitza Gutt. 161 (to
Skt dhrájati 'to glide, to move'); Schulze
K~ XXVII 606 (to Skt adv. hap. leg.
drahyát- 'firmly'); Feist 125; Holthausen
AEEJV 77; Keuge 791-792; Jóhannesson
IEW 529-530; Pokorný I 273 (to *dhreg-
'to pull'); Vries ANEW 82; Onions 290;
Seebold 165—166; Lehmann GED 94-95
(to Lith dregti 'to become damp'); Kluge-
Seebold 836.
*drenkón sb.f: ON drekka 'drink, bever-
age', OE drince id. Derived from *dren-
kanan. Holthausen AEEJi' 77; Vries
AA r £n / 82; Seebold 164.
*drepan sb.n.: ON dřep 'blow', OE se-drep
'stroke'. Derived from *irepanan. Torp-
Falk 212; Holthausen AEEW 77;
Seebold 166; Bammesberger Nom. 59.
*drepanan str.vb.: ON drepa 'to strike',
OE part. drepen id., OS ofar-drepan
'to outdo, to surpass', OHG treffan 'to
strike'. Related to Slav *drebiti 'to crush'.
Torp-Falk 212; Holthausen AEE]V 77;
Jóhannesson IEW 530; Pokorný I 272-
273; Vries ANEW 83 (to Godr ga-draban
'to chip, to hew ouť); Seebold 166-167;
Trubachev ESSJa V 106; Bammesberger
Nom. 59, 62; Rluge-Seebold 834.
*dreu3anan str.vb.: Goth driugan 'to wage
war, to lead a military life', OE dreópan
'to do, to work, to perform, to bear'. Cf.
also ON drýgja 'to commiť < *ireu$janan.
Historically identical with WGmc *dreu-
3anan > OE be-dró^ 'seduceď, OFris bi-
driaga 'to seduce', OS bi-driogan id., OHG
triogan 'to deceive' (Ambrosini ASNSP
XXVII 229). Probably related to Lith
draúgas 'fellow traveller', OPr drúktai
'harď, Slav *drugb 'friend, other, seconď
(Lané Language LX 247; Stang LS 19-20).
KuhnáT^I 181 (connected with *drausaz)\
Persson I Vurzelerw. 25, 60 [*ireu3anan 'to
dreu3anan
76
dntanan
seduce' to Latfraus 'deceit, frauď); Torp-
Falk 213-214; Zupitza Gutt. 102, 177;
Feist 125-126; Holthausen AEE]V 77;
Porzig Gliederung 1 96; Jóhannesson IE]\ t
516-517; Pokorný I 255; Fraenkel 102;
Zalizniak I 150; Onions 289; Benve-
niste IEL 89; Seebold 167-168; Tru-
bachev ESSJa V 131-132; Lehmann
GED 95 (to IE *dher- 'to hold'); Kluge-
Seebold 839.
*dreu3az adj.: ON drjúgr 'rich, solid, sub-
stantial', OE dréoj 'studious, earnesť,
NFris driech 'extensive'. See *dreu^anan.
Torp-Falk 213-214; Zupitza Gutt. 129;
Holthausen AEEW 1&-11; Karsten NB
I 40; Pokorný I 254-255; Vries ANEW
84; Heidermanns 159-160.
*dreupanan str.vb.: ON drjúpa 'to drip',
OE dreópan id., OFris driapa 'to drip, to
trickle', OS driopan id., OHG triofan 'to
drip'. A secondary formation parallel to
*ireusanan. Torp-Falk 214; Holthau-
sen AEEW 77; Jóhannesson IEW 527-
529; Pokorný I 274-275; Vries ANEW
84 (to Olr drucht 'dew'); Seebold 169
170; Kluge-Seebold 836.
*dreusanan str.vb.: Goth driusan 'to fall',
OE dreósan 'to rush, to fall, to perish', OS
driosan 'to fall'. Etymologically identical
with Gk Oporům 'to break, to grinď
(Johansson KZ XXX 422), cf. also Slav
*drusati 'to shake, to throw up, to swing'
with *-s- < *-k-. Torp-Falk 214-215;
Feist 126; Holthausen AEEW 77; van
Wtndekens KZ LXXIII 26-27 (to Gk
8póaoi; 'dew'); Jóhannesson IE]V 527—
529; Pokorný I 274; Frisk I 680-681;
Onions 289-290; Seebold 170-171; Tru-
bachev ESSJa V 133; Lehmann GED 95.
*drěko sb.f: ON drak 'streak'. Related to
Skt dhrájati 'to glide, to move, to fly',
dhraj- 'tractive force'. Zupitza Gutt. 161;
Mayrhofer II 115; Pokorný I 273;
Vries ANEW 80; Dybo BSA 128 (with a
lengui of an originál root noun).
*drěnó ~ *čtrěnaz sb.f./m.: OE drán
'drone', OS drán id. Cf. also OHG třen id.
with short vocalism. Identical with Gk
áv-6pr|vr| 'wild bee', Gpfjvo^ 'dirge'.
Torp-Falk 211; Holthausen AEE]V 76;
Pokorný I 255; Dybo VSJa 25-26 (pre-
tonic shortening in OHG); Frisk I 681—
682; Onions 290; Kluge-Seebold 195.
*driban sb.n.: ON drif 'driven snow', OE
je-dríf 'driving, movemenť, OHG tha.no.-
trib 'divorce'. Derived from *dňianan.
Torp-Falk 212; Holthausen AEE]V 77;
Vries ANEW 83; Seebold 163; Bammes-
berger Nom. 56.
*drib5n sb.m.: ON hring-drifi 'prince',
OHG uz-tribo 'exorcisť. Derived from
*dňbanan. Seebold 163.
*driftiz sb.f: ON drift, dript 'snow-drifť,
ME drift 'current, flow', OFris ur-drift
'driving ouť, MLG drift id., OHG ana-
trift 'influence'. Derived from *dňbanan.
Vries ANE]V 83; Seebold 163; Lehmann
GED 94; Kluge-Seebold 836.
*dribanan str.vb.: Goth dreiban 'to drive',
ON drífa id., OE drifan id., OFris driva id.,
OS dňban id., OHG trlban id. Related to
Lith drimbu, dribh 'to fall down in flakes',
cf. ON drífr směr 'snow drifts' ~ Lith
sniegas drimba 'the snow is falling thickly'
(Grienberger Got. 59-60). Merlnger
IF XVIII 235-236 (folio ws Grienber-
ger); Persson Beitrdge 75, 309; Uhlen-
beck FBB XXVII 117-118; Torp-Falk
212; Feist 124-125; Holthausen AEE1 V
77; Jóhannesson IEW 526-527; Pokorný
I 274; Fraenkel 104; Vries ANEW 83;
Onions 290-291; Seebold 162-163;
Lehmann GED 94; Levickij IF GIII
224 (to *drobjanan); Kluge-Seebold 834.
*drífon sb.f: ON drífa 'fall of snow, sleeť,
MLG drive 'gutter', MHG tribe 'diarrhea'.
Cf. also OE drif 'fever'. Derived from
*dňbanan. Holthausen AEE1 V 1 7 .
*drítanan str.vb.: ON dríta 'cacare', ME
dňten id., OFris part. be-drit id., MDu
dňten id., OHG gloss drizo 'megio'. Sim-
ilar to but phonetically not agreeing with
Lith tríedžiu, tríesti 'to háve diarrhea' <
*treidh-. Torp-Falk 212; Holthausen
AEEW 78; Jóhannesson IEW 518-519;
Pokorný I 256; Fraenkel 1122; Vries
ANEW 84; Onions 271; Stang LS 20 (to
Slav *dristati 'cacare'); Seebold 164-165.
drob(j)az
77
druzan
*drob(j)az adj.: OE dróf 'draffy, draggy,
dirty', OS drobí 'můrky, cloudy', OHG
truobi id. Related to *iraian and eventu-
ally to Gk xpétpto 'to become fať (Kluge
742). Torp-Falk 203; Feist 126-127
Holthausen AEEW 78; Pokorný I 252
Frisk II 925-927; Lehmann GED 96
Matzel KZCV 121; Heidermanns 160-
161; Fvluge-Seebold 839.
*drobjanan wk.vb.: Goth drobjan 'to stir
up, to excite', OE dréfan 'to disturb, to
agitate', OS drobian 'to become saď,
OHG truoben 'to entangle'. Derived from
*drdb(j)az. Zupitza Gutt. 31; Torp-Falk
203; Holthausen AEEW 78; Feist
126-127; Lehmann GED 96; Heider-
manns 160.
*druxtiz sb.f.: Goth drauhti-witop 'cam-
paign', ON drótt 'people, bodyguarď, OE
dryht 'people, multitude, army', OFris
dracht, drecht 'people', OS druht-folk 'suitě',
OHG truht 'crowď. Derived from *dreu-
Sanan. Kuhn K£ I 181; Grienberger
Got. 80; Zupitza Gutt. 1 78; Torp-Falk
214; Lané Language LX 247; Holthausen
AEE]V 79; Feist 124; Porzig Gliederung
196; Pokorný I 255; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 66; Vries ANEW 84-85; Zaliz-
niak I 150; Seebold 167; Benveniste IEL
89, 93; Lehmann GED 94; Bammesberger
Nom. 140; Kluge-Seebold 839.
*druxtinaz sb.m.: ON dróttinn 'lord, mas-
ter', OE dryhten 'ruler, lord, prince',
OFris drohten id., OS drohtin id., OHG
truhtin id. Cf. Goth drauhtinon 'to cam-
paign, to serve in the army' < *Íruxtlno-
janan. Derived from *druxtiz. Kuhn KJ?
I 181; Torp-Falk 214; Holthausen
AEE]V 79; Feist 124; Porzig Gliederung
196; Vries ANEW 85; Seebold 167;
Benveniste IEL 89; Lehmann GED 94;
Bammesberger Nom. 83.
*drunjanan wk.vb.: Norw drynja 'to rum-
ble', LG dronen id. Derived from *drunjuz.
Torp-Falk 211; Onions 290 (to *dreno ~
*irenaz); Lehmann GED 96.
*drunjuz sb.m.: Goth drunjus 'sound, call',
Norw dryn id. A verbal abstract
(Brugmann Grundúfi 11/ 1 224-225) based
on an unattested verb, cf. Skt dhránati
'to sound'. Torp-Falk 211; Feist 127;
Mayrhofer II 115-116 (onomatopoeia
in Skt); Mayrhofer II 115-116;
Pokorný I 255-256 (to Tokh A tráňk-, B
treňk- 'to speak'); Vries AMEW 85-86;
Lehmann GED 96.
*drunkanaz ~ *drunkenaz adj.: ON
drukkinn 'drunken', OE druncen id., MLG
drunken id., OHG win-truncan id. Derived
from *drenkanan. Torp-Falk 212; Hol-
thausen AEEW 78; Vries ANEW 85;
Lehmann GED 95; Fvluge-Seebold 839.
*drunkanín sb.f: Goth drugkanei 'drunk-
enness', OHG truncaní id. Derived from
*trunkanaz ~ *drunkenaz. Feist 127;
Lehmann GED 94-95.
*drunkanójanan wk.vb.: ON drukna 'to
be drowneď, OE druncnian 'to sink, to
drown, to be drunk', OHG trunkanen,
trunkanon 'to sink, to drown'. Derived
from *irunkanaz ~ *irunkenaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 78; Vries ANEW 85;
Onions 291.
*drunkiz sb.m.: ON drykkr 'drink, bever-
age', OE drync id., MLG drunk id., OHG
trunc id. Derived from *drenkanan. Torp-
Falk 212; Holthausen AEE]V 79; Vrles
ANEW 85; Bahder Verbalabstr. 15-17;
Seebold 1 65; Lehmann GED 4, 95; Lůhr
Expr. 243, 255; Bammesberger Nom. 53,
131.
*drupón sb.m.: ON dropi 'drop', OE dropa
id., ME droppe id., OS dropo id., OHG
tropfo id. Derived from *dreupanan.
Torp-Falk 214; Holthausen AEE]V 78;
Pokorný I 275; Vries ANEW 84; Zaliz-
niak I 153; Onions 291; Seebold 169;
Ktuge-Seebold 838.
*drusojanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. drusa 'to
fall down hard', MLG drusen 'to fall wiťh
noise'. Derived from *dreusanan. Vries
ANEW 85.
*druzan ~ *ďruziz sb.n./m.: Goth drus
'fall', ON dror 'phlegm, rheum', OE dryre
'fall, dechne'. Derived from *ireusanan
(Lidén MASO I 109). Holthausen
AEEW 79; Feist 127; Vries ANEW 86;
Seebold 171.
drudaz
78
dul3az
*čtrúčtaz sb.m.: OHG trut 'friend,
beloveď. A substantivized adjective iden-
tical widi Olr drúth 'salacious, lecherous'
< *dhru-to-. Marstrander MTS I 245
(to Lat Frutis, epithet of Venus); Torp-
Falk 214 (to Skt dhruvá- 'firm, fixeď);
Pokorný 1215; Meid KZ LXXLX 291;
Heidermanns 161-162.
*čtrúpójanan wk.vb.: ON drúpa 'to
droop', OE drupian 'to drop'. Derived
from *dreupanan. Holthausen AEE]\ 7
78; Vries ANEW 85; Seebold 170.
*Ůuďr5n sb.m.: Swed dodra 'marsh
marigolď, ME doder 'dodder, devil's guts,
Caltha palustris', Du dodder id., OHG
totoro 'cuscuta, epithymus'. Identical with
Skt dudhra- 'violenť further related to Skt
dódhat- 'violent, shocking', Gk Hom
Qvaaavóeic, 'tasseled, fringeď (based on
*9u8ia). Torp-Falk 208; Pokorný I
264-265; Frisk I 697.
*duftaz sb.m.: ON dupt, duji 'powder',
MHG tuft 'fog, dew'. Related to *dauiaz.
Torp-Falk 209; Pokorný I 264; Vries
ANE] V 87 (to *steuíanan ~ stiitanan); Leh-
mann GED 328.
*du3unbiz sb.f.: ON dygd 'virtue', OE
duguú 'manhood, multitude, majesty,
glory', OFris dugethe 'virtue', MLG doget,
dogent id., OHG tugund id. Derived from
*dau3a. Holthausen AEEH' 79; Vries
ANEW 89; Kluge-Seebold 840 (to ON
dyggr 'faithful').
*duxtěr sb.f.: Goth dauhtar 'daughter', ON
dóttir id., OE doktor id., OFris dochter id.,
OS dohtar id., OHG tohter id. Related to
Toch A ckacar, B tkácer id., Skt duhitár- id.,
Av dugsdar- id., Gk Guyáxrip id., Arm dustr
id., Ose futír id., Lidi dukte id., Slav *dbkti
id. Delbrůck KZ XLX (1870) 240-247;
Bartholomae 748; Torp-Falk 207;
Holthausen AEE1 V 74; Feist 116; Mayr-
hofer II 56; Pokorný I 277; Deroy II
Facht. IGAS 160-162 (to *dau 3 a); Vries
ANEW 79; Zalizniak I 157; Fraenkel
110; Frisk I 690; Szemerényi Kinship
22 (to *duxtiz ~ *duxto), Hermes CV
387; Onions 245; Trubachev ESSJa V
178-179; Peeters IF1XXXW 206-207;
Hamp IF LXXXVIII 94-95; Lehmann
GED 88; Keuge-Seebold 826; Adams TB
312.
*duxtiz ~ *čtuxtó sb.f: Goth dauhts
'feasť, MHG duht 'doughtiness'. Derived
from *dau3a (Diefenbach V\V II 616).
Grimm DG II 208; Grienberger Got, 79;
Holthausen AnZDA XXIV 33 (to Gk
TEt>xo) 'to make, to builď); Feist 116;
Lehmann GED 88.
*dukkón sb.f: ODan -dokke 'dock, coarse
weedy herb' (in compounds), OE docce
id., OS dokka 'doll', OHG tocka id.
Probably connected with Latv duga 'shrne
on the surface of water'. Holthausen
AEEW 74; Onions 280; Lůhr Expr.
226-227; Kluge-Seebold 187.
*dul3an sb.n.: ON dolg 'enmity', OE í/o/j
'wound, scar', OFris dolg id., MLG dolk
id., OHG tolg id. Based on WGmc
*Sel3amm > OFris delga 'to wounď, MHG
telken 'to beať related to Gk 0é^.yto 'to
enchant, to transform using a charm'
(Ehrismann PBB XX 60; Havers KZ
XLIII 231, IF XXVIII 190-192). The
originál meaning of *iiílsan must háve
been 'mark (of blood)' while the Greek
verb denoted the act of making such
a mark. For the semantic development
cf. Fr blesser 'to wound' < WGmc
*bl5dsjanan (OE blédsian 'to bless, to con-
seerate') based on *tlodan. Saussure
MSL VIII 443 (Gk 6é?iyto to Lidi ívelgiú
'to look, to peer'); Torp-Falk 210;
Holthausen AEE]\ t 74; Dauzat DELF
93; Walde-Pokorny I 866 (to Lat
falx 'siekle, reaping-hook, scythe')
Pokorný I 247; Vries ANEW 78-79
Zalizniak I 139; Frisk I 658-659
Onions 100; Chantraine I 427; Seebold
153.
*dul3az sb.m.: Goth dulgs 'debť. Related
to Olr diiged 'duty, law', dligim 'to earn',
Slav *ďblgb (Kuhn KZ I 205; Berneker I
244). Grimm R'Z I 82; Lottner KZ XI
174 (Gmc < Slav); Zupitza Gutt. 178;
Torp-Falk 210; Feist 128-129; Chemo-
danov SGGJei I 96; Scardigli Goten 54
(from Celtic); Lehmann GED 97.
diiljiiz
79
čturz
*dulbiz sb.f.: Goth dulps 'festival', OHG
tuld id. Derivative in *-ti- related to OE
deall 'proud, exulting, eminenť, MHG
ge-telle beautiful, nice' and furťher to
Mír dell-rad 'shine'. Dietrich ^J)ADL
V 224-225 (to ON dvala 'to delay');
Delbrůck ^jdPh I 9 (to Skt dhfti- 'firm-
ness, resolution'); Grienberger Got. 60
(derived from *dwelanan); Torp-Falk 204;
Senn JEGP XXXII 513, 528; Holt-
hausen AEEW 70; Feist 129; Trier
Holz 55 (follows Delbrůck'; Pokorný I
246; Zalizniak I 150; Mayrhofer II
111-112 (against Delbrůck); Lehmann
GED 97; Kluge-Seebold 198 (from
*iwelanari).
*dumbaz adj.: Goth dumbs 'dumb', ON
dumbr id., OE dumb id., OFris dumb id.,
OS dumb 'stupid, simple', OHG tumb id.
An expressive form related to *iaubaz
(Holthausen CřE]V 24. Torp Festschr.
Unger 179 (to ON dumba 'misť); Torp-
Falk 201; Lewy KZ XL 420 (to Slav
*dqb'b 'oak'); Feist 129; Holthausen
AEEW 80; Karsten VB I 15; Pokorný I
264; Vries AMEW 87; Onions 293;
Lehmann GED 97-98 (to IE *dheubh-
'darkened'); Lůhr Expr. 101-103; Hei-
dermanns 166; Kluge-Seebold 199.
*dun3az ~ *čtun3Ó sb.m./f: OE dun3
'dung', OFris dung id., OS dung id., OHG
tunga 'manuring, fertilizer'. Cf. also ON
'heap' < *dun^jdn. Related to Lith
deňgti 'to cover', Olr dinged 'to sup-
press'. Zupitza Gutt. 99; Torp-Falk
208; Holthausen AEE]V 80; Lendouist
MB XV 97-132 (to *deti3wanan); Po-
korný I 249; Fraenkel 88-89; Vries
AMEW 90; Onions 294; Kluge-Seebold
199.
*dun3J6n sb.f: ON dyngja 'dungeon, lady's
bower', OE dýmy 'plowed land, fallow
lanď. Derived from *dim^az ~ *iun^d.
Holthausen AEEW 82; Vries AMEW
90.
*duniz sb.m.: ON dynr 'din', OE dyne 'din,
noise'. Related to Skt dhvánati 'to sounď,
Gk 0ijvco 'to rush, to dart along'. Torp-
Falk 208; Holthausen AEEW 81; Mayr-
hofer II 118; Pokorný I 277; Vries
AMEW9Q; Frisk I 697-698; Onions 269.
*dunjanan wk.vb.: ON dynja 'to gush, to
shower', OE dynian 'to make a noise, to
resounď, OS dunian 'to roar, to rumble'.
Connected with *duniz. Torp-Falk 208;
Holthausen AEEW 82; Vries AMEW 90;
Onions 269.
*du(n)stan ~ *čtu(n)staz sb.n./m.: ON
dusí 'dusť, OE dust id., OFris dust 'heap',
MLG dust 'dusť, dunst 'smoke, haze',
OHG dunst 'wind, storm'. Related to
Latv dvans 'smoke, haze'. Any connection
widr *duniz? Torp-Falk 216-217; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 80; Pokorný I 266; Vrles
A/VEn r 88; Onions 295.
*duntiz sb.m.: ON dyttr, dyntr 'dinť, OE
dynt 'stroke, blow'. Derived from *denta-
nan. Holthausen AEE]ť 82; Vries
ANEW 90-91; Seebold 154; Bammes-
BERGER Jíom. 131.
*duran ~ *duró sb.n./f: Goth daur
'dooř, gate', OE dór 'large dooř', důru
'dooř', OFris duře id., OS dor 'gate', důru
'dooř', OHG tor 'gate'. A morphological
variant of *durz. Meringer IF XVI 1 25
(on mase. *duron > Goth auga-dauro 'win-
dow'); Torp-Falk 210; Holthausen
AEEW 75. 80; Feist 117-118; Pokorný
I 278-279; Zalizniak II 206; Onions
284; Lehmann GED 89; Fvluge-Seebold
828.
*dura-stuďó sb.f: ON dura-stod 'door-
posť, OE dúru-stod. Compound of *durz
and * studii. Carr Mom. comp. 52.
*dura-wardaz sb.m.: Goth daura-wards
'door-keeper', OE dúru-weard id., OHG
tor-warto id. (n-stem). Compound of *durz
and *wardaz. Feist 117; Carr Mom.
comp. 69 (parallel formations); Lehmann
GED 89.
*durstiz sb.f: OE dyrst 'tribulatíon', OHG
ki-turst 'boldness'. Derived from *iarsa.
Identical wiťh Skt dhrslí- id. derived from
dhrsnóti 'to be audacious'. Torp-Falk
203; Pokorný I 259.
*durz sb.f: ON pl. dyn 'dooř', ODu dori
id. (z-stem), OHG turi id. (í-stem with
traces of a root stem). Related to Toch B
cturz
80
clusaz
twere id., Skt nom. pl. dvar- id., Av acc. sg.
dvarstn id., Arm pl. dur-k' id., Gk Supa
'dooř', Alb dere id., Lat Joris, Jbrěs id., W
dor 'dooř', Lith diitys id., Slav *dvbm
id. Brugmann Grundrift 11/ 1 133; Bar-
tholomae 766; Torp-Falk 210; Walde-
Hofmann I 529-530; Feist 117-118;
Mayrhofer II 83-84; Pokorný I
278-279; Fraenkel 112-113; Vries
AM.W 91; Zalizniak II 206; Frisk
I 695-696; Onions 284; Trubachev
ESSJa V 171-172; Lehmann GED 89;
Bammesberger Nom. 197; Griepentrog
I Vurzelnomina 117-152; Fvluge-Seebold
841; Orel AED 60; Adams TB 323-
324.
*durzuz adj.: MHG ttirre, dúrre 'valianť.
Derived from *darsa. Structurally identi-
cal with Skt dhrsú- 'bold, courageous', Gk
Opacrúc; 'brave, valianť and probably Slav
*dbrz~b-kb 'daring' (with unclear *-£-).
Mayrhofer II 112-113; Pokorný I 259;
Frisk I 654-655; Seebold 147; Matzel
Festschr. Schrockr 98, 109, 113, KZ CV
104; Georgiev LuE 199 (on Slav *dbrz~b-
ktí); Heidermanns 167—168.
*duskaz adj.: OE dox, dosc 'dark, swarthy'.
Identical with Yjnífuscus 'dark, blackish' <
*dhusko- (ZuprrzA KZ XXXVII 388). Cf.
*dusnaz. Torp-Falk 216; Schwentner
PBB XLLX 428-429; Holthausen
AEEW 75; Walde-Hofmann I 572-573;
Pokorný I 270; Onions 295; Heider-
manns 168.
*dusnaz adj.: OE dosen 'chestnut brown',
OS iosan 'maroon, ash-coloreď, OHG
tusin 'ash-coloreď. Identical with Mír
donn 'dark brown', MW dwnn 'dark red'
< *dhusno — *dhuosno-. Cf. *duskaz. For-
ster Festschr. Líebermann 137; Schwentner
FB 61-62, PBB XLLX 423-427; Torp-
Falk 216; Holthausen AEE]\ 7 80;
Pokorný I 270-271; Vries ANEW 87;
Lockwood K'Z LXXIX 294-300;
Heidermanns 168-169.
*dut(t)janan wk.vb.: ON dytta 'to med-
dle', OE dyttan 'to close, to shut up'.
Derived from *duttaz. Holthausen
AEEW 82; Vries ANEW 91.
*duttaz sb.m.: Norw dott 'tuft, wisp', OE
dott 'dot, small spoť, LG dott 'tuft, bunch'.
Derived from *dheu- 'to blow': Skt dhunoti
'to shake, to move', Gk 8t)co 'to offer by
burning', Lat suf-fio 'to fumigate, to per-
fume, to scenť. Torp-Falk 208 (to Gk
Oúaavoc; 'tassel, fringe'); Holthausen
AEEW 75; Pokorný I 262-263; Vries
ANEW 91; Onions 285.
*dúbanan str.vb.: ON dúja 'to dive' (wk.),
OE dúfan 'to sink', MLG be-duven 'to be
covereď. Eventually related to *deupaz.
ZuprrzA Gutt. 37; Torp-Falk 209; Holt-
hausen AEEJ\ T 79; Jóhannesson IEW
508-509; Pokorný I 267-268; Vries
AME]V 86; Lerghner 61; Seebold
155-156.
*dúbjanan wk.vb.: ON dýfa 'to dip', OE
dýfan id. Derived from *iuianan. Hol-
thausen AE£7r 81; Vries ANE]V 89;
Onions 278; Seebold 156; Lehmann
GED 92.
*dúbon sb.f: Goth hraiwa-dubo 'turde-
dove', ON dúja 'dove', OE dúfe-doppa 'pel-
ican', OFris dúve 'dove', OS duba id.,
OHG tuba id. Originally, a dark-colored
bird (cf. Gk jtéA.Eia 'wild dove' ~ neXióq
'dark, black and blue, livid')? If so, con-
nected widi Olr dub 'black', OW dub id.
and Gk TVfXóq 'dark, blind' (Petersson
Aufs. 53—54), cf. for example Slav *golqbb
'dove' ~ *golqb'b 'blue'. Suolahti DVN
206-212; Torp-Falk 209; Holthausen
AEEW 79; Feist 269-270; Pokorný I
264; Vries AjYEU r 86; Zalizniak I 155;
Frisk II 949-950; Ebbinghaus GL XVI
9—13 (onomatopoeia); Lehmann GED
190-191; Kxuge-Seebold 817.
*dúnaz ~ *dúnó sb.m./f: OE dun
'mountain, hill, down', OFris dúne 'hill,
duně', MDu duun id., OHG duna 'cape,
duně'. Borrowed from Gaul *dúnom, cf.
Celtic pláce names in -dúnum. Torp-
Falk 207 (from *dheu- 'to blow'); Holt-
hausen ^££71' 80; Pokorný I 263;
Onions 286; Kluge-Seebold 199 (to
Gk 6l<; 'heap, shore, sand', Skt dhísniya-
generous ,
*dúsaz adj.: ON sbst. dús 'lull, dead calm'
clusaz
ctwulaz
(< *dúsan), OFris dus 'still'. Identical with
Slav *dyxb 'breath', for further connec-
tions see *deuzan. Jóhannesson IEW 508;
Vries AMEW 88 (to Gk Gúco 'to offer, to
sacrifice'); Trubachev ESSJa V 200.
*dúsójanan wk.vb.: ON dúsa 'to doze',
MLG dosen, dusen 'to slumber, to re-
sounď. Derived from *dúsaz. Torp
MMEO 79; Holthausen PBB XLI 476;
Mohr ZDADL LXXVI 179 (adduces
MLG dúschen 'to rush'); Vries AMEW 88.
*ďwalaz adj.: Goth dwals 'foolish, stupiď,
MLG dwal 'insane'. Compared with Gk
Oo^óeo 'to make turbid, to confounď
(Pott KZ XXVI 189), Olr dali 'blind,
dark'. The connection with *dwelanan
seems indispu table. Torp-Falk 215
Karsten MB II 241, 297; Feist 130
Pokorný I 265-266 (Olr dali < *dhulno-)
Vries AMEW 88 (to Gk QÓXoq 'dirť)
Seebold 172-173; Lehmann GED 98
Bammesberger Mom. 238; Heidermanns
169; Keuge-Seebold 827.
*<twalib6 ~ *dwalij)an sb.f./n.: Goth
dwalipa 'foliy, foolishness', OE dwild
'error, heresy'. Derived from *dwalaz.
Feist 130; Heidermanns 169.
*ďwaljanan wk.vb.: ON dnelja 'to delay',
OE dwellan 'to lead into error, to
deceive', OFris dwelia 'to be mistaken',
OS bi-dwellian 'to hinder', MDu dwellen
'to stun, to perplex', OHG twellen 'to
stop, to halť. Derived from *iwelanan.
Torp-Falk 215; Holthausen AEEW 81;
Vries AMEW 88-89 (to *iwalaz)\ Onions
296; Seebold 172.
*dwalmaz ~ *tlwalm5n sb.m.: OE
dwolema 'darkness, chaos', NFris dwelm
'stupidity', OS dwalm 'fascination', OHG
twalm 'confusion'. Derived from *dwalaz.
Torp-Falk 216; Holthausen AEEW 81;
Lehmann GED 98.
*tlwalmjanan ~ *čtulmjanan wk.vb.:
ON dylma 'to be careless', OE for-dwilman
'to confuse, to perplex'. Derived from
*iwalmaz ~ *Íwalmon. Torp-Falk 216;
Holthausen AEE1 V 8 1 ; Vries AME1 V 89.
*ďwal5janan wk.vb.: ON dvala 'to delay',
OE dwalian 'to err', OFris dwalia id.,
OHG ga-twalon 'to delay, to postpone'.
Derived from *dwaló(n). Holthausen
^££11^80; Seebold 172.
*dwal5(n) sb.f./m.: ON dvql 'short stay,
stop', dvala 'hesitation', OE dwala 'error,
doubť, MDu dwale id., OHG twal 'pro-
crastination', twála id. Derived from
*dwalaz. Holthausen AEE]\ r 80; Vrtes
AMEW 88-89; Lehmann GED 98.
*ďwelanan str.vb.: Icel dulinn 'swell-
headeď, OE part. se-dwolen 'erroneous,
wrong, perverse', OS far-dwolon 'missed,
losť, OHG twelan 'to remain, to be slow,
to lag'. Probably related to Lat fallo 'to
deceive', Lith dúlti 'to roť and deriva-
tionally identical with Lith dvélti 'pedere'.
Torp-Falk 2 1 5-2 1 6; Holthausen AEE] I '
80; Walde-Hofmann I 447-448 (Lat fallo
< *ghu r lnb); Jóhannesson IEW 503-506;
Pokorný I 261-267; Fraenkel 109;
Seebold 172.
*ďwer3az sb.m.: ON dvergr 'dwarf', OE
dweoi'3 id., MLG dwerch id., OHG twerg id.
(neut.). Of unknown etymology. Bar-
tholomae IF XII 131 (to Av dwa-
'dwarfish, benť); ZuprrzA Gutt. 99; Torp-
Falk 215; Holthausen PBB XI 548,
AEEW 81; Krogmann R'Z LXII 143 (to
Latv drugt 'to subside, to fall'); Pokorný I
278; Vries AMEW 89 (to *pweraz);
Zalizniak I 130; Onions 296 (to Gk
aépipoq 'midge'); Kluge-Seebold 919.
*dwinanan str.vb.: ON dvína 'to dwindle'
(wk.), OE dwínan 'to pine, to fade, to
dwindle', MDu dwinen 'to fade'. Based on
*dewanan. Persson SVSU X 744; Torp-
Falk 217; Holthausen AEE]\ t 81;
Jóhannesson IEW 502-503; Pokorný I
260-261; Vries AME1\' 89 (to *iawjanan);
Lerchner 70-71; Seebold 171 (to Olr
díth 'loss').
*dwulaz adj.: ON sbst. dul 'self-conceit,
pride' (< *dwulo), OE dol 'foolish, erring',
OFris dol id., OS dol id., OHG tol id.
Related to *dwalaz. Torp-Falk 215;
Holthausen AEE1V 74; Wissmann MP
104; Pokorný I 266; Vries AME]V 87;
Onions 293; Heidermanns 170; Kluge-
Seebold 827.
*eb5(i) ptcl., conj.: Goth ibai, iba 'whether,
possibly', ON e/W, OS efid., OHG ibu
id. A sequence of two Indo-European
particles *e (like in Gk e-kei 'beside') and
*bhe ~ *bho: Av ba 'indeeď, Lidi ba id.
(Brugmann Dem. 115-117, Grundrifi II/2
323-324). See Ha. Grienberger Got.
125 (from IE *epi 'after, upon'); Bartho-
lomae 912; Uhlenbeck TNTL XXV 281
(samé as Brugmann); Kluge Urgerm. (a
čase form in *-bh-)\ Feist 286—287;
Pokorný I 113, 280-281; Fraenkel 28-
29; Vries ANEW 94; Frisk I 475-476;
Lehmann GED 202; Keuge-Seebold 595.
*ebna-líkaz adj.: Godi ibna-leiks 'of equal
substance, of similar form', OSwed jďm-
liker 'homogeneous', OE ejk-líc 'equal',
OHG eban-llh id. Compound of *etnaz
and *likaz. Feist 287; Lehmann GED
142, 202; Heidermanns 171.
*ebnaz adj.: Gouh ibns 'flat, even', ON
jqfn, jamn 'even, equal, samé', OE efen
'even, equal', OFrís adv. even 'samé', OS
efni 'fiat, even', OHG eban, ebano 'equal,
samé'. Identical with MBret effen 'like', W
iawn 'jusť < *epno- (Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I
92). Johansson PBB XV 229-230 (to
Lat aemulus 'imitating', imago 'image');
Sommer IF XXXI 361-362 (from *ep-
nó-, to IE *epi); Brugmann IF XXXVII
161 (samé as Johansson); Torp-Falk 28;
Feist 287-288; Holthausen AEEW 88;
Thurneysen apud Feist 287 (to Mír
emain 'twins'); Karsten NB II 211;
Pokorný I 505; Vries ANEW 289;
Mezger KZ LXXLX 45 (from
i-bh-
'here'); Onions 331; Lehmann GED 202;
Bammesberger Nom. 246; Heidermanns
171-172; Kluge-Seebold 203.
*ebnojanan wk.vb.: ON jafna 'to make
equal, to compare', OFris evenia 'to
smooth (the ground)', OHG ebanon 'to
make equal, to make the samé'. Derived
from *ebnaz. Vries ANEW 289; Leh-
mann GED 202; Heidermanns 171.
*eburaz sb.m.: ON jqjurr 'wild boar, king,
warrior', OE eqfor 'boar', MLG ever id.,
OHG ebur id. Close to Lat aper id., Umbr
acc. sg. abrunu id. (with a secondary a- in
Itálie), Thrac EfSpoq' xprayoi;, Páxt|i;- Kal
itoxanóc; 0páKT|5, Hes. (Fórsterman KZ I
497). Cf. also Slav *vepn>, Latv vepris 'cas-
trated boar' with an unexpected initial
*u- (Pedersen KZ XXXVIII 311).
Torp-Falk 25; Holthausen AEEW 92;
Walde-Hofmann I 56, II 754-755;
Detschew Thr. 163; Pokorný I 323;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 57; Vries ANEW
294; Zalizniak I 130; Vasmer-
Trubachev I 292.
*edaraz sb.m.: ONjadarr 'edge', OE eodor
'hedge, fence', OS edor, eder 'woven
fence', OHG etar 'fence'. Probably related
to Slav *oďrb 'wooden platform, beď
(Uhlenbeck PBB XXVI 295) or to Slav
*ědro 'net, cloth' (Trubachev Etim. 31—
32). Torp-Falk 24, 559 (to Arm ezer
'border, edge'); Meringer IF XVIII 256-
258; Holthausen AEEW 91; Pokorný I
290; Chemodanov SGGJa I 81; Vries
ANEW 289; Golab Origins 145; Kluge-
Seebold 236.
*edi ~ *e\>i adv.: Goth ip 'but, however,
if, ON pl. id-gjqld 'recompense', OE ed-
cerr 'return', OS ed- id., OHG it-lonon 'to
remunerate'. Gontinues IE *etv. Skt áti
'beyond, very', Av aiti id., Gk eti 'further-
more, still', OPhiyg eti 'and, also', Lat et
'and', Gaul eti 'also', OPrus et-, at-
(Jacobsohn KZ XLLX 194). Bartho-
lomae 54; Torp-Falk 24; Holthausen
AEEW 88; Walde-Hofmann I 421-422;
Feist 297; Mayrhofer I 27; Pokorný I
344-345; Vries ANEW 283; Lehmann
GED 208; Orel Pbygian 429.
*e3alaz sb.m.: Dan igle 'kind of worm,
leech', Norw igle id., MLG egel, ile 'leech'
(fem.), OHG egala id. (fem.). Related to
Gk e^ívoc; id., Gk í%\c, 'snake', Arm iž id.,
Lith ezys 'hedgehog', Slav *ežp id. Fick
e3alaz
83
endai
BB XXIX 237; Torp-Falk 23; Traut-
mann BS1V 73; Pokorný I 44; Fraenkel
330; Frisk I 602; Vasmer-Trubachev
II 10.
*exwa-raidó ~ *exwa-rai<lan sb.f./n.:
ON jó-reid 'horsemen(?)', OE eó-red 'cav-
alry, legion', OLG eo-rid id. Compound
of *exwaz and *raido. Structurally close to
Olr fem. coll. echrad 'horses'. Carr Nom.
comp. 46—47.
*exwaz sb.m.: Goth aitva-tundi 'thornbush,
bramble', ONjór 'stallion', OE eoh 'war-
horse', OS ehu-skalk 'groom, ostler'. From
IE *ekuos 'horše': Toch A yuk, B yakwe,
Skt áéva-, Gk íjtjtoq, Lat equus, Olr ech
(Forsterman K% I 493). Kock ANF
XXXII 189; Torp-Falk 23; Holthausen
AEEW92; Walde-Hofmann I 412-413;
Feist 21; Mayrhofer I 62; Pokorný I
301; Vries ANEW 293; Zalizniak I 138;
Frisk I 733-735; Lehmann GED 15;
Bammesberger Nom. 69; Adams TB 482.
*ejja str.vb.: Goth pret. iddja 'wenť, OE
pret. eóde id. Suppletive preterite of
*3an3tman identical with Skt áyat and fur-
ther continuing IE *ei- 'to go': Hitt pa-izi,
Toch ABj>-, Skt éti, Av aati, Gk ei|ii, Lat
eo, Olr pass. pret. etha, Lith eimi, eíti, Slav
*iti. Bartholomae 147-154; Torp-
Faek 27; Kluge Beitráge 124-127 (from
an augmented aorist); Holthausen IF
XIV 342 (to Lat vadere 'to go'); Collitz
Brát. 142-148 (from perfect middle);
Meillet MSL XXIII 257 (from an
unaugmented imperfecť); Feist 288-289;
Holthausen AEE]V 91; Cowgill
Language XXXVI 483-501; Walde-
Hofmann I 406-409; Mayrhofer I 128;
Pokorný I 293-297; Fraenkel 119;
Frisk I 462-463; Trubaghev ESSJa VIII
247-248; Seebold 174-176; Lindeman
Verschárfung 17.2; Burlak IFTJa 252.
*eka pron.: Godr ik 'I', ON ek id., OE ic
id., OFris ik id., OS ic id., OHG ih id.
Continues IE *ego id.: Gk éycó, Arm es,
Lat ego, OLith eš. Other Indo-European
forms differ from *ego in phonetic and
derivational details (Skt ahím, Av azsm,
Slav *azb). Cf. also emphatic OHG ihha.
Acc. sg. *meke (Goth mik, ON mek, mik,
OE mec, mic, OS mik, OHG mih) contin-
ues IE *(e)me ge, cf. Gk £|jéye id. Dat. sg.
*mez: Goth mis, ON mér, OE mé, OFris
mi, OS mí, OHG mir. Gen. sg. *mlna:
Goth meina, ON min, OE min, OFris min,
OS min, OHG min. Bartholomae 225-
227; Torp-Falk 23, 300; Holthausen
AEEW 185; Walde-Hofmann I 395-396;
Feist 291-292; Porzig Gliedrung 128;
Mayrhofer I 68; Pokorný I 418, 702;
Fraenkel 18; Vries ANEW 98-99, 384,
386-387; Frisk I 441; Schmidt Fron.
21-48, 54-55; Trubachev ESSJa I
100-103; Lehmann GED 204-205, 254;
Kluge-Seebold 392; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*eli(J)) ~ eljó sb.m./f: ON il 'footsole',
OE ile 'footsole, hard skin', OFris ili
id., MLG ele, elde, elt id. Derived from IE
*el-: Gk (rare) éXáw 'to drive', é^.aúvco
id. Torp-Falk 28 (to Lat pl. ilia 'flanks,
entrails'); Persson UUÁ 1891 78 (to OHG
lim 'to hurry'); Holthausen AEE]V 187;
Pokorný I 306-307; Vries ANEW 284;
Frisk I 482-483; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*elmaz ~ *almaz sb.m.: ON almr 'elm-
tree', OE elm id., OHG elm id. ON
reflects an old o-grade. Related to Lat
ulmus id. (< *lmos), Mír lem id. (< Hemos)
and Slav *jblbmb id. < *(u)lmos with some
irregularities in vocalism (Pedersen K£
XXXVIII 313-314). Uhlenbegk AfslPh
XV 487 (Slav < Gmc); Torp-Falk 26;
Holthausen AEE]V 90; Walde-
Hofmann II 811-812; Pokorný I 303;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 57; Vries ANEW
7; Zalizniak I 129; Onions 307; Vasmer-
Trubachev II 126-127; Trubachev
ESSJa VIII 222-223.
*enaz pron.: ON def. art. (h)inn, OHG ener
id. Related to Lith anás 'that one', Slav
*on~b < *ono-. Cf. also Skt instr. anéna
'drrough dris', Gk Ěvt] 'third day' <
*'yonder day'. Mayrhofer I 32;
Pokorný I 320; Fraenkel 10; Vries
ANEW 286; Frisk 1514; Lehmann GED
210; Kluge-Seebold 410.
*endai adv.: Goth inna 'within, inside',
ON inni 'indoors', OE inne 'in, within,
endai
84
erknaz
inside', OFris inna 'inside', OS inna id.,
OHG inna- id. Locative of *enie (Feist
293). Brugmann IF XXXIII 304 (from
*eni-no); Holthausen AEE]\ 7 188; Feist
293; Vries ANEW 287; Lehmann GED
206; Keuge-Seebold 401.
*enáaně adv.: Gouh innana 'from wiuhin,
widiin, inside', ON innan 'from within',
OE innan id., OFris inna id., OS innan id.,
OHG innan, innana 'inside'. Derived from
*en£t. Holthausen AEEW 188; Feist
294; Vries ANEW 286; Kluge-Seebold
401.
*enda-wardaz adj., adv.: ON innan-verdr
'inwarď, OE innan-weard, in-weard id.,
MDu inne-wert, in-wert id., OHG in-wart
'inside'. Compound of *enie and *wardaz.
Onions 484.
*end(ě) adv.: Goth inn 'in', ON inn id., OE
inn 'in, within', OFris in 'in', OS in id.,
OHG in id. (wiuh secondary lengthening).
Derived from *eni. Close to Gk ev8ov
'within' (Collitz MLN XXXVII 215
218), Hitt anda(n) 'in', Alb nde. Cf. also
comp. *endizon > ON innri, ibri 'inmosť,
OE innera, innerra 'inner, inwarď, OFris
inra, innere 'inside, interior', OHG innan,
inner id. Torp-Falk 25 (extension of *eni
by means of a particle *ni)\ Holthausen
AEEW 188; Feist 293; Pokorný I 311—
314, 774; Frisk 1511-512; Vries ANEW
286-287; Onions 466, 476; Tischler
HEG I 33-34; Lehmann GED 206; Orel
AED 284.
*eni prep.: Goth in 'in', ON i id., OE in
'in, within', OFris in id., OS in id., OHG
in id. Identical with Gk áv, éví id., Lat in
id., Olr in- id., OPrus en id., Lith j id.,
Slav *ubn id. Torp-Falk 25; Holt-
hausen AEEW 188; Walde-Hofmann I
687-688; Feist 292; Pokorný I 31 1-312;
Fraenkel 181; Vries ANEW2S2; Frisk I
508-509; Onions 466; Lehmann GED
205; Kluge-Seebold 397.
*enk5n sb.m.: ON ekki 'convulsive sob-
bing', OE inca 'doubt, question, cause of
complainť. Related to Lith éngti 'to stran-
gle, to squeeze, to tormenť, Slav *gga ~
\za 'witch, illness, wradi' (Pogodfn RFV
XXXIII 328; Lidén Studím 70-71)
Torp-Falk 28; Trautmann BSW 70
Holthausen IF XVII 295, AEEW 188
Pokorný I 13; Fraenkel 10, 1163-1164:
Vries ANEW 99; Stang LS 25; Tru-
bachev ESSJa VI 68-69; Dybo BSA 201.
*enkwaraz pron.: Goth igqar 'your (duál)',
ON ykkar id., OE incer id., OS inca id.
Derived from *enkwara (see *jutwo ~
*jitwó). Holthausen AEE]V 188; Feist
291; Lehmann GED 204.
*enkwaz sb.m.: ON ekkr 'glans, glandula'.
Related to Gk á8r|v 'gland' < *ng"ěn, Lat
inguen 'groin, abdomen' (Bugge BB III
115). Saussure MSL VI 53; Torp-Falk
25; Walde-Hofmann I 701; Pokorný I
319; Frisk I 20.
*enstran sb.n.: ON ístr 'fat of the paunch',
MLG inster, inser 'intestines of a slaugh-
tered animal'. Close to Latv istri 'kidneys',
OPrus instran 'fať < *nstro- (Forstemann
KZ XLX 355). Further to Gk évtóq
'within, inside', Lat intus id. < *entos.
See *enpran. Torp-Falk 25; Endzelin
KZ Lil 121; Walde-Hofmann I 713;
Trautmann BSW 69-70; Pokorný I 182,
314; Vries ANEW 287; Fraenkel 188;
Frisk I 525; Stang LS 25; Toporov PJa
III 54-55.
*enbran sb.n.: ON pl. idr, innr 'bowels,
entrails'. Identical with IE *entro- > Skt
neut. antrá- 'intestine', Gk ěvTEpoc id.,
Arm pl. mder-K id., Slav *etro 'liver, intes-
tines'. Torp-Falk 25; Pokorný I 313;
Mayrhofer I 36; Vries ANEW 283;
Frisk I 524-525; Trubachev ESSJa VI
72-73.
*erkna-stainaz sb.m.: ON jarkna-steinn
'gem', OE eorcnan-stán 'precious stone,
pearl'. Compound of *erknaz and *stainaz.
Holthausen AEE]V 92; Pokorný I 65.
*erknaz adj.: Gouh un-airkns 'impure',
OHG ercan 'holý, sublime'. Related
to Toch A ydrk, B yarke 'adoration,
reverence' but to be separated from the
family of Skt árcati 'to shine, to adore'.
Osthoff Morph. Unt. VI 33 (to Gk ócpyóq
'white, quick'); Torp-Falk 26; Feist 25;
Holthausen AEEW 92; Pokorný I 65
erknaz
85
erjia-kundaz
("Kreuzung" of *arg- 'white' und *erk"-
'to light, to shine'); Meid IF LXLX 245;
Lacy JIES VII 287-296 (from IE *er-gnos
'having a good birth'); Lehmann GED 1 8;
Lůhr Expr. 339; Bammesberger jYom.
246; Heidermanns 174-175.
*erlaz sb.m.: ON jarl 'earl, leader, noble-
man', OE eorl 'nobleman of high rank',
OS ni id., OHG erl- id. (in cmpn.).
Related to *eron. Probably can be direcdy
compared with Thrac prn. 'OtaSpoc;,
Oroles (Tomaschek Thr. 11/ 2 29; Kret-
schmer Einleitung 214, 221) unless the lat-
ter is to Slav *orbtb 'eagle'. Torp-Falk
25; Holthausen AEE1V 92; Detschew
Thr. 341; Pokorný I 326 (to *arón), 328;
Vries AMEW 290; Zalizniak I 130;
Onions 297; Lehmann GED 40.
*ermena-3rundiz ~ *ermuna-3run-
dan sb.f./n.: ON jqrmun-grund 'Earth',
OE eormen-grund id. Based on *ermenaz ~
*ermunaz and *yunduz ~ *^runpuz.
Carr Nora. comp. 58.
*ermenaz ~ *ermunaz adj.: Goth prop.
Ermeni-ricus, ON jqrmun-gandr 'great mon-
ster, Jqrmunr (name of Odin), OE eormen-
cyn 'mankind, human race', OS irmin-man
'man', OHG irmin-súl 'tall column'. Of
uncertain origin. Probably related to Gk
opirevoq 'high', Slav *orměrrt> 'strong,
large'. Bruckner KZ XLV 107-108 (to
Gk iipvuju 'to urge, to incite'); Torp-
Falk 18; Feist 132; Holthausen AEEI I'
92; Walde-Pokorny I 183-184 (to Lat
armentum 'cattle for plowing, herd');
Pokorný I 58; Beeler Festschr. h'olff
9-21 (to *eron); Vries AMEW 295 (to Skt
aryaman- 'companion, host, god of hospi-
tality'); Vasmer-Trubachev III 441;
Hilmarsson TIES III 65-75 (to Toch A
yárm, B yarm 'size, measure'); Lehmann
GED 100; Heldermanns 175-175.
*erón sb.f: ON jara 'fight, battle'.
Connected with Skt máti 'to arise, to
move, to reach, to attack', Av srmaoiti 'to
move', Gk iípvuiii 'to urge, to incite', Lat
orior 'to rise, to get up'. Cf especially Skt
sam-ará- 'fight, battle'. Bartholomae
183-184; Walde-Hofmann II 222-223;
Mayrhofer I 122; Pokorný I 332; Frisk
II 422-424.
*erpaz adj.: Burg *erps 'brown', ON jctrpr
id., OE eorp 'dark, dusky, brown', OS
prop. Erp-hund, OHG erpf 'dark brown'.
Unclear. Hardly to Gk ópepvó^ 'dark
brown' (~ Arm arjn id. < *org"hen-).
Osthoff Etym. I 78-79 (< *ereb(h)-, cf.
lAŮijérbé 'hazel-grouse'); Torp-Falk 332;
Holthausen AEE1V 93; Karsten MB
II 220; Pokorný I 334; Vries ANEW
291; Frisk II 431-432; Kobler 709;
Hetdermanns 176-177.
*er|5a-bazjan sb.n.: Swed jord-bter 'straw-
berry', OE fem. eoro-beri^e id., MDu erd-
bere id., OHG erd-beri id. Compound of
*erpó~ and *bazjan. Froehde BB XVII
310 (to Lat arbutus 'wild strawberry-tree');
Carr Mom. comp. 47.
*erjía-bur3z sb.f: ON jarS-borg 'earth
strongholď, OE eord-burh 'eardi mounď,
OHG erd-burg 'eardi strongholď. Com-
pound of *erp>o and *bur^z. Carr Mom.
comp. 47.
*erna-fallaz sb.m.: ON jari-jall 'earth-
slip', OFris erth-fall 'fall to the ground',
MLG erd-jal id., OHG erd-fal 'earth-slip'.
Compound of *erp>o and *fallaz. Carr
Mom. comp. 75 (parallel formations).
*er|5a-fastaz adj.: ON jard-fastr 'fixed in
the earth', OE eorS-frest id., OFris erth-fest
id., MLG erd-fast id., early G erdfest id.
Compound of *erpó and *fastaz. Carr
Mom. comp. 60.
*erpa-xnutz sb.f: Swed jord-not 'earth-
nuť, OE eoró-hnutu id., MDu erd-note id.,
OHG erd-nuz id. Compound of *erpo and
*xnutz. Carr Mom. comp. 47.
*erpa-xúsan sb.n.: ON jard-hús 'cave,
underground home', OE eord-hús 'earth-
house, den', OS erth-hus 'cave, under-
ground home', OHG erd-hús id.
Compound of *erpo and *xusan. Carr
Mom. comp. 47.
*erna-kunďaz adj.: Goth airpa-kunds 'of
earthly birth', OE eoro-cund 'earthly, ter-
restrial'. Compound of *erpó and *kundaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 88 (calque of Lat terri-
genus).
ert>a-we3az
86
et>l)au
*erba-we3az sb.m.: ON jard-vegr 'earth',
OE eord-wej 'earth, earth-way'. Com-
pound of *erpó and *we^az. Carr Nom.
comp. 54.
*erpó sb.f.: Goth airpa 'earth', ON jqrd id.
(partly < *erpiz), OE eorSe id. (< *erpbnj,
eord id., OFris erthe id., OS ertha id.,
OHG erda id. Related to or derived from
*erwbn (Bremer ~DADL XXXI 205-206).
Torp-Faek 26, 560; Holthausen AEE1\'
93; Feist 25-26; Pokorný I 332; Vries
ANEW 295; Zalizniak II 195; Onions
298; Lehmann GED 18; Bammesberger
Nom. 116; Kluge-Seebold 228-229.
*erwón sb.m.: ON jqtfi 'graveF, OHG ero
'earth'. Close to Toch B yare 'graveF, W
erw 'fielď, Corn erw id., OBret eru 'fur-
row', Gk epa id. and probably to Phryg
dat. sg. eipoi 'earth, earthly (?)' (Orel
Phrygian 71). Schwyzer I 424; Torp-
Falk 26; Pokorný I 332; Vries ANEW
295; Frisk I 546-547; Chantraine 363;
Lehmann GED 18.
*erzibó sb.f.: Goth airzipa 'deception,
delusion', OHG irrida 'heresy'. Derived
from *erzjaz. Feist 27; Heidermanns
177.
*erzjanan wk.vb.: Goth airzjan 'to mis-
lead, to delude', OS irrian 'to dissolve',
OHG irren 'to entangle'. Derived from
*erzjaz. Feist 27; Lehmann GED 19;
Heidermanns 177.
*erzjaz adj.: Goth airzeis 'deluded, erring,
misleď, OE eorre 'angry, enraged, fierce',
OFris Ire 'furious', OS irri id., OHG irú
'stray'. Related to Lat erro 'to go astray',
Arm eřam 'to be restíess' < *ersáio (Kret-
schmer KZ XXXI 1 84). Torp-Falk 26;
Walde-Hofmann I 416-417; Feist 27;
Holthausen AEE]V 186-187; Pokorný I
336-337; Lehmann GED 19-20; Heider-
manns 177-178; Kluge-Seebold 406.
*esti athem.: Goth ist 'is', ON es id., OE is
id., OFris is, ist id., OS is, ist id., OHG
ist id. Continues IE *es-ti id.: Hitt ěšzi, Skt
ásti, Av asti, Gk ácrtí, Lat est, Olr is, Liťh
ěsti, Slav *estb, Alb eshte. See *wesanan I.
Bartholomae 266—279; Torp-Falk 27;
Feist 292; Holthausen AEEW 92;
Walde-Hofmann II 628-629; Kluge
700-701; Lané Language XXX 113;
Jóhannesson IE]V 78-79; Mayrhofer I
67; Pokorný I 340-342; Fraenkel 124;
Vries ANEW 101, 105; Frisk I 463-464;
Seebold 176-178; Trubachev ESSJa VI
32; Lehmann GED 205; Puhvel II
285-291; Orel AED 156.
*etanan str.vb.: Goth itan 'to eať, ON eta
id., OE etan id., OFris eta id., OS etan id.,
OHG ezzan id. Related to Hitt e-id-mi
id., Skt átti id., Gk fe'8co id., Arm utem id.,
Lat edd id., Olr ith id., Liťh ani id., Slav
*édmb id. (Balto-Slavic lengthening due
to Winter's law) Torp-Falk 24, 232;
Brugmann Grundrifi II/3 96; Trautmann
BSW 66; Feist 163, 296-297; Holt-
hausen AEEW 94, 1 1 6; Walde-Hofmann
I 392-393; Jóhannesson IEW 53-54:
Mayrhofer I 28; Pokorný I 287-289
Fraenkel 124-125; Vries ANEW 106
Frisk I 444-445; Onions 298, 376
Chantraine 312-313; Seebold 179-180
Trubachev ESSJa VI 53-54; Lehmann
GED 208; Puhvel II 315-320; Kluge-
Seebold 235, 285.
*etulaz adj.: ON etall 'consuming', OE etol
'voracious, gluttonous', OHG Jilu-ezzal
'greedy'. Derived from *etanan.
Holthausen AEE]V 94; Seebold
179-180; Heidermanns 178-179.
*etunaz sb.m.: ON jqtunn 'gianť, OE eóten
id. The meanings of *etulaz make a ten-
tative connection witír *etanan probable.
Schůtte IF XV 266 (to the ethnonym
Etiones); Torp-Falk 24; Holthausen
AEEW 93; Vries ANEW 295-296;
Bammesberger Nom. 82.
*ebbau conj.: Goth aippau 'else, or', ON
eda id., OE edda, oddá id., OS ettho id.,
OHG edo id. An unclear compound, pro-
bably continuing *ef pau (Grlenberger
Got. 1 7) or *ex pau (Cercignani JIES XII
315-344). Sghmidt Studím 85-95 (re-
constructs *eft-pau)\ Johansson BB XIII
120-122; Holthausen AEEW 94; Feist
29; Pokorný I 344; Vries ANEW 93
{*ep- to Lat et); Lehmann GED 21;
Kluge-Seebold 597.
eučtaran
87
tn(e)u
*eudaran sb.n.: ON júgr 'udder', OFris
jader id., OS geder id. A secondary ablaut
variant of *údaran. Torp-Falk 29;
Noreen SVSU V/3 39-43; Pokorný I
347; Vries ^VETT 294; Zalizniak II 184;
Onions 954; Kluge-Seebold 237-238.
*ědmaz ~ *ěbmaz sb.m.: OE éím
'vapor, breath, smell', OFris ethma
'breath' (n-stem), OS ádum id., OHG dtum
'spirit, life breath'. Continues IE
*ět-mo- close to *ět-men- reflected in Skt
dtmán- 'breath, soul, šelf. Torp-Falk
24; Holthausen AEEW 13; Mayrhofer
I 73; Pokorný I 39, 345; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 106; Zalizniak I 130; Schtn-
dler Sprache XIII 202; Lloyd-Springer I
391-393; Bammesberger Nom. 71-72;
Kluge-Seebold 59; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*ěáraz adj.: ON adv. ádr 'ere, already,
soon', OE adv. ďdre 'quickly, prompdy, at
once', OS adv. adro 'early', OHG atar
'swift, eager'. Related to Lith otrus 'lively',
Latv dtrs 'swifť. Torp-Falk 559-560;
Holthausen AEEW 9; Schneider K£
LXVI 249-251 (to Toch A atar 'hero');
Pokorný I 345; Chemodanov SGGJa I
77; Fraenkel 518-519; Vries ANEW
2; Lloyd-Springer I 379-381; Heider-
MANNS 173.
*ědró ~ *ěbr5 sb.f.: OE édre, ádr 'artery,
vein, sinew', MLG ddere, áder 'sinew',
OHG adra 'blood vessel, sinew'. Related
to Gk Hom f|TOp 'hearť, Olr inathar
'intestines' < *en-dtro- (Fick I 366).
Cf. also ON fem. téír 'vein' < *ědiz.
Schmidt Plur. 198; Torp-Falk 24-25,
560; Holthausen AEE]V 9; Pokorný I
344; Vries ANEW 680; Zalizniak I 221;
Frisk I 645; Lloyd-Springer I 54-57;
Kluge-Seebold 15.
*Č3wjaz ~ *ě3wjó sb.m./f.: ON égir
'sea, oceán', OE «5 'water, island', «je
'island'. Long grade derivative of *axwo.
Pokorný I 23; Vries ANEW 681;
Szemerényi VJa 1967/4 19 (to Slav
*ezero 'lake', OPrus assaran id. < *eghero-) .
*ělaz I sb.m.: ON áll 'colored stripe along
the horse's back'. Identical with Arm il
'spindle' < *ělo-. Ltdén SHVS Uppsala
VI 82 (to Skt dra- 'cavity'); Pokorný I
308-310 (to Skt ali- 'row, line' but the
latter is from *adi-)\ Vries ANEW 6;
Zalizniak I 130.
*ělaz II sb.m.: ON áll 'eel', OE él id.,
OFris ěl id., OS Si id., OHG al id. Histo-
rically identical with *ělaz I (Uhlenbeck
PBB XXXV 162). Schroder %DADL
XLII 63 (from *edlo- 'eater'); Loewen-
thal II 'uS X 144 (to Skt Slam 'discharge
from a venomous animal'); Torp-Falk
26; Holthausen AEE]V 10; Pokorný
I 309-310; Vries ANEW 6; Zalizniak I
130; Onions 302; Lloyd-Springer I
133-135; Kluge-Seebold 1 (to *alino).
*ělaz III sb.m.: ON alf 'awl' (< *alaz), OE
d id., OS al id., OHG ala id. (< *elo).
Identical with Skt ara id. Torp-Falk
26; Holthausen AEEW 10; Mayrhofer
I 78; Pokorný I 16; Vries ANEW 7;
Dybo VSJa 26; Onions 66; Zalizniak II
191; Lloyd-Springer I 135-136; Kluge-
Seebold 20.
*ěmaz ~ *5maz adj.: ON ámr 'black,
loathsome (?)', OE sbst. óm 'rusť, G dial.
sbst. ahm, ohm 'blast (in corn), erysipelas'.
Of unknown origin. Wood Language
VIII 213 (to Lat areo 'to be dry'); Holt-
hausen AEKÍI" 241; Vries ANEW 8.
*ěn(e)u prep.: Goťh inu 'widrouť, ON án
id., OFris dne id., OS ano id., OHG dnu
id. Related to Skt ánu- 'after, along', Av
anu 'along', Gk avet) 'without, away from'.
Brugmann Grundrijj II/2 837 (to Osset
dna 'without'); Bartholomae 127; Torp-
tn(e)u
fa3anaz
Falk 25; Wackernagel Festschr. Daniels-
son 383—384 (to Skt dnu 'after, along');
Feist 295; Mayrhofer I 34; Pokorný I
318; Vries ANEW 9; Mayrhofer I 34;
Frisk I 106; Lehmann GED 207; Hamp
JIES X 189-190; Lloyd-Springer I
289-290; Kluge-Seebold 599; Adams
TB 40 (adds Toch AB aňu 'rest, peace').
*ětan sb.n.: ON át 'act of eating', OE
ét 'fooď (mase, fem.), OFris ět id., OS at
id., OHG az 'carrion'. Together with
Lith eda id., Latv pl. edas id., Slav *ěda id.
continues IE *ědom ~ *ědá. For further
connections see *etanan. Torp-Falk 24;
Trautmann BS1 V 66; Holthausen AEE] I "
13; Pokorný I 288; Fraenkel 125; Vries
ANEW 17; Zalizniak I 139; Seebold
180; Lehmann GED 4, 208, 385; Truba-
chev ESSJa VI 38; Bammesberger Nom.
62-63.
*ětiz ~ *ětjaz adj.: ON atr 'edible', OE
ofer-éte 'gluttonous'. Derived from *etanan.
Holthausen ^££11" 13; Matzel Festschr.
Schroder 103, 117, K? CV 112; Hetder-
manns 178.
*ětjón sb.m.: Goth af-etja 'glutton', OE self-
éta 'cannibal'. Structurally similar to Skt
ddyá- 'edible', Lith edžia 'fodder, glutton',
Slav *ědja 'fooď. Derived from *etanan or
directly from *etan. Holthausen AEE] V
13; Feist 5; Mayrhofer I 74; Fraenkel
125; Seebold 180; Lehmann GED 4.
*ětón sb.m.: Goth uz-eta 'manger, erib',
MLG or-ete, or-áte 'remainder of animal
feed, straw'. Derived from *etan. Feist
538; Lehmann GED 385.
*faděr sb.m.: Goth voc.fadar 'father' (hap.
leg.), ON fadir id., OE Jader id., OFris
feder,fader id., OS fadar id., OHO^afer id.
Identical with Toch A pacar, B pacer
id., Skt pitar- id., Gk naxr|p id., Lat pater
id., Arm hayr id., Olr athir id. Torp-Falk
227; Holthausen ^££71' 95; Walde-
Hofmann II 262-264; Feist 1 33; Mayrho-
fer II 277-278; Pokorný I 829; Vries
ANEW 109; Frisk II 481-482; Onions
347; Benveniste IEL 1 69—1 70; Lehmann
GED 101; Bammesberger jYom. 207-208;
Kluge-Seebold 853; Adams TB 365.
*fadiz sb.m.: Goth brup-faps 'bridegroom'.
Identical widr Toch A pats, B pets 'hus-
band', Skt páti- 'master, owner, husband',
Av paiti- 'master, spouse', Gk jtogic; 'hus-
band', Lat potis 'capable', Lith pats 'mar-
ried man' (Meillet WuS XII 17-20).
Bartholomae 821; Schrader II 337-
340; Torp-Falk 227; Feist 109-110;
Mayrhofer II 200-201; Pokorný I
842; Fraenkel 551-552; Frisk II 584;
Lehmann GED 82-83.
*faďrÍ3az adj.: ON pl. feíigar 'father and
son'. Identical with Gk jiatpiKÓc; 'fatherly'.
Derived from *faier. Pokorný I 829;
Vries ANEW 1 1 4; Frisk II 48 1 ; Lehmann
GED 101.
*fadurwjón sb.m.: OE jtedera 'father's
brother', OFris federia id., OHG fatureo,
fetiro id. Identical with Skt pitrvya- 'paternal
uncle', Av tuiryo id., Lat patruus 'father's
brother, paternal uncle' < *pDtruio-. See
*faděr. Bartholomae 657; Holthausen
AEEW 95; Walde-Hofmann II 263;
Mayrhofer II 278-279; Pokorný I 829;
Lehmann GED 101; Kluge-Seebold 863.
*fa3anaz ~ *fa3enaz adj.: ON jeginn
'glad, joyful', OE jce^en 'glad, joyful',
OS fagan, fagin 'glad', OHG gi-jagan
'contenteď. Participle of *fexanan. Gut-
macher Btrg. Gesch. XXXLX 69-71;
Torp-Falk 225; Feist 134; Holthausen
^££71' 95; Wissmann j\T 14; Pokorný I
796-797; Vries ANEW 1 15; Onions 342;
Seebold 189; Lehmann GED 102; Hei-
dermanns 180-181.
fa3anojanan
faixaz
*fa3anójanan ~ *fa3enójanan wk.vb.:
Goth faginon 'to feel happy, to rejoice',
ON fagna 'to be fain, to rejoice', OE
fie^enian 'to rejoice', OS faganon id., OHG
feginon id. Derived from *fa^anaz ~
*fa3enaz. Zupitza Gutt. 188; Torp-Falk
225; Holthausen AEEW 95; Feist 134;
Vries ANEW 109; Onions 348; Seebold
189; Lehmann GED 102.
*fa3raz sb.m.: Goth^ř^w 'proper, suitable',
ON fagr 'fair, brighť, OE fce^er 'fair,
beautiful', OS fagar id., OrIG/«^«r 'beau-
tiful, bright, splendiď. Identical with
Toch A pakdr, B pákri 'manifest, appar-
enť, Skt pajrá- 'firm, solid', Umbr pacer
'benť (Brugmann IF LX 349). See *fan-
xanan, *fexanan. Schweizer K^ I 155;
Braune PBB XLIII 369; Zupitza Gutt.
188; Karsten NB II 252; Torp-Falk
224; Feist 134; Holthausen AEEW 95;
Wissmann NP 14, 109, 123; Mayrhofer
II 186; Pokorný I 796-797; Vries
ANEW 109 (to *fanxanan or *ft>3ojanan)\
Mayrhofer II 186; Onions 342; Leh-
mann GED 101; Bammesberger Nom. 248;
Heidermanns 181-182.
*fa3rij5Ó sb.f: ON fegrS 'beauty, fair-
ness', OS gi-fagiritha 'ornament'. Derived
from ^fajraz or *fi3rjanan ~ *faxrjanan.
Heidermanns 182.
*fa3iin sb.f: ON fegri 'beauty', OHG fagarí
'splendor'. Derived from *fa3raz. Hei-
dermanns 181.
*fa3rjanan ~ *faxrjanan wk.vb.: Goth
ga-fahrjan 'to put in proper condition,
to make suitable', ON fegra 'to adorn'.
Derived from *fa3raz. Feist 180; Vries
ANEW 115; Heidermanns 182.
*faxez sb.f: ON far 'sheep'. Close to Gk
tiÓkoc, 'wool, fleece' (Fick BB I 60) fur-
ther related to *fexu. Schmidt Plur. 149;
Torp-Falk 225; Pokorný I 797; Vries
ANEW 149; Frisk II 492-493.
*faxsan sb.n.: ON fax 'mane', OE feax
'hair', OFris fax id., OS fahs id., OHG
fahs id. Based on an originál j-stem as in
Gk 7t£KO<; 'fleece'. Derived from *faxez.
Zupitza Gutt. 189; Torp-Falk 225;
Holthausen AEEW 100; Pokorný I
797; Vries ANEW 114; Zalizniak II
167; Frisk II 492-493; Kluge-Seebold
254.
*faxtiz sb.m.: OSwed fat 'wool, fleece',
OE feht, fieht 'sheepskin with wool', OFris
fecht 'wool, fleece', Du vacht id. Related
to *faxsan. Cf. also *fextanan. Torp-Falk
225; Holthausen AEEW 103; Pokorný I
797; Vries ANEW 149.
*faÍ3az adj.: ON feigr 'death-bounď,
OE fa3e 'fated, doomed', OS flgi
'death-bounď, OHG feigi id. Related to
*faixaz II (Bezzenberger BB XXVII
176; Wiedemann BB XXVIII 36-38).
Osthoff KZ III (NF) 427-428 (to Skt
pakvá- 'cooked, baked, ripe'); Schůtt
ZdWf XI 274-275; Zupitza Gutt. 189;
Torp-Falk 223 (to Lith paíkas 'stupid');
Holthausen AEEW 95, 420; Kluge
207-208; Karsten NB II 444; Pokorný I
795; Vries ANEW 115; Onions 353;
Lehmann GED 68; Huld apud Jones-
Bley Festschr. Puhvel I 2 1 4-2 1 5 (to *faixaz
I); Heidermanns 182-183; Kluge-
Seebold 256.
*faÍ3Ípó sb.f: ON feigd 'approaching
death', OE fa3& 'hostility'. Derived from
*faÍ3az. Cf. faixipo. Holthausen AEE\ V
95; Vries ANEW 115; Heidermanns
183.
*faixaz I adj.: Goth flu-faihs 'multicolored,
manifold', ON blá-fár 'in blue speckles',
OEfáh,fá 3 'coloreď, OSfěh id., OHG fěh
id. Identical widi Skt péšas- 'shape, form,
color', Av paes- 'to color, to ornament',
Gk jioikÍA.o<; 'colorful', Toch A peke 'tab-
let, painting' < *poiko-. Zupitza Gutt.
132; Bartholomae 817; Torp-Falk 241;
Feist 153-154; Holthausen AEEW 97;
Karsten NB I 45-46; Porzig Gliederung
1 36 (short form of the originál *filu-faixaz
'with many stains'); Mayrhofer II 342;
Pokorný I 794-795; Vries ANEW 112;
Frisk II 572-573; Lehmann GED 116;
Bammesberger Nom. 237; Heidermanns
183-184; Kluge-Seebold 255.
*faixaz II adj.: OE fáh 'guilty, criminal,
hostile, inimical', OFris fach 'criminal',
MDu see 'hostile, inimical', OHG gi-fěh
faixaz
90
faldaz
'hostile'. Identical with Lith pdikas 'stupiď
(Zupitza KZ XXXVII 401). Any connec-
tion with *faixaz I? Zupitza Gutt. 189
(to Jaixaz I); Torp-Falk 240-241; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 97; Wissmann Postu. 79-
81; Pokorný I 795; Fraenkel 525;
Lehmann GED 68; Heidermanns 184-185;
Kluge-Seebold 255; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*faixjanan wk.vb.: ON fá 'to draw, to
painť, OHG féhen 'to decorate'. Derived
from *faixaz I. Torp-Falk 241; Vries
AMEW 108; Lehmann GED 116; Heider-
manns 183.
*faiknan sb.n.: ON feikn 'fright, misfor-
tune', OE fácen 'deceit, frauď, OS Jekán
'guile, malice', OHG feihhan id. Sub-
stantivized *faiknaz. Zupitza Gutt. 161;
Torp-Falk 241; Holthausen AEEW
94; Pokorný I 795; Vries AMEW 115
(to "faixaz II); Zalizniak I 139; Heider-
manns 185.
*faikna-stabaz sb.m.: ON pl. feikn-stafir
'baně, eviT, OE fácen-stďj 'deceitful deeď.
Compound of *faiknan and *stabaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 54.
*faiknaz adj.: ON feikn 'perishable', OE
fécne 'deceitful, fraudulent, wickeď, OS
fěkni 'guileful, malicious', OHG feihhan
'insidious'. Related to Lat impers. piget 'to
annoy' (Curtius Gr. Et. 164). Karsten
MB II 449; Torp-Falk 241; Holthausen
AEEW 94-95; Walde-Hofmann II 300-
301; Feist 89-90; Pokorný I 795; Vries
AMEW 115; Krause Run. 122; Lůhr
Expr. 337-338 (to Jaixaz II); Heider-
manns 184-185.
*faiman sb.n.: Norw dial.feim 'foam', OE
fám id., OHG mase. feim id. Related to
other phonetically diverging words for
'foam': Skt phéna- 'foam, froth', Sogd
pym'kh id., Lat spuma id., putnex 'pumice',
Slav *péna 'foam', Lith spalné id. Weem-
hold KZ I 247; Persson Beitrdge 690;
Pedersen IF V 80; Meillet Etudes 445;
Torp-Falk 224; Trautmann BSW 227-
228; Holthausen AEEW 98; Walde-
Hofmann II 388-389; Mayrhofer II
399; Pokorný I 1001 (reconstructs
*spoimno-)\ Fraenkel 858; Onions 366;
Vasmer-Trubachev III 231; Kluge-
Seebold 256.
*faimnjo sb.f.: ON fáma 'bashful girl,
young lass', OE fémne Virgin, maid,
woman', OYús famne 'young woman', OS
femea id. Fem. of unattested faimSn 'shep-
herd, herder' related to Gk jtoi|i,r|v id.,
Lith piemuo id. Cf. in particular Lith
piemené 'female shepherď. Torp-Falk
240 (to Av paéman- 'milk'); Fraenkel 585;
Frisk II 573.
*faitaz adj.: ON fair 'fať, MLG veet id.,
MHG veiz id. Related to the IE adjective
reflected in Skt píván- 'swelling, fat,
strong', Gk nicov id. Torp-Falk 241;
Holthausen AEEW 97; Karsten MB I
59; Mayrhofer II 297-298; Pokorný I
794 (to Gk 7n8íi(o 'to gush forth'); Vries
AMEW 115-116; Frisk II 532; Onions
346-347; Heidermanns 186-187; Kluge-
Seebold 257, 261.
*faitín sb.f: ON feiti 'fatness', MHG veize
id. Derived from *faitaz. Heidermanns
186.
*faitjanan wk.vb.: ON feita 'to fatten', OE
part. fát id., OHG feizen id. Derived from
*faitaz. Holthausen AEE]\ t 97; Vries
ANEW 116; Onions 346-347; Heider-
manns 186.
*falaz adj.: ON fair 'for šale', OHG foli
'saleable'. Related to Gk nco^-éco 'to seli',
Lith pelnas 'profit, yielď. Torp-Falk
237; Kartsen MB I 66; Pokorný I 804;
Fraenkel 567-568; Vries AMEW 110
111; Frisk II 633; Matzel KZ CV 110;
Heidermanns 187; Kluge-Seebold 256.
*falčta-líkaz adj.: ON marg-faldligr 'mani-
folď, OHG ein-faltlih 'simple'. Derived
from faldaz. Heidermanns 188.
*faldaz adj.: Goth -falps '-folď, ON -fale
id., OE -feald id., OFris -fald id., OS -fald
id., OHG -falt, -falto id. Appears only as
the second element of adjectival com-
pounds (see *aina-faldaz). Derived from
*falpanan. Torp-Falk 238; Feist 23;
Holthausen AEEW 99; Wissmann MP
33; Onions 366-367; Heidermanns 1 87 —
188; Kluge-Seebold 247-248; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
falčtiz
91
falwaz
*falďiz sb.m.: ON feldr 'cloak', OE jyld
'fold, volume'. May be related to Gk
7téA.TT| 'small shielď and probably (with
phonetíc difficulties) to Skt pata- Hvoven
clo tli, garment, blanket'. In any čase, fur-
ther related to *falfianan. Mayrhofer II
190; Vries AMEW 117; Frisk II 501;
Seebold 184.
*falďójanan wk.vb.: ON marg-falda 'to
multiply', OE je-meni^-fealdan id., OHG
manag-falton id. Derived from *faldaz.
Vries AMEW 110; Seebold 184; Heider-
MANNS 188.
*falxaz sb.m.: ON fair 'socket of a spear's
head in which the handle is puť, OJLfealh
'harrow' (fem.). Derived from *felxanan
(Lidén apud Vries). Zupitza Gutt. 132;
Holthausen AEEW 99; Vries AMEW
110.
*falkon sb.m.: ON fálki 'falcon', MLG
falke id., OHG falco id. Reflects *pol-g-, a
variant of *pol-k- in Lith pálšas 'pale',
Latv palss id. See *falwai (Torp-Falk
239). Pokorný I 805.
*fallan ~ *fallaz sb.n./m.: ON/afl 'fall',
OE fem. (?) feal 'trap, pitfalT, OFris fal
id., OS fal id., OHG fal 'fall'. Directly
derived from *fallanan 'to fall' or substan-
tivized *fallaz. Torp-Falk 239; Holt-
hausen AEEW 99; Vries AMEW 110;
Zalizniak II 1 86; Bammesberger Mom. 54.
*fallanan str.vb.: ON folia 'to fall', OE
fallan id., OFris falla id., OS fallan id.,
OHG fallan id. Reflects *pol-n- or *pol-.
Connected with Arm p c laiúm 'to fall', Lith
púolu, půlti id., Latv pult id., OPrus au-pal-
lai 'to finď. Wood GR I 309 (to Gk
jtÍTtxco 'to fall'); Bugge KZ XXXII 28-
30; Torp-Falk 238-239; Holthausen
AEEW 99; Jóhannesson IEW 582-583;
Pokorný I 851; Fraenkel 666; Vries
AMEW 110; Onions 343; Seebold 181 —
182; Toporov PJa I 159-160; Kluge-
Seebold 247; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*fallaz adj.: ON vá-fallr 'making a danger-
ous fall, tottering', OFris pl. gers-falle 'cut
off, fallen'. Derived from *fallanan 'to fall'.
Karsten j\B I 79-80; Heidermanns
*falliz adj.: ON hug-fellr 'pleasing', OFris
gars-felle 'falling into the grass, hewn off'.
Derived from fallanan. FsArsten MB I
111; Matzel Festschr. Schroder 1 06, K~^
CV 127; Heidermanns 189; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*falljanan wk.vb.: ON fella 'to fell, to
make fall', OF, fllan 'to fell, to cut down',
OFris fella, falla 'to fell', OS fellian id.,
OHG fellen id. Causative of *fallanan.
Torp-Falk 238; Holthausen AEEW
119; Vries AMEW 118; Onions 350;
Kluge-Seebold 247; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*fal|)anan str.vb.: Goťh falpan 'to fold',
ON falda 'to cover one's heaď, OE feal-
dan 'to fold up', MLG volden id. (wk., with
str. part.), OHG faldan id. Continues
*pel-t- further connected with Gk á-jt^-óoq
'simple', Lat sim-plus id. (Brugmann IF
XXXVIII 128-130). Torp-Falk 238;
Feist 141-142; Holthausen AEEW 99;
Walde-Hofmann II 540; Kluge 182-
183; Jóhannesson IE]\ t 557; Pokorný I
802-803, 834-835; Vries AMEl\ r 110;
Frisk I 121-122; Onions 366; Seebold
183-184; Peeters IF XCIV 295; Leh-
mann GED 107-108; Fsxuge-Seebold
248.
*faludaz sb.m.: Dan fald 'herd of sheep',
OE falod, feald 'fold, enclosure for ani-
mals, fold' (neut.), OS faled id., OHG
fald,falt 'fold'. Derivationally close to Slav
*pol~btb 'side, layer' < *pol-uti- further
related to alb pale 'pair, fold', slav *poh>
'half. Torp-Falk 236; Marstrander
MTS VII 347-349 (to Mir aile, gen. ailed
'fence'); Holthausen AEE}[' 97; Onions
366; Vasmer-Trubaghev III 316; Leh-
mann GED 107; Orel AED 309.
*falwaz adj.: burg *falus 'fallow', on fqlr
'wan, pale', OÍLfealu 'fallow, yellow', OS
falu 'pale yellow', OHG Jalo 'pale, reddish
yellow'. Identical wiur Lidr palvas 'wan,
pale', Slav *polub 'yellow, whitish' (Kuhn
K^ I 516). Further connected with Gk
7to^.ió<; 'gray' < *noX\fóq, Arm alik' 'white
hair' and other continuants of IE
*pel-. FvArsten MB II 194-195; Persson
SVSU X 32, BeiMee 808; Schwentner
falwaz
92
fara-aldan
FB 83-86; Torp-Falk 239; Schwyzer
ZDADL LXVI 95-96; Trautmann BSW
213; Holthausen AEE]V 99; Porzig
Glieckrung 204; Pokorný I 804; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 68; Fraenkel 534; Vries
ANEW 150; Frisk II 575-576; Onions
343; Vasmer-Trubachev III 313;
Bammesberger Nom. 243; Kóbler 710;
Heidermanns 189-190; Kluge-Seebold
244-245.
*falwisk5(n) sb.m./f.: ON fqlski 'ash over
burning ambers', OHG falawisca 'hot
ashes'. Derived from falwaz. Torp-
Falk 239; Vries ANEW 150.
*fan3an ~ *fanxan sb.n.: Goth ga-fah
'catching, catch', ON fang 'catching fish',
OE fan3 'booty' (mase), OHG gifang
'clouhing'. Related to *fanxanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 98; Feist 179-180;
Porzig Gliederung 104, 127; Vries ANEW
110, 117; Onions 344; Seebold 185;
Lehmann GED 102; Bammesberger Nom.
134.
*fan3Íz I sb.m.: ON fengr 'gain, booty',
OE feri3 'grasp, spán', OFris basa-fang
'obscene grip', OS ana-fang 'touch', OHG
ant-Jang 'reception, acceptance'. Sub-
stantivized *fan3Íz II. Torp-Falk 224;
Holthausen AEEW 100; Seebold 185-
186; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*fan3Íz II adj.: ON brád-fengr 'hot, hasty',
OE and-fen^e 'acceptable, approved, fiť,
OFris fensze 'suitable', OHG ant-fengi
'acceptable, pleasanť. Derived from *fan-
xanan. Karsten NB I 111-112; Holt-
hausen AEEW 100; Vries ANEW 118;
Seebold 186; Matzel Festsckr. Schroder
106, A"^CV 127; Heidermanns 190.
*fanxanan str.vb.: Goůifahan 'to catch, to
capture', ON fá 'to fetch, to catch', OE
fón 'to grasp, to catch, to seize', OFris fa
id., OSfáhan id., OHG fahan id. Related
to Lat pangB 'to fortify', Gk jiT|yvrj|ii
'to stick, to fix in' (Froehde BB XVI
189). Furuher connected with fa^raz.
Zupitza Gutt. 6, 189; Brugmann Grundrift
11/ 3 291; Torp-Falk 224; Feist 134-
135; Holthausen AEEW 112; Walde-
Hofmann II 245-246; JÓHANNESSON IEW
531-532; Pokorný I 788; Vries ANE1V
108; Frisk II 525-526; Onions 344;
Seebold 185-186; Lehmann GED 102-
103; Kluge-Seebold 249; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*fanjan sb.n.: Goth fani 'clay, muď, ON
fen 'fen, quagmire', OE fen 'fen, marsh,
mud, dirť (mase. and neut.), OFris fenne
'wet meadow' (mase, fem.), OS feni,fenni
'svvamp, fen', OHG fenni id. Etymo-
logically connected with Thrac pln.
náviov, Gaul anam 'paludem', Mír en
'water', an id., enach 'swamp', OPrus
pannean 'quagmire' (Bopp Glossarium 224;
Lidén BB XXI 93; Buga Roczn. Slaw. VI
37). Sohulze Kl. Schr. 716 (to funěn, as
'fire-coloreď); Kuhn (Ti 7 XII 7; Endzelin
KZ Lil 116; Torp-Falk 228; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 101; Feist 142; Pokorný
I 807-808; Vries ANEW 118; Zalizniak
II 174; Stang LS 40-41; Durtdanov
Trakite 44; Lehmann GED 108; Kluge-
Seebold 258.
*fanón sb.m.: Goth fana 'piece of cloth,
rag', ON -fani 'flag' (in compounds), OE
fana 'flag', OFris fana, fona 'flag', OS fano
'cloth', OHG fano 'flag'. Related to Gk
rcrjvoc;- íSipoano Hes., 7tr|vr| 'cloth', Lat
pannus id. (Curtius Gr. Et. 275—276;
Osten-Sacken IF XXXIII 238). Torp-
Falk 227; Holthausen AEEW 98;
Walde-Hofmann II 247-248; Feist 142;
Specht Festschr. Voretzsch 40 (samé as
Curtius and Osten-Sacken); Trier Lehm
27-28 (to *fanjan); Pokorný I 788; Vries
ANEW 111; Zalizniak I 153; Frisk II
529-530; Lehmann GED 108; Kluge-
Seebold 245.
*fantaz adj.: ON fattr 'bowed backwarď.
Identical with Lat pandus 'bent, crooked,
curveď (Bugge A£ XIX 437-438;
Vaniček 333). Torp-Falk 228 (to
fenpanan); Holthausen IF XLVIII 255
(to náv8apoi; in Asia Minor); Walde-
Hofmann II 245; Pokorný I 788; Vries
ANEW 114; Heidermanns 190-191.
*fara-alčtan sb.n.: ON far-ald journey',
OE fer-eld 'way, going, motion, journey'.
Compound of *faran and *alian (see
fara-alcían
93
farmaz
*aliaz). Torp-Falk 229; Holthausen
AEEW 96; Vries ANEW 112.
*faran sb.n.: ON far 'travel, ship', OEfer
'journey, vehicle, ship', OHG far 'haven
Derived from *faranan. Torp-Falk 229
Holthausen AEE1V 96; Pokorný I 816
Vries ANEW 112; Zalizniak I 140:
Onions 345; Seebold 187.
*faranan str.vb.: Goth faran 'to pass over,
to wander, to travel', ON fara 'to travel',
OFris fara id., OE faran id., OTris fara id.,
OS faran id., OHG faran id. Related to
Skt píparti 'to bring over, to savé, to sur-
pass', Av par- 'to bring over', Gk jtepáto
'to penetrate', Tteípto 'to pierce, to run
through', Slav *pbrq, *perti 'to move,
to fly'. Brugmann IF XXXII 173-175
(*-«- from farjanan); Bartholomae 851;
Torp-Falk 229; Melllet MSL XEX 135;
Trautmann BS] V 215-216; Feist 142-
143; Holthausen AEEW 98; Jóhannes-
son IEW 548-551; Benveniste BSL LI
36-41; Mayrhofer II 284; Pokorný I
816-818; Vries ANEW 112; Frisk II
491-492; Onions 345; Seebold 186-188;
Vasmer-Trubachev III 240; Lehmann
GED 108-109; Kluge-Seebold 245.
*farďiz sb.f.: Burg *fards 'journey, way',
ON ferb 'travel, journey', OJLfyrd 'army,
expedition', OFris ferd 'military expedi-
tion', OS fard 'way', OHG fart id.
Derived from faranan. Torp-Falk 229;
Pokorný I 817; Vries ANEW 119;
Zalizniak I 150; Seebold 187; Lehmann
GED 136-137, 381; Bammesberger Nom.
144-145; Kóbler 710; FCluge-Seebold
245.
*farďjan sb.n.: ON fiam-ferbí 'proceduře,
conducť, MLG ^e-verde 'ride, way', OHG
gi-ferti 'way'. Derived from *fardiz.
Vries ANEW 118.
*farxaz sb.m.: OEfearh 'litde pig, farrow',
OHG neut. farah, farh id. Identical with
Lat porcus 'pig', Mír orc 'young pig', Lith
pařšas 'gelded pig', Slav *porsg 'pigleť
(Kirchhoff K£ I 39). Zupitza Gutt.
190; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 91; Torp-Falk
234; Trautmann BS1\' 207; Holthausen
AEEW 99; Walde-Hofmann II 341;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 58; Pokorný I
841; Trubachev ^hiv. 63; Fraenkel 542
Vries ANEW 113; Trubachev ^hiv. 63
Onions 345; Vasmer-Trubachev III 332
Bammesberger Nom. 52; FCluge-Seebold
259.
*farxwaz adj.: OHG faro 'coloreď. Rela-
ted to Skt písni- 'spotted, variegateď, Gk
7topKvó<; 'dark', Mír erc 'spotted, dark
reď (Hamp IF LXXVIII 142-143). Cf.
also *furxno. Torp-Falk 234; Mayrho-
fer II 336; Pokorný I 820-821;
Szemerényi Language XLVIII 5-9 (with
metathesis, to Lat corpus 'body'); Lehmann
GED 109; Bammesberger Nom. 49-50.
*farxw5 sb.f: Goth mase. or neut. farma
'form, appearance', OFris ferwe id., MDu
verwe id., OHG farawa id. Substantivized
farxwaz (Meid Wortbild. 75). Torp-
Falk 234; Szemerényi Language XLVIII
5-9 (metathesis of *k'erp-: Skt kfp- 'shape,
beautiful appearance', Lat corpus 'body');
Lehmann GED 109 (against Szemerényi);
ICluge-Seebold 249.
*farjanan wk.vb.: Goúífarjan 'to travel, to
go by sea', ON fetja 'to ferry, to trans-
port', OE ferian 'to carry, to bear, to
leaď, OFris feria 'to lead, to ferry across',
OS ferian 'to travel by ship', OHG ferren
'to sail'. Causative/iterative of *faranan.
Torp-Falk 229; Holthausen AEE~W
102; Feist 142-143; Vries ANEW 118;
Onions 352; Seebold 187; Lehmann
GED 108; ICluge-Seebold 245, 259.
*farjón sb.f: ON fetja 'ferry', MLG vere
id., MHG vere id. Derived from *faranan.
Torp-Falk 229; Vries ANEW 118;
Onions 352.
*farmaz sb.m.: ON farmr 'freight, cargo',
OE fearm id., OS farm 'stampede', OHG
farm 'fast ship'. Identical with Slav *pormb
'ferry' (Fick I 475; Persson Beitrage
641). Derived from *faranan. Hirt RFV
XXIII 336 (Slav < Gmc); Torp-Falk
229; Trautmann _B.SII'216; Holthausen
AEEW 99; Pokorný I 816-817; Che-
modanov SGGJa I 80; Vries ANE1T 112;
Zalizniak I 131; Stang LS 43; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 331-332; Seebold 187.
farnan
94
fastenan
*farnan sb.n.: OE fearn 'fern', MLG farn
id., OHG/om id. Related to phonetically
diverging IE words for 'fern': Gk jitépu;
id., Alb far id. < PAlb *sper(n)a, Olr
raith id. (< *prati-), Lith papártis id.,
Slav *paportb id. Further connected with
and exactiy corresponding formally to Skt
parná- 'wing', Av panna- id. Bartho-
lomae 869-870; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 91;
Torp-Falk 234; Holthausen AEEJV 99;
Pokorný I 826; Fraenkel 538; Frisk
II 611; Onions 351; Kluge-Seebold
249-250; Orel AED 96.
*faró sb.f.: ON fqr journey', OE faru id.,
OFriesfera id., MHG far id. Derived from
*faranan. Torp-Falk 229; Holthausen
AEEW 98; Vries ANEW 151; Onions
345; Seebold 187; Bammesberger Nom.
107.
*faron sb.m.: ON -fari 'sea-farer', OE je-
fara 'companion', OFris rum-fara 'pilgrim,
traveler to Róme', OHG -faro 'traveler'.
Derived from *faranan. Identical with
Toch B akwam-pere 'sprout and stalk' <
*-porom. Holthausen AEE\Y 98; Vries
ANEW '112; Seebold 187; Bammesberger
Nom. 176; Adams TB 5.
*farz5n sb.m.: ON farri 'bullock', OFfearr
'bull, ox' (from farzaz), MLG vane id.,
OHG farro id. Deverbative based on IE
*pers-\ Skt pfsan 'spotteď, Tokh AB pdrs-
'to sprinkle'. For the semantic develop-
ment cf. Latv vepris 'boar', Slav *veprb id.
~ Skt lupati 'to throw (out), to eject, to
excrete'. Paul ]\'uS XX 38; Osthoff
PBB XX 90-91 (to Skt prthuka- 'boy,
young of an animal', Arm orť 'calf');
Torp-Falk 235; Holthausen AEE]\'
99; Martinet Gem. 178; Mayrhofer II
336; Pokorný I 818, 823; Trubaohev
Zhiv. 42-43 (to Slav *porzb 'bull, hog' <
*porso-)\ Vries ANEJV 112; Zalizniak II
195; Bammesberger Nom. 50; Kluge-
Seebold 250.
*fas(u)laz sb.m.: ON fqsull 'brooď, OE
fesl 'offspring, progeny' (mase. or neut.?),
MLG vasel 'mature bull', OHG fasal
'offspring, progeny, kin' (neut.). Con-
nected with Skt neut. pásas- 'membrum
virile', Gk Ttéoc; id., Lat penis id. < *pes-
ni-s (Grimm apud Aufreght K^ I 288).
Torp-Falk 239; Holthausen AEE1V 96;
Walde-Hofmann II 281; Mayrhofer II
241; Pokorný I 824; Zalizniak II 167;
Frisk II 507; Kluge-Seebold 250-251.
*fasta-xaldaz adj.: ON fast-haldr 'fast-
holding', OE fest-heald 'firmly frxeď.
Compound of *fastaz and *xaliaz (see
*xaláanan). Carr Nom. comp. 63.
*fasta-líkaz adj.: ON fast-ligr 'strong,
fasť, OE fest-líc 'firm', OHG fast-llh
'solid, firm, safe'. Derived from *fastaz.
Heidermanns 192.
*fastaz adj.: Burg *fastis 'fast, firm', ON
fastr id., OFLfest id., OFris fest id., OS fast
id., OHG fasto id. identical with Arm
hast 'firm' (Hůbschmann ASt I 38; Solta
Arm. 439-440), probably from *po-stH-o-
'standing firm' based on *sta- 'to stand,
to seť. Karsten NB II 373-374;
Uhlenbeck PBB XX 328 (to Skt pastva-
'dwelling, abode'); Torp-Falk 239; Feist
143-144; Holthausen AEEW 96;
Pokorný I 789; Chemodanov SGGJa I
107; Vries ANEW 113; Onions 346; de
Lamberterie Sprache XXVI 133-144 (to
Hitt pahš- 'to protéct', Slav *pasti 'to pas-
ture'); Lehmann GED 109—110; Seebold
Festschr. Rosenfeld 499-503; Kobler 710;
Heidermanns 1 92—1 93; Kluge-Seebold
260-261.
*fastěnan wk.vb.: Goth fastan 'to hold
fast, to fasť, ON fasta 'to fasť, OE festian
'to entrust, to commiť, OFris festia 'to
fasť, OS festian 'to strengdien', OHG
fastěn 'to fasť. Derived from *fastaz. The
semantic development from 'keeping,
observing' to 'fasting' is explained by
calquing Lat (iňúnium) observáre (Wessén
ANFXLTV 104-105: ON < OE; Velten
JEGP XXLX 502-503). Torp-Falk
239; Feist 143-144; FalkXVFXLI 116;
Hoffler ANF XLVII 285 (ON < MLG
vasten); Pisani AGIt LVI 19-28 (the cultic
meaning of *fastěnan is based on Lat sta-
tio); Lamberterle Sprache XXVI 139-144
(from IE *pa-); Vries ANEW 113; Onions
346; Mazzuoli Porru AGI LVI 19-
fastenan
95
fafio
28; Solari RIL CEK 433-436 (calque
of Gk (prAácroro); Lehmann GED 109—
110; Seebold Festschr. Rosenfeld 493-505
(from *puos-to-, to Lat púrus 'clean' <
*puss-); Heidermanns 193; Kluge-
Seebold 251.
*fastinojanan wk.vb.: ON fastna 'to
pledge', OE festnian 'to fasten', OFris
festna id., OS fastnon id., OHG festinon,
fastinon 'to strenguhen'. Derived from
*fastaz. Holthausen AEEW 97; Vries
ANEWW&; Onions 346.
*fastín sb.f.: ON stad-festi 'steadfastness',
ODu festi 'solidness', OHG festi 'strength,
mighť. Derived from *fastaz. Vries
AJ(EW 118; Heidermanns 192.
*fastjan sb.n.: OSwed feste 'fortress',
OFris feste 'contract, treaty'. Derived
from *fastaz. Heidermanns 192.
*fastjanan wk.vb.: ON festa 'to fasten',
OE festan id., OFris bi-festa 'to entrusť,
OS part. gi-festid 'fasteneď, OHG festen
'to strengthen, to fasten'. Derived from
*fastaz. Torp-Falk 239; Holthausen
AEEW 96; Vries AMEW 118; Heider-
manns 192.
*fast5n sb.f: ON fasta 'fasting', OS fasta
id., OHG fasta 'fast, parsimony'. Con-
nected with *fastěnan. Vries AMEW 1 13;
Lehmann GED 109.
*fastubnjan sb.n.: Goth fastubni 'fasting,
observance, vigilance', OS fastunnia 'fast-
ing'. Derived from *fastenan or directly
from *fastaz. Feist 144; Lehmann GED
109-110.
*fatan I sb.n.: ON fit 'vat', OEfet 'vessel',
OFris fet id., OS fit id., OHG/fl/ id. ON
fit 'clothes, dress' is a historically different
word (see *fatan II). Identical with púodas
'poť (an originál neuter with a lengthen-
ing due to Winter's law). Probably further
related to Lith pedas 'sheaf, Latv peda
'bunch'. Torp-Falk 226; Holthausen
AEEW 97; Trier %DPh LXX 353-355;
Pokorný I 790; Fraenkel 563; Vries
ANE1V 113; Zalizniak I 140; Onions
971; Lehmann GED 113 (to *ped- 'fboť);
Fvluge-Seebold 251; Dybo BSA 130-
131.
*fatan II sb.n.: ON fit 'clothes, dress'.
An isolated form. Probably an old Orien-
tal loanword, cf. NCauc *HpádV: Avar
hebét 'linen', Lak pata 'old clothes', Rutiil
hadu 'trousers'. Vries AMEIV 113;
Nikolayev-Starostin MCED 600.
*fatilaz sb.m.: ON fetill 'strap', OE fetel
'girdle, belť, MDu vetel 'fetter', OHG
fizzil 'girdle, band' (also neut.). Derived
from *fatan II. Hardly related to *feturaz
~ *feturo(n). Torp-Falk 226; Holthau-
sen AEEW 102; Vries AMEW 118-119;
Onions 352; Kluge-Seebold 260.
*fatjanan wk.vb.: OFris fatia 'to grasp',
OE fetian 'to fetch, to marry'. Derived
from *fetanan. Torp-Falk 226; Po-
korný I 790-791; Onions 352.
*fat5janan wk.vb.: ON fáta 'to step', OE
fitian 'to fetch', OHG sih fazzon 'to rise,
to exalť. Derived from *fetanan. Torp-
Falk 226; Holthausen AEE]V 98; Vries
AMEWIU; Seebold 196; Lehmann GED
113; Kluge-Seebold 251.
*faj)maz sb.m.: ON fadmr 'fathom', OE
fiebm 'embracing arms, lap, cubit, fathom',
OFris fethm 'fathom', OS pl. fathmós
id., OHG fadam 'yarn, fathom'. Etymo-
logically related to W etem, NW edau
'threaď < *petima and, witír certain
difficulties, to Slav *pasm{ 'thread bundle'
(< *pot-s-md). Further see *fap>5 (Merin-
ger Festschr. Heinzel 174; Lané Language
LX 249). Torp-Falk 226; Holthausen
AEEir 97; Pokorný I 824-825; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 97; Vries ANEl\ r 109;
Zalizniak I 131; Onions 347; Truba-
chev Rem. 102—103; Vasmer-Trubaohev
III 212; Lehmann GED 110; Bammes-
berger Mom. 71; Fvluge-Seebold 244.
*faj)mjanan wk.vb.: ON feSma 'to spán',
MLG vedemen 'to measure with outspread
arms'. Derived from *fapmaz. Vries
ANEW 114.
*faj5mójanan wk.vb.: ON fiSma 'to
embrace', OE fedmian 'to fathom, to
embrace', MDu vademen 'to threaď,
OHG fadamon 'to spin, to sew'. Derived
from *fapmaz. Vries ANEJV 109.
*faj)5 sb.f: Goth fipa 'hedge', ON pln.
fafio
96
fextanan
Fo5, MHG vadě 'hedge'. Related to Gk
jtexávvi>|ii 'to spread ouť, Lat pateó
'to stand open' (Grienberger Got. 65).
Uhlenbeok PBB XXX 274-275 (to IE
*pa- ~ *po- 'to protéct'); Grienberger
Got. 65; Olsen AMF XXIII 90-94 (adds
ONorw theon. FqS, originally — 'border');
Torp-Falk 226; Walde-Hofmann II
262; Feist 144; Trier Z ssr lxv
242-243 (follows Uhlenbeok); Pokorný I
824-825; Vries AMEW 150; Frisk II
520-521; Lehmann GED 110.
*fauxaz ~ *faxwaz adj.: Goth pl. fawai
'few', ON fár id., OTLJeáwa id., OSJa,Jao
id., OHG Jo 'rare, few'. Related to Lat
paucus id., and further to Lat paullus id.,
Gk TtaÍJpog 'small' (Kuhn KZ I 515).
Bugge KZ XXXII 31 (adds Arm p'ok'r
'small'); Torp-Falk 239; Walde-
Hofmann II 265-266; Feist 147;
Pokorný I 842-843; Vries AMEW 112;
Frisk II 482-483; Onions 353; Lindeman
Verschdrjung 16.6; Lehmann GED 112;
Bammesberger Mom. 239.
*fausaz ~ *fauzaz adj.: Norw dial Jeyr
'rotten', Du voos 'spongy'. Derived from
*Júanan. Torp-Falk 242-243; Vries
AMEW 114; Pokorný I 790; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 414.
*fedurez num.: Goth fidur- 'four' (in
cmpn.), ON mase. Jjórir, neut. JJQgur id.,
OE Jeder-Jóte 'foor-footeď. Continues
*k"etur-, cf. Skt catúr-aňga- 'four-mem-
bereď, Gk xexpa-, Myc qe-to-ro-, Lat
quadru-. See *Jedwmez. Torp-Falk 227;
Holthausen AEE]V 103; Walde-
Hofmann II 706; Feist 149; Mayrhofer
I 372; Pokorný I 642-644; Frisk II
883-884; Szemerényi Mumerals 79-85;
Lehmann GED 1 1 3; Ross-Berns Mumerals
579-582.
*fedur-skautjaz ~ *fe<iw5r-skautjaz
adj.: ON Jer-skeyttr 'four-cornered,
square', OE Jeówer-scýte id., OHG fior-
seozi id. Compound of *Jedurez, *Jedworez
and *skautjaz (see *skautaz). Carr Mom.
cotnp. 65.
*fedur]36n num.: ON JjórSi 'fourth', OE
Jeórča, Jeówerda id., OFris fiarda id., OS
fiordo id., OHG fiordo id. Derived from
*fedworez, *Jedurez. In WGmc *jeiur\>čm >
*Jeurpón. Identical with Toch A Start, B
starte id., Gk xÉxapxoi; id., Skt caturthá- id.,
Lat quartus id., Lith ketviftas id., Slav
*čeťobrtb id. Torp-Falk 227; Traut-
mann BSW 132; Meillet MSL XIV 382,
BSL XXLX 34, 36-37; Walde-Hofmann
II 399; Mayrhofer I 371; Fraenkel 247
Vries AMEW 124; Frisk II 883-884:
Onions 373; Trubachev ESSJa IV 95
Ross-Berns Mumerals 627; Adams 77? 641
Burlak IFTJa 258.
*feďw5rez num.: Goth Jidwor 'four', OE
Jeówer id., OFris fiuwer,fiower id., OS Jiwar,
jiuwar id., OHG^or id. Phonetically trans-
formed by analogy witír *JenJe (Zupitza
Gutt. 7). Related to IE *k"etuSr id.: Toch
štwar, B štwer, Skt catvara-, Gk xéoaapec;,
Alb katěr, Olr cethir, Lat quattuor, Lith
keturi, Slav *četyri. Meillet MSL VII
162, LX 158-159; Scheftelowitz BB
XXVIII 301; Torp-Falk 227; Traut-
mann BSJV 131; Holthausen AEE]V
102; Walde-Hofmann II 400-401
Feist 149-150; Mayrhofer I 371-372
Pokorný I 642-644; Fraenkel 247-248
Hamp MGS II 1; Vries AMEW 124; Frisk
II 883-884; Onions 373; Lehmann GED
113-114; Trubachev ESSJa IV 97-98;
Ross-Berns Mumerals 582—584; Kluge-
Seebold 864; Orel AED 173-174;
Adams TB 641-642; Burlak IFTJa 258.
*fexanan str.vb.: OE y-Jeón 'to be glad, to
rejoice', OHG gi-Jehan id. Probably rela-
ted to *Janxanan. Fick I 471 (to Lat pSx
'peace'); Zupitza Gutt. 188-189 (samé as
Fick); Torp-Falk 224-225; Wood JEGP
XIII 504 (to *Jextanaii); Holthausen
AEEW 101; Pokorný I 796-797; See-
BOLD 189.
*fextanan str.vb.: OE Jeohtan 'to fighť,
OFris fiuchta id., OS Jehtan id., OHG
Jehtan id. Identical with Lat pecto 'to comb'
(Zupitza Gutt. 189; Specht K^ LXVIII
205-207), further to Gk jiekco id. (notě
7tEKxéco 'to shear, to clip'), Lith pešú, peští
'to pluck'. Osthoff Etym. 369-371 (to
Lat pugnus 'fist'); Torp-Falk 225; Holt-
fextanan
97
felftuz
hausen AEE\V 101; Walde-Hofmann II
269-270; Specht K~ LXVIII 507, 613
(on the influence of *fiextanan)\ Pokorný I
797; Fraenkel 580-582; Ader Festschr.
Trier KG 146-159; Frisk II 492-493;
Onions 355; Seebold 190-191; Kluge-
Seebold 254.
*fexu sb.n.: Goth jaihu 'money, movable
goods', ON Jé 'cattle, property', OE fieoh
id. (< *fexan), OFris^a id. (mase, neut.),
OS fehu id., OWG Jihu id. Identical with
Skt pašů- 'cattíe, animal', Av pasu- 'cattie',
Lat peču id., Umbr pl. pequo 'pecua', Lith
pěkus 'catde', OPrus pecku id. Osthoff
Etnu. I 214, 256-257 (adds Slav *pbsb
'dog' as *' catde guarď); Zupitza Gutt.
190; Schulze ií^XL 412; Bartholomae
879-880; Torp-Falk 225; Fránkel
ZfslavPh XI 49-51; Holthausen AEEW
101; Walde-Hofmann II 270-271;
Feist 135-136; Mayrhofer II 239-
240; Pokorný I 797; Fraenkel 564-
565; Vries AMEW 114; Zalizniak II
199; Benveniste IEL 39, 47-48,
155; Lehmann GED 102-103; Bammes-
berger Mom. 156; Kluge-Seebold
864.
*fexu-frekaz adj.: Goth fiaihu-friks 'cov-
etous, greedy', ON Jé-fiekr 'greedy for
money'. Compound of *fexu and *frekaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 67.
*fexu-3ernaz adj.: Goth faihu -gaims 'cov-
etous, avaricious', ON fé-gjarn 'greedy',
OE feoh-^eorn 'avariciuos, covetous'.
Compound of *Jexu and *3ernaz. Carr
Mom. comp. 59.
*fexu-xúsan sb.n.: ON fi-hús 'stali', OE
feoh-hús 'treasury', MLG ve-hus 'stali'.
Compound of *fexu and *xúsan. Carr
Mom. comp. 71 (parallel formations).
*felxanan str.vb.: Goth filhan 'to bury, to
conceal', ON jela 'to hide, to conceal',
OE fiolan 'to cleave, to stick, to reach',
OFris bi-fella 'to conceal, to commiť,
OS bi-fielhan 'to commiť, OHG felahan
'to transmit, to entrust, to bury'. Of
unknown origin. Kjrchhoff KZ I 39;
Ebel KZ VI 217 (to OHG felga 'bend,
rim'); Uhlenbeck PBB XXVII 118 (to
Gk ná.XKoq- nr\Xóc„ Hes.); Grlenberger
Got. 68 (to Slav *fn>lkb 'warfare, troop')
Zupltza Gutt. 130; Torp-Falk 237
Helnertz ESt. 29-46; Feist 151-152
Holthausen AEEW 101; Trier Lehm
24-30; Jóhannesson IEW 557-558;
Pokorný I 803-804; Vries AMEW 117
(to IE *pel- 'cover, skin'); Seebold
191-193; Benveniste IEL 128-129;
Lehmann GED 1 1 5; Kluge-Seebold 90
(to Lat appello 'to drive to, to move
towarď, Latv pat 'to vilify').
*fellan sb.n.: Goth pruts-fill 'leprosy', ON
jjall 'skin', OE Jeli id., OFris Jeli id., OS
jeli id., OHG/f/ id. Identical with Gk acc.
pl. nkXko.^ id., Lat pellis id. < *pel-n-
(Bugge KZ XLX (1870) 409-410). Cf.
also WGrnc Jeltaz > OE felt 'felť, MLG
fit id., OMGfilz id. and *speltaz ~ *spelto
> OE mase. (?) spelt 'spelť, OS spelta
'spelť, OHG spelza 'spelť. Curtius Gr.
Et. 276 Cfeltaz to Lat pilleus 'felt cap');
Schrader KZX 479-481; Hoops Wald-
bdume 420 (*speltaz ~ *spelto to * spalianari)\
Sohrader-Nehrtng II 648 (*speltaz ~
*spelto to Lat pollen 'fine flour, fine
powder' < *(s)plden); Torp-Falk 236—
238; Holthausen ^££11' 100; Walde-
Hofmann II 275-276; Feist 503-504;
Pokorný I 801-803 (Jeltaz to Lat pello
'to beat, to push'); Vries AMEW 123;
Zalizniak I 140; Frisk II 499; Onions
349-350, 852; Lehmann GED 114-115;
Kluge-Seebold 258, 265, 776.
*fellínaz adj.: Goth filleins 'leathern', OE
fellen 'made of skin', OHG fellin id.
Derived from *fellan. Structurally close to
Lat pellinus id. Holthausen AEEW 105;
Walde-Hofmann II 275; Feist 152;
Lehmann GED 114.
*felmaz sb.m.: OE film 'skin, husk'.
Derivationally close to Gk jtéX|ia 'sole of
fooť. Furdrer related to *fiellan. Torp-
Falk 235; Holthausen AEE]V 100;
Pokorný I 803; Frisk II 499-500;
Onions 356.
*felbuz ~ *felbaz sb.m.: OE field 'fielď,
OFris Jeli id., OS jdi id., OHG neut.
jeli id. Continues *peltu-, a secondary
felhuz
98
feii3ra-3ull)an
transformation of the originál zero grade
*pltu-\ Skt prthú- 'broad, wide', Av pmfhi-
id., Gk 7rtaxrúc; 'flať. Related to *fiuldo(nj.
Bartholomae 892-893; Torp-Falk 237;
Holthausen AEEW 100; Mayrhofer
II 333; Pokorný I 806 (to *peh-. *pla-
'wide'), 833; Vries ANEW 137; Zaliz-
niak II 199; Frisk II 553-554; Onions
354; Bammesberger Jíom. 155; Kluge-
Seebold 257.
*felu adv., adj.: Goth filu much, very', ON
jjql-auSigr Very rich', OE jela, feala, feola
'many, much', OFris Jelo, fiul id. (< *Julú),
OS filu id., OHG filu, filo id. Identical
with Skt purít- 'much, many, abundanť,
Av pauru- 'much, many', Gk noků id.
Osthoff PBB XIII 444-445; Bar-
tholomae 854-855; Torp-Falk 235;
Holthausen AEEW 100; Feist 152-153;
Benveniste Origines 54; Mayrhofer II
311; Pokorný 799-800; Vries ANE1\'
125; Frisk II 577-578; Lehmann GED
116; Bammesberger Nom. 262-263;
Kluge-Seebold 864.
*felzan ~ *fel(e)zaz sb.n./m.: ON Jjall
'rock, mountain', OS fielis id., OHG jí&
'rock, cliff'. Closely related to Gk ntXka'
Xí9oq (Hes.) < *pelso-, Olr all 'cliff, stone'
< *plso- (Vendryes RC XXXVIII 184).
Pokorný I 807; Vries ANE1V 123; Frisk
II 499; Kluge-Seebold 258.
*fenfe num.: Goth fimfi 'five' , ON fimm id.,
OE^fid., OFris fiifi id., OS/^id., OHG
fimfi id. From *fienxwe identical with Toch
A pán, B piš id., Skt páňca id., Av panča id.,
Arm hing id., Gk jtévre id., Arm hing id.,
Alb pese ~ pese id., Lat quínque id., Olr cóic
id., Lith penki id., Slav *petb id. < *penkř-
ti-. Sabler KZ XXXI 280 (to *fien 3 raz);
Pedersen KZ XXXII 272, Kelt. Gr. I 37;
Zupitza Gutt. 7-8; Helten IF XVIE 84;
Bartholomae 844-845; Lané JEGP
XXXVIII 192-193; Torp-Falk 228;
Trautmann BSW 213; Holthausen
AEEW 104, AWN 61; Walde-Hofmann
II 407-408; Feist 154; Mayrhofer II
187; Pokorný I 808; Fraenkel 570;
Vries ANEW 120; Zalizniak II 206;
Frisk II 506-507; Onions 358; Vasmer-
Trubaohev III 426; Lehmann GED
117; Ross-Berns Numerals 584—585;
Kluge-Seebold 290-291; Orel AED
316; Adams TB 388; Burlak IFTJa 248.
*fenfe-faldjan ~ *fenfe-fald(j)5n
sb.n./f.: ON fiifrildi 'butterfly', OE
fiifi f)ealde id., OS fifialdra,fiifioldara id., MDu
viveltere id., OHG fiífialtra id. Compound
based on *fenfe and *faldaz, *'(creature) of
five folds' (cf. OE fifi-Jeald 'five-fold'),
tabooed and modified in various ways
in different Gmc languages. Hardly a
descriptive stem similar to Lat pápilio
'butterfly'. Bezzenberger BB VII 75
(to Lat papilió 'butterfly, moth'); Noreen
Abrifi 228 (samé as Bezzenberger); Torp-
Falk 238; Holthausen AEEW 104;
Walde-Hofmann II 249-250; Pokorný I
801; Vries ANEW 119; Zalizniak I 222;
Kluge-Seebold 248 (reconstructs *fifial-
drori).
*fenft5n num.: Goth fimfita- 'fifth' (in
cmpn.), ON fimti, fimmti id. (for *fifiti), OE
fifita id., OFris fifita id., OS fifito id., OHG
fimfito id. Close to Toch A pant, B piňkte
id., Av puxSa- id., Gk ní\iirmq id., Lat
quíntus id., Olr cóiced id., Lith peňktas
id., Slav *petb id. Further see *fenfe.
Bartholomae 908-909; Torp-Falk
228-229; Trautmann BS]V 213; Holt-
hausen AEEW 104; Walde-Hofmann II
408; Feist 154-155; Pokorný I 808;
Fraenkel 570; Vries AMEW 120;
Szemerényi Numerals 27-44, 71-76; Frisk
II 506-507; Onions 358; Vasmer-
Trubaghev III 426; Lehmann GED 117;
Ross-Berns Numerals 628; Adams TB 385;
Burlak IFTJa 248.
*fenftiz num.: ON fimt 'number of five'.
Identical with Skt paňkti- 'group of five',
Alb pese' ~ pese 'five', Slav *petb id.
Torp-Falk 229; Mayrhofer II 185;
Vries AfifElV 120; Vasmer-Trubachev
III 426; Orel AED 316.
*fen3ra-3ulban sb.n.: Goth figgra-gulps
'finger-ring', ON fingr-gull id. Compound
of *fien 3 raz and *gulfian (Carr Nom. comp.
67, 276). Feist 150; Carr JVom. comp.
67; Lehmann GED 161.
feii3raz
99
fer3(w)unjan
*fen3raz sb.m.: Goth figgrs 'finger', ON
fingr id. (contamination of a-stem and root
stem), OE finger id., OFris finger id., OS
fingar id., OHG fingar id. Together with
Olr cóicer 'set of five persons' and Arm
hinger- (in hinger-ord 'fifth'), continues
*penk>rós (Meillet MSL LX 151, BSL
XXDÍ 36). Further connected with *Jenfe
(Stewart BB XXX 238). Grimm DG II
60 (to Janxanarí); Bugge BB XIV 79
(from *penk"res); Pedersen KZ XXXII
272; Grienberger Got. 67 (with com-
parative suffix *-ero-); Loewenthae AMF
XXXV 229 (to *fimiz); Zupitza Gutt. 73;
Torp-Falk 228; Holthausen AEE]V
105; Feist 150; Schulze Kl. Schr. 193
(follows Grimm); Pokorný I 808; Vries
AMEW 120; Zalizniak II 206; Onions
357; Lehmann GED 114; Bammesberger
JVom. 75; Ross-Berns Numerab 661;
Kluge-Seebold 266.
*fenj5 sb.f.: Goth-Lat fenea (= Goth *finjci)
'pearl barley, barley dish'. Related to
Lat penus 'sto re of fooď, Lith penas
'nouríshmenť. Walde-Hofmann II 283;
Pokorný I 807; Fraenkel 569; Lehmann
GED 112.
*fenbanan str.vb.: GoÚifinpan 'to find out,
to recognize, to learn', ONfinna 'to finď,
OE findan id., OFris finda id., OS findan
id., OHG findan id. A secondary verb
derived from *pontHo-\ Skt pánthá- 'path',
Gk 7tóvxoQ 'sea ! , Arm hun 'ford', Lat póns
'bridge', OPrus pintis 'way', Slav *potb id.
(Bailey-Ross TPS 1961 138). Cf. also
*pntHo- 'one pertaining to the way' in
Toch B amdks-pdnte 'wagon-master (?)'
(Adams TB 19). The originál meaning
was better preserved in WGmc *Jan$jdn >
OE Jeda 'troop, band, company', OHG
Jendo 'soldier, pedestrian' reflecting an
underlying verbum movendi. Sůtterlin
Btrg. Gesch. XVIII 261; Torp-Falk 228;
Bartholomae 732 (to Gk jtanxaívco 'to
peer'); Pedersen KZ XXXIX 366;
Trautmann BS]V 205-206; Holthausen
AEE1\ T 105; Walde-Hofmann II 336-
337; Feist 155; Benveniste WordX 257;
Jóhannesson IE]V 543; Pokorný I
808-809; Mayrhofer II 210-211; Vries
AMEW 120; Hamp Lingua XXXIV 229-
234; Frisk II 578-579; Onions 356;
Seebold 193-194 (to *pet- 'to fall');
Vasmer-Trubachev III 413; Lehmann
GED 117; Kluge-Seebold 266.
*fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)rót adv.: Goth Jairra
'far', ON jjarri id., OEJeorr id., OFris Jer
id., OS Jen, Jerro id., OHG Jerro id.
Derivative of IE *per- (Skt pára 'away,
off', Av para id.) similar to IE *up-ero-
(Brugmann IF XXXIII 300-301).
Grienberger Got. 64 (comparative *Jeri-
zot); Bartholomae 852-853; Torp-Falk
231 (reconstruct *-ai); Kluge Urgerm.
247; Holthausen AEEl\ r 102; Feist 141;
Mayrhofer II 215; Pokorný I 811;
Vries ÁNE]V 123; Onions 345; Lehmann
GED 107; Kluge-Seebold 259; Adams
TB 359 (identical with Toch A parné, B
parna 'outside' < *pereno- < *perero- with
dissimilation).
*fer(e)rjanan wk.vb.: ONfirra 'to deprive,
to savé', OE afirran 'to remove, to také
away', OFris fira id., OS firrian id., OHG
firren id. Derived from *Jer(e)rai ~ *Jer(e)rot.
Torp-Falk 231; Vries AME]\' 121.
*fer3(w)unjan ~ *fer3(w)unjó sb.n./f.:
Goth Jairguni 'mountain, mountain
range', ON JJQrgyn 'mother-earth', OE
firgen 'mountain, mountain-woodlanď,
OHG mtn. Fergunna. Identical with
(Much ZDADL XXXII 454-458) or bor-
rowed from (Kossinna IF VII 284-285)
Celt 'EpKtivicx; 8p\)|ió<;, Hercynia silva, cf.
further Lith perkunas 'thunder god; thun-
der', OPrus Percunis 'thunder' (Grimm
DM I 156-157). Derived from *Jerxwuz.
Schweizer KZ I 155-157; Hirt IF I
479-483 (samé as Much); Zupitza Gutt.
130; Zimmer ZDADL XLX 164-166 (to
Skt Parjánya- 'raincloud, god of rain');
Kretschmer Einleitung 81 (Celt < Gmc);
Wiedemann BB XXVIII 8-9 (to Slav
*porgt> 'threshold, rapids' and mnt. *per-
gyni); Muller PBB XXVI 282 (samé as
Kossinna); Feist 137-138; Karsten GFL
75—76 (Lith perkunas < EGmc); Můllen-
hoff II 241-242 (originally, the name of
fer3(w)unjan
100
fernaz
the Alps); Torp-Falk 234; Jóhannesson
IEW 557 (to Jerxwan); Feist 137-139;
Jakobson Word XI 616 (to Slav *pergyni
'wooded hill'); Porzig Gliederung 195;
Pokorný I 822 (from pre-Celtic); Fraen-
kel 575; Vries ANEW 126; Zalizniak II
216; Friedrich Trees 133—140; Vasmer-
Trubaohev III 246-247; Hamp JL III
83-90 (follows Karsten); Lehmann GED
104-105.
*ferxwa-3efoon sb.m.: ON Jjor-gjafi 'one
who saves another's life', OE feorh-^ifa
'giver of life'. Gompound of *ferxwan and
*3eton. Carr Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations; OE is a calque of Lat largitor
mim).
*ferxwa-rě<lan ~ *ferxwa-rěťiiz sb.n./
m.: ON Jjgr-rád 'plotting against one's
life', OE jeorh-réd 'life-benefiť. Com-
pound of *ferxwan and *rěian ~ *rědiz.
Carr Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations).
*ferxwa-seukaz adj.: ON Jjqr-sjúkr 'sick
unto death', OE feorh-seóc 'mortally
woundeď. Compound of *ferxwan and
*seukaz. Carr Nom. comp. 61.
*ferxwan sb.n.: ON jjor 'life', pl. mase.
Jjqwar 'men', OE feorh 'life, soul', OFris
ferch id., OS ferah id., OHG ferah id.
Related to *ferxwuz (Grimm-Grimm III
1527). Kjrchhoff K^I 39; Wiedemann
BB XXVIII 14-15 (to Skt parm- 'rib;
siekle'); Zupitza Gutt. 63; Torp-Falk 234;
Holthausen AEE\Y 101; Feist 139;
Johannson apud Vries (to Gk npaníSet;
'midriff; understanding, minď); Torp-
Falk 234 (samé as Wiedemann); Specht
R'Z LXVIII 200 (follows Grimm);
Vendryes RC XLIV 313-315 (follows
Grimm); Pokorný I 822; Vries ANEW
125; Zalizniak II 199; Friedrich Trees
1 37 (samé as Grimm); Meid Germ. Rek. 98—
100; Lehmann GED 105-106; Bammes-
berger Nom. 155.
*ferxwjaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth fers 'man',
ON pl. firar id., OE pl.firas 'living beings,
men', OS firihos 'people', OHG gen. pl.
u[i]rho, dat. pl. mit firahim 'people'.
Derived from *ferxwan (Diefenbach FIT I
(Goth fers compared with OE ferhi 'soul,
spirit, minď); Wledemann BB XXVIII 1 ;
Zupitza Gutt. 64; Kisch KVSL XLVIII 2
(Crim. Goth < Hung férj 'man'); Feist
148; Vries ANE]V 121; Meid Germ. Rek.
98-100; Lehmann GED 105-106, 113.
*ferxwuz sb.m.: Goth fairtvus 'worlď,
OHG fereh-eih 'oak'. Identical with Lat
quercus id. (Htrt IF I 479). Wtedemann
BB XXVIII 3; Torp-Falk 234; Walde-
Hofmann II 402-403; Pokorný I 822-
823; Metd Festschr. Oberhuber 159-170.
*ferina-werkan sb.n.: ON firin-verk
'lechery', OE firen-weorc 'wicked work',
OS firin-werc 'act of violence'. Compound
of *ferino and *werkan. Carr Nom. comp.
47; Vries XVEir 121.
*ferinó sb.f: Goth fahina 'fault, offence,
reproach', ON Jim 'abomination' (neut. <
*ferinu-), OE firen 'wicked deed, sin,
erime', OFris firne id., OS Jiřina id., OHG
Jiřina id. Connected with *feran ~ *fěro.
Uhlenbeck Got. IVb. 41 (preíixal form
related to Skt inóti 'to advance upon, to
press upon', iná- 'strong, mighty'); Grien-
berger Got. 63 (to Gk jteTpa 'attempt,
undertaking'); Weisweiler IF XLI 29-30
(samé as Uhlenbeck); Torp-Falk 231;
Meillet BSL XXII 224 (to Irán par- 'to
go through'); Schneider KZ LXVI 253
(to Toch A pare, B peri 'debť); Feist 139
140; Holthausen AEEW 105, AWN 62
(to Toch A pare , B peri 'guilť); Vrtes 1 2 1
(to *fer(ejrai ~ *fer(e)rot); Pokorný I 10,
818; Zalizniak I 174; Lehmann GED 106.
*ferinójanan wk.vb.: Goth jairinon 'to
blame, to aceuse, to reproach', ON/raa
'to blame', OE Jirenian 'to sin', OHG
firinón 'to stain (by erime)'. Derived from
*ferino. Holthausen AEE]\ 7 105; Feist
139; Vrtes ANEW 121; Lehmann GED
106.
*fernaz adj.: Goth Jairns 'previous (of
year)' (affairnin jera = ánb jtépuai), OS fer-
nun gěre id., MHG verne id. Identical with
Umbr perné 'before' < *pernai, Lith pl. pér-
nai id., Latv ppns id. Probably to be
explained from *per- 'previous' and zero
grade of *eno- 'year'. Meillet BSL
feniaz
101
fetjo
XXIX 229-230, MSL XXIII/IV 274-
275; Torp-Falk 231; Feist 140-141;
Schulze Kl. Schr. 537—540 (from *per-no-,
with suffix *-no-); Karsten NB II 210-
211; Chemodanov SGGJa I 77; Fraenkel
576; Pokorný I 810-811; Stang LS 42;
Lehmann GED 106—107; Bammesberger
Nom. 246; Kluge-Seebold 267.
*fernjaz adj.: Goth faimeis 'olď, OE jym
'ancient, olď, OHG jimi 'old, erstwhile,
former'. Derived from *fernaz. Torp-
Faek 231; Feist 140; Vries ANEW 123
(to *fer(ejrai ~ *fer(e)rot); Lehmann GED
106; Heidermanns 196; Kluge-Seebold
267.
*fersn5 ~ *ferznó sb.f.: Goth fairzna
'heel', OE fiersn id. (< *fersniz), OS fersna
id., OHG fersana, fersna id. Gonnected
with Hitt paršina 'upper ťhigh', Toch B
porsno 'ankle (?)' < *persn-, Skt parsni-
'heď, Av pásna- id., Gk jtxépvT| 'heď, Lat
perná 'haunch' < *persná (Fick I 81-82).
Bartholomae 891; Torp-Falk 234-
235; Holthausen AEE]\' 104; Walde-
Hofmann II 289-290; Feist 141;
Kjeckers HG 27 [*e > *e before sonorant
followed by obstruent); Pokorný I 823;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 106; Zalizniak II
193; Frisk II 611-612; Lehmann GED
107; Bammesberger Nom. 147; Kluge-
Seebold 260; Adams TB 404.
*fertanan str.vb.: ONfreta 'to break wind'
(with metathesis), MLG verten id., OHG
ferzan id. Cf. OE feortinj 'pedatio'.
Related to Skt párdate id., Gk 7tÉp5o|Mxi
id., Alb pjerdh, Lith pérdžiu, pérsti id., Slav
*pbrděti id. Torp-Falk 234; Trautmann
BSW 220; Holthausen AEEW 102;
Jóhannesson IEW 554; Mayrhofer II
225; Pokorný I 819; Vries ANEW
142; Fraenkel 577; Frisk II 511-512;
Onions 346; Seebold 194-195; Vasmer-
Trubaghev III 235-236; Kluge- Seebold
250; Orel AED 330.
*fertaz ~ *furtaz sb.m.: ON fretr 'farť
(with metathesis), MLG vort id., OHG
firz, furz id. Derived from *fertanan.
Torp-Falk 234; Vries ANEW 142, 147;
Kluge-Seebold 292.
*feručti adv.: ON í jjqro 'in the previous
year', MHG vert 'previous year'. Identical
with Skt parút 'last year', Arm heru id., Gk
Att 7téprjcji id., Olr ónn-urid 'ab anno
priore'. (Brugmann Grundrijl II/2 708).
Torp-Falk 231; Holthausen IF XXV
148; Mayrhofer II 219; Pokorný I
810-811; Vries ANEW 124; Frisk II
518-519; Bammesberger Nom. 199-200;
Griepentrog ]Vurzelnomina 444—445.
*festiz sb.m.: MLG visi 'foist, farť, MHG
vist id. Identical with Gk né^iq 'bullfist,
Lycoperdon Bovista', Lat pedis 'louse',
further to Gk PSem 'to break wind', Lat
pedoiá., Liuh bezdú, bezdeti 'to break wind',
Slav *p b zde'h id. Fick BB VII 270;
Schmidt K£ XXVII 320; Trautmann
BSW 221; Walde-Hofmann II 272-273;
Pokorný I 829; Frisk I 230; Vasmer-
Trubachev I 163; Fvluge-Seebold 268.
*fetan sb.n.: ON/ei 'step, páce'. Continues
IE *pedó-, cf. Hitt pedan 'pláce', Toch A
pats, B patsa 'bottom', Skt padám 'step,
footstep', Av paSi>?n id., Gk 7té8ov
'ground, earth', Arm het 'foot trace', Lat
peda id., Olr ed 'period', Liuh pedd 'foot,
sole'. Thematization of IE *ped- 'fooť.
See *fotz. Bartholomae 842; Torp-
Falk 225; Trautmann BSW 209-210;
Walde-Hofmann II 293-294; Mayrho-
fer II 204-205; Pokorný I 790-791
Fraenkel 561-563; Frisk II 485-486
Bammesberger Nom. 59; Adams TB 362
Dybo BSA 134 (lengthening in Baltic due
to Winter's law).
*fetanan str.vb.: ON Jeta 'to step', OE
pret. 3e-fat 'to falT, OHG pret. faz id.
Related to IE *ped- id.: Skt padyate 'to
falT, Slav *padq, *pasti id. (Meillet MSL
XrV 336). Torp-Falk 225; Holthau-
sen AEEW 102; Jóhannesson IEW 541-
542; Mayrhofer II 206-207; Pokorný I
790-792; Vries ANE1V 118; Seebold
195-196; Vasmer-Trubachev III 184;
Kluge-Seebold 251.
*fetj5 sb.f: ONJtí 'webbed foot of water-
birds', OE/// 'song, poem', OS Jittea 'sec-
tion', OHG fizza 'hem, skein of yarn'.
Structurally close to Toch B paiyye 'fooť
fetjo
102
ferjanan
< *podio-, Gk 7ié^a 'foot, edge', Skt padya-
'related to fooť (Bugge BB III 116).
Further connected with *fetan. Torp-
Falk 226; Holthausen AEEJT 106;
Pokorný I 791; Vries ANEW 122; Frisk
II 486; Van Windekens 82; Kluge-
Seebold 268.
*fetjojanan wk.vb.: ON fitja 'to web, to
kniť, MDu vittm 'to be suitable', OHG
fizzon 'to surrounď. Derived from *fetjo.
Vries ANEW 122.
*feturaz ~ *feturó(n) sb.m./f.: ON
fjoturr 'fetter, shackle', OE fetor, feter id.,
OS pl.feteros id., OHG fezzara id. Derived
from *fót z (Richter KZ XXXVI 118).
Torp-Faek 226; Holthausen AEEW
103; Trier Z dph LXX 354 (reconstructs
the originál meaning as 'forked piece of
řirewooď); Pokorný I 792; Vries ANEW
127; Zaeizniak I 174; Onions 352.
*fetur5janan wk.vb.: ON jjqtra 'to fetter',
OE se-feterian 'to fetter, to binď, OFris
fiteria 'to binď, MDu veteren id., OHG
fozzaron id. Derived from *feturaz ~
*feturo(n). Holthausen AEEW 102;
Vries ANEW 127.
*febra-xamaz ~ *febra-xam5n sb.m.:
ON jjadr-hamr 'winged haunch', OÍLfedei'-
hama 'wings, plumage', OS fedar-hamo id.
Compound of *fepro and *xamaz, *xamon.
Carr Nom. comp. 47.
*febrjan sb.n.: ON fidri 'feathers, plum-
age', OF, f dere 'wing', MDu ge-vedere 'plum-
age', OHG gi-federi id. Derived from
*fepro. Torp-Falk 227; Holthausen
AEEW 106; Vries ANEW 119.
*febr(j)6janan wk.vb.: ON fora 'to
feather', OE ^e-fiderian 'to give wings',
G be-jiedern 'to feadier'. Derived from
*fepijan, fejpro. Torp-Falk 227.
*febró sb.f: ONJJQÓr 'feadier', OEfeSer id.,
OFris /ethere id., OS feSara id., OHG
federa id. Related to Hitt pattar 'wing',
Skt patará- 'flying', Gk jtTEpóv 'feather,
wing', OW peterin 'birď (Pedersen KZ
XXXII 245), further connected with *pet-
'to fly'. Saussure Recueil 420 (from
*pet-tro-); Torp-Falk 226-227; Holthau-
sen AEEW 103; Mayrhofer II 199;
Pokorný I 826; Vries ANEW 124-125
Zalizniak I 146; Frisk II 612-613
Onions 348; Bammesberger Nom. 1 1 8
Kluge-Seebold 254.
*fe3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON fága 'to polish, to
clean', OFris fěgia 'to clean', MDu vagen
id., OS fegon id., OHG JegSn 'to sweep'.
Despite phonetic difficulties, related to
*fanxanan. Vries ANEW 109 (to Lith
púošiu, pudšti 'to decorate'); Pokorný I
797; Kluge-Seebold 255.
*fera-lÍ3az adj.: ON fár-ligr 'disastrous',
OE fiér-líc 'sudden, unexpected, quick',
MHG vier-lic id. Derived from *firan ~
*feraz. Onions 351.
*feran ~ *feraz sb.n./m.: ON^aí' 'harm,
evil passion, bale', OE fér 'fear, danger,
peril', OS far 'ambush, lurking danger'
(fem.), OHG far 'ambush', fem. fára
'ambush'. Compared with Arm p'orj
'attempť, Gk neípa id. (Fick BB II
210). Meillet BSL XXXVI 110; Torp-
Falk 230; Holthausen AEEW 96
Pokorný I 818; Vries ANEl\ r 112
Zalizniak II 174; Frisk II 489-490
Solta Arm. 342-343 (isolates Arm p'orj)
Onions 348; Lehmann GED 112; Kluge-
Seebold 305.
*fe ró sb.f: Goth fera 'side, limb', OHG
fera 'ham'. Probably derived from IE
*(s)pěi-, cf. Skt sphayate 'to grow fat, to
increase', Lith spěti 'to be fast enough',
Slav *spěti 'to flourish, to ripen' (Uhlen-
beck BBB XXX 275; Sghulze Kl. Schr.
54). Structurally close to Lith sperus
'rapid, energetic'. Grienberger Got. 66
(to Gk 7tépa<; 'exit, enď); Stokes KZ XL
248 (to Olr triu 'land'); Gůntert WuSXl
139 (to Gk jtr|pa 'satchel'); Torp-Falk
567; Feist 148; Mayrhofer III 541-542;
Pokorný 983-984; Fraenkel 865-866;
Vasmer-Trubachev III 734; Lehmann
GED 112.
*ferjanan wk.vb.: ON fera 'to slighť, OE
féran 'to terrify, to frighten', MHG feren
'to readjusť. Derived from *fěran ~ *fěro.
Torp-Falk 230; Holthausen ^££7^96;
Vrles ANEW 149; Onions 348; Lehmann
GED 112.
fetjanan
103
fijendz
*fetjanan wk.vb.: Goth fetjan 'to adorn',
ON_/iř« 'to manage, to deal', OTLfiétan 'to
equip'. Long grade variant of *fiatqjanan.
The samé ablaut grade is found in Lith
pedas 'sheaf, Latv péda 'bunch'. Torp-
Falk 226; Persson Beiíráge 224-225 (to
Skt palla- 'large granary, barn'); Bezzen-
berger BB XXVII 175 (to Latv pěda
'armful, bunch'); Holthausen AEE]\ t
97; Feist 148-149; Pokorný I 790;
Fraenkel 563; Vries ANE1V 149; Leh-
mann GED 113; Kluge-Seebold 305.
*fijab(w)5 sb.f.: Gothfijapwa 'enmity', OE
Jeo^aú 'hatreď. Derived from *fljěnan.
Holthausen AEE]V 101; Feist 151;
Lehmann GED 114.
*fimiz adj.: ON fimr 'nimble, agile'. Close
to Olr éim, ém 'quick, fasť < *pe(i)mi-
(Lidén BB XXI 95). Torp-Faek 228;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 100; Vries ANEW
120.
*finxló sb.f.: OE fieól 'filé (instrument)',
MLG filé id., MHG vile id. Related to
Skt pimšati 'to hew out, to carve', Gk
heÍko) 'to scratch', Lith piešiu, pwšti 'to
draw lineš wiuh coal', Slav *pbsati 'to
write'. Zupitza Gutt. 64; Torp-Falk
241; Holthausen AEEW 105; Mayr-
hofer II 267-268; Fraenkel 587; Vries
ANE1V 117; Onions 355; Kluge-Seebold
256.
*finkiz ~ *finkon sb.m.: OJLfinc 'finch',
MDu vinke id., OHG finc,finco id. Related
to Gk cmíyyoc, id., W pinč id. Suolahti
DVN 109-110; Torp-Falk 241-242;
Holthausen AEE]V 105; Onions 356;
Kluge-Seebold 266.
*finnaz sb.m.: ON Finnr 'Finn', OE pl.
Finnas id., G Finne id. Attested as Gk
Oívvoi, Lat Fenni. Unclear. Karsten
GFL 230 (to Jenpanan); Ltndroth NB V
45—50 (to G mtn. Finne and, eventually,
to Celt *penn- 'hill'); Zaohrisson Festschr.
A. Koch 312 (to Olr cenn 'head'); Holt-
hausen AEEW 105; Vries ANEW 120-
121; Onions 357.
*finnaz ~ *fin(n)5n sb.m./f: OSwed
jiná 'fin', OJLfinn 'fin', ML,G finne id. Pro-
bably related to Toch A spin- 'hook', Skt
sphyá- 'splinter, staff'. Torp-Falk 240
(to Lat pinna 'feather', Olr ind 'point,
tip' < *pinno-); Holthausen AEEW 105;
Pokorný I 981; Onions 356; Kluge-
Seebold 266.
*fiskaz sb.m.: Goůxfisks 'fish', ONfiskr id.,
OE fisc id., OFris fisk id., OS fisk id.,
OHG fisc id. Etymologically related to
Lat piscis id., Olr íasc id. < *peiskos (Wood
MLN XV 95). Mikkola RFV XLVEI-
XLLX 279-280 (to Slav *piskar'b ~
*piskor'b 'a kind of river fish, gudgeon');
Torp-Falk 242; Fírogmann K^ LXII
267; Holthausen AEE1\ t 105; Walde-
Hofmann II 310; Feist 155; Porzig
Gliederung 110, 193; Pokorný I 796;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 59; Vries ANEW
121-122; Zalizniak I 131; Onions 358;
Lehmann GED 1 1 8; Kluge-Seebold
267-268.
*fiskójanan wk.vb.: Goth fiskon 'to fish',
ONfiska id., OF.fiscian id., OFris fiskia id.,
OS fiskon id., OHG gi-fiskon id. Deno-
minative based on *fiskaz. Derivationally
similar to Lat piscor 'to fish'. Torp-Falk
242; Feist 155; Walde-Hofmann II 310;
Porzig Gliederung 110; Pokorný I 796;
Vries ANE]V 121-122; Lehmann GED
118.
*fltjó sb.f: ON fit 'meadow lanď, EFris fit
'muddy pool'. Related to Gk 7ií8a^
'spring, fountain', Olr iath 'meadow' <
*peito-. Torp-Falk 241; Vries A]ÍE]\ t
122; FriskII 533.
*fijěnan wk.vb.: Goth fijan 'to hatě', ON
jjá id., OE fión, Jeófejan id., OHG^en id.
Related to Skt píjati 'to revile, to blame'
(Schulze KZ XXVII 426). Hoffmann
BB XVIII 149-151 (from *kueio, to Lat
pio 'to punish', Gk xeíco 'to respecť);
Torp-Falk 240; Holthausen AEEW
105; Feist 150-151; Mayrhofer II
294-295; Pokorný I 792-793; Vries
ANEW 122; Onions 354; Lehmann GED
114; Kluge-Seebold 257.
*fijěnďz sb.m.: Goth fijands 'enemy, fienď,
ONJjándi id., OJLfieónd id., OFris fiand id.,
OS fiiond id., OHG fiiant id. Present par-
ticiple of *fíjěnan. Holthausen AEE]V
fijendz
104
flaizon
105; Feist 150-151; Vries ANEW 123;
Onions 354; Lindeman Verscharfimg 1 .4;
Lehmann GED 1 1 4; Bammesberger Nora.
215; Kluge-Seebold 257.
*físanan str.vb.: ON fisa 'to farť,
MHG visen 'to farť. An imitative stem.
Persson JVurzelerw. 199 (to Lat splro 'to
breathe'); Torp-Falk 242; Pokorný I
796 (to Slav *piskati 'to squeak'); Vrtés
ANEW 121.
*fla3an sb.n.: ON flag 'spot where a turf
has been cut ouť, LG flag, flagg 'fiat lanď.
Related to *flax Z . Vries ANEW 128 (to
*flaxanan).
*fla3Ď(n) sb.f.: Norw dial.y/ňí? 'open sea', E
flaw 'gust of winď, MLG vlage 'procella'.
Derived from *flaxanan. Torp-Falk 250;
Pokorný I 832; Vries ANEW 128 (to
*flokanan).
*fla35n sb.f: ON flaga 'slab', MLG vlage
'layer of earth'. Derived from *fla^an.
Zupitza Gutt. 130; Torp-Falk 250; Vries
ANEW 128 (to *flaxz or *flaxanan).
*flaxanan str.vb.: ON flá 'to flay, to strip
off the skin', OE fleán id., MDu vlaen id.
Related to Lith plešiu, plésti 'to tear', Latv
plést id. (Zupitza Gutt. 190). Fick I 487
(to Lat plecto 'to beat, to punish'); Persson
Beitrdge 232-234; Torp-Falk 250; Holt-
hausen AEE]\ T 107; Jóhannesson IEW
580-581; Pokorný I 835; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 71; Fraenkel 619; Vries ANEW
127; Onions 361; Stang LS 42-43;
Seebold 198.
*flaxsan sb.n.: OE Jkax 'flax', OFris flax
id., MLG flas id., OWGflahs id. (mase).
Identical with Alb plafwool blanket, rug'
< PAlb *plaxa < *plokso-. Further see
*flextanan. Torp-Falk 251; Pokorný I
834-835; Frisk II 557-558; Onions 361;
Fvluge-Seebold 269; Orel AED 331.
*flaxto(n) sb.f: Goth flahta 'braiď, ON
flátta 'mať. Derived from *flextanan. In
vocalism close to Slav *plotb 'fence' but
structurally reminding of Gk nA,eKTT| 'coil,
twisted ropě'. Torp-Falk 251; Feist
156; Vries ANEW 129; Seebold 199;
Lehmann GED 1 1 8; Vasmer-Trubachev
III 285.
*flaxz sb.f: ONflá 'strip of meadow lanď.
Structurally close to Gk nXá^ 'fiat land,
fiat stone'. Further to Lat placeo 'to please,
to be pleasing', Latv plakt 'to become flať
(Zupitza Gutt. 130). Torp-Falk 250;
Walde-Hofmann II 313-314; Pokorný I
835; Vries ANEW 127; Frisk II 550-
551.
*flaixanan ~ *flaixjanan str./wk.vb.:
Goth ga-plaihan 'to comfort, to admonish'
(str.), MLG vlěn 'to ask', OHG flěhen
'to fondle, to caress'. Related to *flaixaz.
Osthoff PBB XIII 399 (to Lat léna
'bawď < *tlaic-sna); Torp-Falk 195 (to
Gk ^.ouKá<; 'whore').
*flaixaz adj.: ON flár 'falše, insidious',
OE fláh 'insidious, artful, deceitful'. Of
unknown origin. Osthoff PBB XIII
399 (to Lat léna 'bawd, procuress'); van
Wijk IF XXIV 236-238 (from *fléwa Z );
Zupitza Gutt. 210; Torp-Falk 195;
Holthausen AEE]V 106; Karsten NB I
59; Nordmeyer Language XI 219 (to Gk
ájteiA.é(o 'to promise, to threaten'); Vries
ANEW 129; Heidermanns 198.
*flainaz sb.m.: ON fleinn 'bayonet-like
pike, shaft, darť, OE flán 'dart, arrow'
(fem., mase). Derived from *fllnanan.
Torp-Falk 252; Trautmann APSpr. 400
(to OPrus playnis 'barn, stable', Lith plienas
id.); Holthausen AEEW 106; Vries
ANEW 129-130 (to *(s)pd- 'to spliť).
*flaiskaz sb.n.: ON flesk 'pork', OE fliésc
'meať (z-stem), OFris flask id., OS flesk
id., OHG fleisc id. Of uncertain origin.
Cf. also OE flíéc id. < *flaik- suggesting
*flaiskaz < *flaik-sk-. Osthoff PBB XIII
401-403 (reconstructs *plaiskiz, to Lat
láridum 'fat of bacon, lard'); Torp-Falk
252 (to *flikkjan); Holthausen AEEh'
106; Pokorný I 835 (to *fliko)\ Vries
ANEW 130 (to ON flís 'splinter');
Zalizniak II 216; Onions 362.
*flaizon adj. comp.: ON fleiri 'more'.
Related to Skt prayah 'more', Gk jtXeícov
id., Lat plus id. (a contamination of
*plei-s- and *pleu-s-). Torp-Falk 235;
Walde-Hofmann II 327-328; Pokorný I
800; Frisk II 556.
flakaz
105
flauxz
*flakaz ~ *flakuz adj.: Goth plaqus 'sup-
ple, tender', MLG vlak 'flať, OHG flah id.
See *flakan. Zupitza Gutt. 214; Torp-
Falk 249; Walde-Hofmann II 314; Feist
499; Pokorný I 832; Onions 364;
Lehmann GED 363; Heidermanns 199;
Kluge-Seebold 269, 271.
*flakk5janan wk.vb.: ON flakka 'to rove
abouť, MDu vlacken 'to blaze', G dial.
flacken id. Related to Gk iikáX^m 'to turn
aside, to turn away' < *nXayyico, with an
unclear geminate, Lat plango 'to strike, to
beať. Walde-Hofmann II 315-316;
Martinet Gém. 170; Pokorný I 832;
Vries ANEW 128 ("intensive gemina-
tion"); Frisk II 548-549.
*flakon sb.m.: ON flaki, fleki 'hurdle,
shield wicker-work', ME flake, fleke 'stick-
ing point, hurdle', EFris flake 'floe', OS
fláka 'foot sole' (fem.). Related to Gk
Herakl jtXáyo? 'side', Lat plaga 'region,
quarter, tracť. Torp-Falk 249; Walde-
Hofmann II 314; Pokorný I 832; Vries
ANEW 128 (to febcanan).
*flakuraz adj.: Icel e-m verSur flijkurt 'to feel
sick', OE flacor 'flickering'. Related to
*flokanan. Berneker IF LX 364 (to Lat
flagro 'to fláme, to blaze'); Torp-Falk
249; Holthausen AEEW 106; Jóhan-
nesson IEW b!1\ Heidermanns 200 (sec-
ondary derivation from *flakurqjan).
*flakur5janan wk.vb.: ON flqkra 'to
flutter', ME flakeren 'to tremble', MDu
flackeren 'to flutter', MHG vláčkem 'to
flicker'. Derived from *flakuraz. Heider-
manns 200; Kluge-Seebold 269.
*flasko(n) sb.f.: ON/«á« 'flask', OEflaxe
id., OHG flasca id. Close to Lith plókščias
'flať, Slav *ploskb id. or direcdy derived
from *flataz. Sohróder An~T)A XXIII
157 (to IE *plě- 'full, to fiU'); Pokorný I
831; Pisani KZ XC 18-19; Kluge-
Seebold 270 (from *flaxt-ska-).
*flataz adj.: ON flatr 'flať, OS flat id.,
OHG flaz id. An irregular continuant
of IE *plet(s)- 'wide' in the full grade,
cf. Skt práthas- 'width', Av JiaOah- id.,
Gk Tikáioq id., W llei id. See *flapo(nj.
Bartholomae 983; Karsten NB II
372-373; Torp-Falk 251; Mayrhofer II
364; Pokorný I 834; Vries ANEW
129 (to Latv plade 'placenta'); Frisk II
553—554; Onions 360; Heidermanns
200.
*flatjan sb.n.: ON flet 'set of benches or
rooms', OJLflet 'floor, dwelling', OFrisyfett
'building, house', OS flet, fletti 'quarters,
chamber', OHG flezzi 'direshing-floor,
halí'. Derived from *flataz. Torp-Falk
251; Holthausen AEEW 108; Pokorný I
834; Vries AMW 130-131; Zalizniak I
145; Onions 360; Heidermanns 200;
Kluge-Seebold 275.
*flatjanan wk.vb.: ON fletja 'to cut open',
WGmc *flatjan > Frflatir id. Derived from
*flataz. Gamillsoheg Rom. Germ. I 158;
Vries ANE1\ T 131.
*flaj)5(n) sb.f: Norwflade 'small valley, flat
fielď, OHG flada 'a kind of thin and wide
cake', mase. flado id. A regular reflex of
IE *plet(d)- 'wide', cf. *flataz. Torp-Falk
251; Pokorný I 834.
*flaj)r5janan ~ *flej3rojanan wk.vb.:
ON fladra 'to fawn', MHG vladem 'to
flutter', OHG flediron 'to be careless,
mindless'. Of imitative origin. Torp-
Falk 251; Vries ANEW 127 (to MDu
vleder, a crossing of *fepro and *fleu3an).
*flau3iz adj.: ONjkygr 'able to fly', OHG
wint-flougi 'flying, soaring'. Derived from
*fleu3anan. Torp-Falk 254; Matzel
Festschr. Schroder 96, AŽTJ CV 98; Heider-
manns 200-201.
*flau3Janan wk.vb.: ON fleygja 'to cause
to fly, to throw', OFris flágia 'to flee'.
Probably also Goth usflaugjan 'to carry
abouť if this reading is to be preferred to
us-walugjan (see *walyjanan ~ *wal3qjanan).
Causative of 'fleujanan. Braune LGRP
XXLX 328 (on the reading of the Gothic
word); Torp-Falk 254; Feist 530; Vries
ANElť 131; Seebold 201, 518; Lehmann
GED 381.
*flauxz sb.m./f: ONjío 'flea', OE/m id.,
MLG vlo id., OHG floh id. Somehow dis-
tandy related to Skt plúsi- id., Arm lu id.,
Alb plesht id. < *pleu-s-ta. The influence
of *fleuxanan is possible. Meillet MSL
flauxz
106
fl(e)u3on
XXII 142; Torp-Falk 195-196 (to
*jieuxanan); Holthausen AEE1\' 107
Mayrhofer II 386-387; Pokorný I 102
Vries ANEW 132; Zalizniak II 207
Onions 361; Lehmann GED 363; Kluge-
Seebold 274; Orel AED 333.
*flaumaz sb.m.: ON flaumr 'eddy, crowď,
OHG weralt-floum 'transitoriness of the
woriď. Derived from *flowarum. Struc-
turally similar with Gk nkv\ia 'water
in which somediing has been washeď.
Zupitza Gutt. 74; Torp-Falk 253;
Pokorný I 836; Vries ANEW 129 (recon-
structs *flau3maz); Seebold 204.
*flautaz adj.: Goth flauts 'boastful, con-
ceiteď, OHG adv. flóz-líhlw 'effusive'.
Derived from *fleutanan (Grienberger Got.
70). Holthausen AnzZJiA XXIV 34 (to
Lat plaudo 'to slap, to beať); Endzelin K^
LI 258 (to Latv plaudis 'bream, Gyprinus
brama'); Feist 156; Pokorný I 837;
Lehmann GED 118; Heidermanns 201.
*flautjanan wk.vb.: ON jteyta 'to float, to
lift', MLG floten 'to drive', OHG flozzen
'to flow'. Causative of *fleutanan. Torp-
Falk 255; Vries ANEW 131; Seebold
203.
*flautiz ~ *flautjon sb.f: ON pl. Jlautir
'a kind of whipped milk', OF.fliéte 'cream,
curds'. Derived from *jteutanan. Torp-
Falk 255; Holthausen AEE]\ r 108;
Vries ANEW 129.
*flawjan sb.n.: ON fley 'a kind of ship'.
Identical with Toch B plewe 'ferry, ship',
Gk rcXolov 'ship'. For further connections
see *floduz. Torp-Falk 253; Porzig
Gliederung 186; Pokorný I 836; Vries
ANEW 131; Frisk II 559-560; Lehmann
GED 119; Burlak IFTJa 250.
*flawjanan wk.vb.: OHG flewen 'to rinse'.
Glose to Skt plaváyati 'to cause to swim, to
bathe, to submerge', Slav *plujq, *ploviti
'to swim'. See *flóiuz. Torp-Falk 253-
254; Mayrhofer II 384-385; Pokorný I
835-837; Vasmer-Trubaohev III 271
272.
*flextanan str.vb.: OE flohten-fóte 'web-
footeď, OS flehtan 'to braiď, OHG flehtan
id. Related to Lat plectó 'to plait, to
braiď, Slav *pletq, *plesti 'to weave'.
Further connected with Gk nkíyna 'to
weave, to braiď, Lat plico 'to fold to-
gether' (extracted from prefixal verbs, cf.
ex-plico). Persson Beitráge 346; Zupitza
Gutt. 190; Torp-Falk 250-251; Traut-
mann £511^224; Holthausen AEEW 107;
Walde-Hofmann II 321; Jóhannesson
IEW 580; Pokorný I 834-835; Vries
ANEW 131; Frisk II 557-558; Seebold
198-199; Vasmer-Trubaohev III 280;
Lehmann GED 118; Kluge-Seebold
271.
*flext5n sb.f./m.: ON flétta 'braiď, OE
fieohta 'hurdle', OHG flehta 'braiď. De-
rived from *flextanan. Torp-Falk 251.
*flekkaz sb.m.: ON flekkr 'spot, fleck',
MLG vleke 'plot of lanď (fem.), OHG flec
'stain, fleck'. Probably related to *flakaz ~
*flakuz. Torp-Falk 250; Martinet Gém.
197; Vries ANEW 130 (to *felxanan);
Sommer Schr. 15 (to *flíko); Lůhr Expr.
216-218; Kluge-Seebold 271.
*flekkójanan wk.vb.: ON jiekka 'to fleck,
to stain', MDu vlecken id., OHG gi-fleckón
id. Derived from *flekkaz. Vries ANEIV
130.
*fleu3anan str.vb.: ON fljúga 'to fly', OE
fleó^an id., OFrisyfragň id., MLG vlegen id.,
OHG fliogan id. Derivationally close to
Lith plaukiu, plaůkti 'to swim' (Fraenkel
IF L 229). Further related to Toch A />/«-
'to fly', Skt pláváte 'to float, to swim', Gk
TÍkítň 'to swim (on a ship)', Lith pláuju,
pláuti 'to rinse, to wash', Slav *plovq, *pluti
id. Zupitza Gutt. 130; Torp-Falk 254;
Trautmann BS]\ t 223-224; Feist 530-
531; Holthausen AEEW 107; Jóhannes-
son IEW 575-578; Mayrhofer II 383-
384; Pokorný I 837; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 76; Fraenkel 608; Vries ANEW
132; Frisk II 559-560; Onions 365;
Stang LS 42; Seebold 201-202; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 288-289; Lehmann GED
130; Kluge-Seebold 272.
*fl(e)u3Ón sb.f.: ON fluga 'fly, moth', OE
fleó 3 e 'fly', MLG vlěge id., OHG flioga
id. Derived from *fieu 3 anan. Zupitza
Gutt. 130; Torp-Falk 254; Holthausen
fl(e)u3on
107
flocíuz
AEEW 107; Pokorný I 837; Vries
ANEW 134; Zalizniak I 155; Onions
365.
*fleuxanan str.vb.: Goth pliuhan 'to flee',
ON pret. fló id., OE fleón id., OFris flia
id., OS fliohan id., OHG fliohan id. Cf. also
ON wk. flýja id. < *fleuxjanan. The com-
parison with *fleu^anan (Zupitza Gutt.
131) of which *fleuxanan is an early lexi-
calized variant is decisive in postulating
the Gothic change *fl- > pl- in unknown
phonological conditions. Osthoff PBB
XIII 412—415 (to Lat locusta 'grasshopper,
shellfish, lobster'); Loewenthal ANF
XXXV 238-239 (to Slav *tblpa 'crowď),
PBB XLLX 419; Torp-Falk 195-196;
Feist 499-500; Holthausen AEEW 107
(samé as Zupitza); Jóhannesson IEW
578; Pokorný I 837; Fraenkel 608;
Vries ANE]V 134; Onions 361; Seebold
517-518; Lehmann GED 363; Kluge-
Seebold 273.
*fleutan sb.n.: ON fljót 'river' (mainly in
rvn.), OJLfleót 'bay, gulf, river; raft, ship'
(mase), MLG flět 'river' (mase, neut.).
Derived from *fleutanan. Substantivized
*fleutaz? Torp-Falk 255; Holthausen
AEEW 107; Vries ANEW 132; Onions
361; Lerchner 253.
*fleutanan str.vb.: ON fijóta 'to floať, OE
fleótan id., OFris fliáta id., OS fliotan id.,
OHG fliozan id. Related to Lith plustu,
plusů 'to flow, to stream', Latv plustu, plůst
'to pour out, to flow' continuing *pleud-,
an extension of IE *pku- (Aufrecht KZ I
119), cf. also Olr luaidid 'to move'. See
*flowanan. Torp-Falk 255; Holthausen
AEEW 107; Jóhannesson IEW 575-578;
Pokorný I 837; Fraenkel 634; Vries
A/VET T 132; Onions 361; Seebold 202-
204; Lehmann GED 1 19; Kluge-Seebold
273.
*fleutaz adj.: ON fljót 'fleet, swifť, Efleet
'quick, fasť, MDu adv. vliet, vliete 'swift,
hurrieď. Derived from *fleutcinan. Struc-
turally close to Olr lúath id. (Windisch
KZ XXI 431). Torp-Falk 255; Kar-
sten M II 401-402; Vries ANEW 132;
Heidermanns 202.
*flikkjan sb.n.: ON flikki 'flitch (of bacon)',
OE fikce id., MLG vlicke id. Related to
*flíkó. Torp-Falk 252; Holthausen
AEEW 108; Vries ANEW 131; Onions
363.
*flintaz sb.m.: OE flint id., MLG vlint-sten
'flintstone'. Cf. also MLG vlins id., OHG
flins id. (Kuhn KZ I 380). Borrowed from
the samé unknown source as Gk jiXív9o<;
'brick, tile'. Torp-Falk 253; Gúntert
Labyrinth 22; Kretschmer Glotta XXIII
12; Holthausen AEEW 108; Vries
ANEW 131; Frisk II 562-563; Onions
362.
*flíkó sb.f: ON flík 'tatter, rag'. Deri-
vationally close to Lith plyša 'tear, break,
spliť, further connected to Lith plýšti
'to burst, to tear'. Torp-Falk 252 (to
Lith pléikéti 'to become rough (of a face)');
Pokorný I 835; Fraenkel 625; Vries
ANEW lil.
*flínanan str.vb.: Norw dial. flinci 'to
whine'. Related to Lith plýnas 'even, bald'
(Torp-Falk 252). The meaning in Gmc
is secondary as attested by the derivative
*fiainaz. Pokorný I 834.
*flódan sb.n.: ONflód 'lide, flooď, OEflód
'flow, wave, tide', OFris flod id. Derived
from *flowanan. Torp-Falk 254; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 109; Seebold 204.
*flódiz sb.f: ON flmSr 'flood-tide, high
water', OS flod 'tide, torrenť, OHG fluot
id. See *flóduz. Torp-Falk 254; See-
bold 204.
*fl5djanan wk.vb.: ON flada 'to flood
over', OE flédan id., MDu vloeden id.,
MHG vlúeten id. Derived from *floduz.
Holthausen AEEW 109; Vries ANE]\ t
135.
*flóáuz sb.m.: Goth jlodus 'stream', OEflód
'flow, wave, tide', OS flod id., OHG fluot
id. Close to Gk nXanóq 'floating'. Further
derived from *flowanan. Torp-Falk 254:
Holthausen AEEW 109; Feist 156-157
Pokorný I 836-837; Vries ANEW 133
Zalizniak II 216; Onions 363; Frisk II
565-566; Seebold 204; Lehmann GED
118; Bammesberger Nora. 159—160;
Fvluge-Seebold 277.
floxo
108
fluiijtron
*fl5xo sb.f.: ON fló 'layer', OE flóh 'frag-
ment, piece', OHG Jtuoh 'rock, clifF.
Related to *flaxanan. Zupitza Gutt. 130;
Holthausen AEEW 109; Vries AMEW
132; Rluge-Seebold 276.
*flókanan str.vb.: Goth jiokan 'to bewail,
to mourn', ON flókinn 'bewilclered, unset-
tleď, OE flocan 'to clap, to strike', OS
jiokan 'to curse', OHG widarfluohhan 'to
revile'. Related to Gk nXaífň 'to make
roam, to misleaď, Lat plango 'to bewail,
to strike'. See *flakkojanan. Torp-Falk
250; Feist 157; Holthausen AEEW 109;
Walde-Hofmann II 3 1 5-3 1 6; Jóhannes-
son IEW 573; Pokorný I 832-833; Frisk
II 548-549; Seebold 205-206; Lehmann
GED 119; Kxuge-Seebold 275.
*flókanaz ~ *flókenaz adj.: ON flókinn
'clotted, entangleď, OFris ur-fldkin, OS
far-flócan 'curseď. Derived from *flokaiian.
Lehmann GED 119.
*flókon ~ *flókan sb.m./n.: ON flóki
'felt, hair', OEflóc id. Related to *flakai ~
flakuz. Zupitza Gutt. 214; Holthausen
AEEW 109; Vries AMEl\ r 133; Onions
364.
*flóraz sb.m.: ON flór 'floor, pavemenť,
OE>V 'floor', MDu vloer id., MHG vluor
'fielď. Related to Olr lár 'floor', W llawr
(Fick KZ I 366-367: further to Lat
plánus 'flať, Lith plóti 'to flatten'). Cf. also
Lat ex-ploro 'to search out, to examine'
based on *plóro- 'grounď. Kuhn ]VF
XII 8; Torp-Falk 249; Holthausen
AEEW 109; Walde-Hofmann I 430-431;
Porzig 119; Pokorný I 806; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 98; Vries AMEW 133;
Onions 363; Kluge-Seebold 276.
*fl5wanan str.vb.: OTLflówan 'to flow'. Cf.
also ON wh.flóa 'to overflow' < *flowenan.
Long grade of IE *pleu-, see *floáuz. Cf.
in particular Gk Ion TÍkám 'to sail',
Slav *plavati 'to swim'. Torp-Falk 254;
Trautmann BS]V 223; Holthausen
AEEW 1 10; Jóhannesson IEW 575-578;
Pokorný I 835-837; Vries AMEW 132;
Frisk II 565-566; Onions 364; Seebold
204-205; Vasmer-Trubachev III 271;
Lehmann GED 119.
*flówěn sb.m.: ON flói 'marshy moor'.
Derivationally close to Olr ló 'water' <
*plouo-. Further see *flowanan. Saxén
SNF 1/3 60; Torp-Falk 254; Vries
AMEW 133.
*flu3an sb.n.: ON flog 'flighť, OE 3e-flo3
'infectious disease', MLG vloch 'flighť.
Derived from *fleuyinan. Torp-Falk 254;
Holthausen AEEW 109; Vries AMEW
133.
*flu3Íz sb.m.: ON flugr 'flighť, OEflj>3e id.,
OS flugi id., OYíG flug id. Derived from
*fleu3anan. Torp-Falk 254; Holthau-
sen AEEW 110; Pokorný I 837; Vries
AMEW 134; Zalizniak II 186; Seebold
201; Lehmann GED 363; Bammesberger
Mom. 130.
*flu3Jan sb.n.: ON flygi 'flying insecť, E
fledge id., MHG adj. vliicke 'fledged, flying'.
Cf. also *flu3án > ON fluga 'fly'. Derived
from *fleu3anan. Pokorný I 837; Vries
AME1\' 134; Zalizniak I 155.
*flu3ulaz adj.: ON flogall 'volatile', OE
flu3ol 'apt to fly, flying swiftiy, swifť.
Derived from *fleu3anan. Karsten MB
II 276, 286; Holthausen AEEII' 110;
Heidermanns 204.
*fluxton ~ *fluxtjaz sb.m.: ON flótti
'flighť, OE flyht id., OFris flecht id., OS
fluht id., OHG íem.fluht id. Derived from
*fleu3anan. Holthausen AEEW 110;
Vries AMEW 134; Onions 362; Lehmann
GED 363.
*flukkaz sb.m.: ON flokkr 'troop, band,
crowď, OE flocc 'flock, band, company',
MLG vlocke 'flock'. Historically identical
with WGmc *flukkon 'snowflake': MLG
vlocke, OHG flocko (Torp-Falk 254)
further compared with Lith pláukas
'hair', Latv pl. plauki 'snowflakes'. Mat-
zenauer LF LI 125-126; Holthausen
AEEW 109; Martinet Gém. 197;
Pokorný I 837; Vries AMEW 133 (to
*fleu3anan)\ Onions 363; Lerchner 253.
*flunpron ~ *flunprjon sb.f: ON flydra
'flounder', MLG vlundere 'thin boarď.
Somehow connected with Lat pluteus
'penthouse, sheď, Lith plautas 'porch of
the beehive', Latv plauts 'shelf. Torp-
flunJ)ron
109
foljanan
Falk 251 (to *flapo(n)); Pokorný I 838;
Vries ANEW 134.
*flutan sb.n.: ON á flot 'afloať, OE flot
Vater deep enough for sustaining a ship,
sea', MDu slot 'flow', OHGJluz 'current,
flow' (mase). Derived from *fleutanan.
Torp-Falk 255; Holthausen AEEW
109; Vries ANEW 134; Seebold 203.
*flutójanan wk.vb.: ON flota 'to floať,
OE flotian id., OS floton id. Derived from
*flutan. Holthausen AEE}V 110; Vries
ANEW 134; Onions 363.
*flutón sb.m.: ON fioti 'fleet, floať, OE
flota 'ship, fleeť, MLG slote id. Derived
from *fleutanan. Torp-Falk 255; Hol-
thausen AEEW 109; Vries ANEW 134;
Seebold 203; Kluge-Seebold 275.
*flúj3Ď sb.f: ONy?áá 'low skerries flooded
by the sea'. Derivationally close to
Skt pluta- 'floated, swimming in', Latv
pluts 'rafť. Further related to *fleutanan.
Torp-Falk 253; Holthausen AEE~W
107; Mayrhofer II 386; Pokorný I
835-836; Vries ANEW 134.
*fnasan sb.n.: Norw fnas 'awn (of corn)',
OE fnďs 'fringe'. Of unknown origin.
Torp-Falk 245 (to ON fnasa 'to sneeze,
to snorť).
*fneusanan ~ *fnúsanan str.vb.: ON
fnýsa 'to sneeze', OE fnisan 'to sneeze',
MDu Jniesen id., MHG pjkusen id. Pro-
bably related to Gk jrvéco 'to blow'.
Torp-Falk 245; Holthausen AEE1\ t
110; Pokorný I 839; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 109; Vries ANEW 136; Frisk II
566-567.
*fodisló(n) sb.f: ON>~/a 'fooď, OEfédesl
'feeder', MDu voetsel 'fooď, OHG neut.
fuotisal 'fodder, grazing'. Derived from
*fodjanan. Holthausen AEEW 111;
Vries ANEW 150.
*foďjanan wk.vb.: Goth fodjan 'to feed, to
nourish', ONfada id., OE/édan id., OFris
fodia id., OS fódian id., OHG fuoten id.
Derived from *foddn. Torp-Falk 223;
Feist 157; Holthausen AEE]V 111;
Pokorný I 787; Vries ANEW 149;
Onions 349; Lehmann GED 1 1 9; Kluge-
Seebold 293.
*foďon sb.m.: OE fóda 'food, nourish-
menť. An archaism based on IE *pá-\
Hitt pahš- 'to defend, to guard', Toch A
pas-, B pásk- 'to guard', Lat pasco 'to feed,
to pasture'. Holthausen AEEW 110;
Walde-Hofmann II 260; Pokorný I 787;
Onions 368; Lehmann GED 119; Burlak
IFTJa 248.
*fočtran I sb.n.: Goůifodr 'casing, sheath',
ON fóúr 'lining' (*-p-), MLGfóder 'casing,
sheath', OHG fuotar id. Identical with
Hitt pattar 'basket', Toch B patro- 'vessel
for alms', Skt neut. patra- 'receptacle, ves-
sel'. Torp-Falk 223; Feist 157-158;
Mayrhofer II 252-253; Pokorný I 839;
Vries ANEW 136 (identical with *f odrati
II); Zalizniak I 140; Onions 370;
Lehmann GED 120; Bammesberger Nom.
86; Kluge-Seebold 293.
*foďran II sb.n.: ON fóir 'fodder' (*->-),
OE Jódder id., MLG voder id., OHG fuotar
id. From IE *pa-tro- also attested in Arm
hawran 'herd' and belonging to IE *pa- 'to
graze'. See *fodon. Holthausen AEE]\ t
110; Pokorný I 787; Vries ANE]V 136;
Zalizniak I 140; Onions 366; Kluge-
Seebold 293.
ío3Janan wk.vb.: OE fé^an 'to join, to
bind', OFris jóga id., OS fogian id., OHG
fuogen id. Derivationally close to Skt
pasáyati 'to bind'. Further cf. Gk 7tr|yvt)|ji
'to stick, to fix', Lat pango 'to fasten, to
fix', Lith pudšti 'to adorn'. See *Janxanan.
Holthausen AEEW 111; Walde-
Hofmann II 245-246; Pokorný I 797;
Fraenkel 669; Frisk II 525-526; Leh-
mann GED 102; Kluge-Seebold 289-
290.
*foljanan wk.vb.: OEfélan 'to feel', OFris
jela id., OS gi-folian id., OHG fuolen
id. Derivative of *fallanan semantically
similar to such phrases as E to jali in
love. Of. in particular the meanings in
Baltic: Lith púolu, púlti 'to falF, Latv
pult id. as opposed to OPrus au-pallai 'to
finď. Holthausen AEE]\ t 111; Onions
349 (to *fulmo 'palm'); Kluge-Seebold
290 (to Lat palpo 'to stroke, to touch, to
pať).
foriz
110
fragjanan
*fóriz adj.: ON fitrr 'able, capable', OE
fere 'passable', OFris fere 'conducive',
OHG gi-Juori 'appropriate, suitable'.
Derived from *faranan. Karsten MB I
112-113; Torp-Falk 230; Holthausen
AEEW 111; Vries AMEW 150; Seebold
188; Matzel Festschr. Schroder 104, KZ
CV 119; Heidermanns 205-206.
*forjan sb.n.: ON tor-firi 'difficult pas-
sage', OFris fere 'utility', OS gi-fori id.,
OHG gi-fuori 'favorable condition, utility,
house'. Derived from *foriz. Torp-Falk
230; Vries AMEW 150; Seebold 188;
Heidermanns 206.
*forjanan wk.vb.: ON fara 'to bring', OE
féran 'to go, to travel, to march', OFris
fěra 'to bring', OS forian 'to lead, to
convey', OHG fuoren id. Causative of
*faranan. Cf. Skt paráyati, causative of
píparti 'to bring over', Slav *pariti 'to soar'.
Torp-Falk 230; Holthausen AEE1\'
111; Vries AMEW 150; Seebold 188;
Lehmann GED 108; Vasmer-Trubachev
III 207; Kluge-Seebold 290.
*forjón sb.f: ON ó-fmra 'dangerous situa-
tion', OHG un-gi-fuora 'unfavorable condi-
tion'. Derived from *foriz. Heidermanns
206.
*f5stra-br5běr sb.m.: ON fóstr-bródir
'foster-brother, OE fister-bródor id. Com-
pound of *fb~stran and *brope>: Carr
Mom. comp. 54.
*fostra-faděr sb.m.: ON fistr-fadir 'foster-
father', OE fister-feder id. Compound of
*fostran and *faděr. Carr Mom. comp. 54.
*fostra-lančtan sb.n.: ON fistr-land
'native lanď, OE fister-land 'land assigned
for the procuring of provisions'. Com-
pound of *fostran and Handan. Carr
Mom. comp. 80 (parallel formations).
*fostra-launan sb.n.: ON fóstr-laun
'reward for fostering', OE fóster-leán
'remuneration for rearing a foster-chilď.
Compound of *fostran and *launan.
Carr Mom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*fostra-m5děr sb.m.: ON fóstr-módir
'fostermother', OE fóster-módor id., OLG
fóstar-muoder id. Compound of *fostran and
*moděr. Carr Mom. comp. 47—48.
*fostran sb.n.: ON fóstr 'fostering', OE
fóster id., MLGfóster id. Related to *fodon.
Goes back to *p5t-tro-, cf. Gk jtaxáo|jai
'to eat and drink', Lat pasco 'to feed,
to pasture', Mír ás 'growth' < *pát-to-.
Torp-Falk 223; Holthausen AEEW
113; Walde-Hofmann II 260; Pokorný
I 787; Vries AMEW 139; Frisk II
480; Lehmann GED 1 1 9; Bammesberger
Mom. 87.
*f5stra-swestěr sb.f: ON fóstr-systir
'fostersister', OE fóster-sweostor id. Com-
pound of *fostran and *swester. Carr
Mom. comp. 54.
*fotiďaz adj.: ON -fmttr 'wiťh feeť, OE
-féted id., MLG -vceted id. Derived from
*fótz ~ *fotuz. Holthausen AEEW 111;
Vries AME1\ t 150.
*fót(u)-burdan sb.n.: Goth fotu-baurd
'foot-stool', ON fót-bord id. compound of
*jbtz ~ *Jotuz and *purdan. Carr Mom.
comp. 67.
*fot(u)-spuran sb.n.: ON fót-spor 'foot-
prinť, OE fót-spor 'foot-track, foot-trace',
MLG vbt-spor id., OHG fuozspor id.
Compound of *fotz ~ *fotuz and *spuran.
Carr Mom. comp. 72 (parallel formations).
*fot(u)-werkaz sb.m.: ON fót-verkr 'gouť,
OE mase. fót-uxerc 'pain in the fooť.
Compound of *fotz ~ *fotuz and *werkaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*fotz ~ *fotuz sb.m.: Goth fotus 'fooť,
ON fotr id., OE fit id., OFris fot id.,
OS fot id. (sg. z-stem), OHG fuoz id. (sg.
z-stem). Related to Hitt pata- id., Toch A
pem, B paiyye id., Skt pad- id., Av pad- id.,
Arm pl. ot-k' id., Gk Jtoúq, Dor nmq id.,
Lat pes id. Bartholomae 842; Torp-
Falk 225-226; Holthausen AEEW 113;
Walde-Hofmann II 293-294; Feist
159-160; Specht 82; Mayrhofer II 249
Pokorný I 790-791; Vries AMEW 139
Zalizniak II 207; Frisk II 587-588
Onions 368; Sommer Schr. 13-15
Lehmann GED 121; Bammesberger Mom.
198; Griepentrog I Vurzelnomina 153-
170; Kluge-Seebold 293; Adams TB
401-402.
*fra3Janan wk.vb.: Goth fiagjan 'to ask, to
fra3Janan
111
frankon
tesť. Alternatively can be reconstructed
as str. *jra^anan. Identical with UiŮi prašýti
'to ask, to requesť, Slav *prositi id. See
*fřexnanan ~ *Jrejnanan. Grienberger
Got. 72; Feist 160; Pokorný I 821-822;
Fraenkel 647; Lehmann GED 121.
*fraisanan str.vb.: Goth jřaisan 'to put to
the test, to tempť. Cf. WGmc *Jrais5:
OFris Jřase 'danger, hazard', OS jrěsa
'damage', OHG freisa 'setting, down-
fall, destruction'. Derived from *fraipaz.
Bugge PBB XXIV 435-436 (from *per-
ei); Brugmann Grundújt I 925 (compound
*Jřa-isanan, to ON eisa 'to shower down
(embers)'); Hoffmann Festschr. Fick 38
(compound related to *aiskdjanan)\ Torp-
Falk 245; Holthausen AEE]V 1 15; Feist
162-163; Seebold 207 (to Gk jteípa
'trial, attempť); Lehmann GED 123.
*fraibaz adj.: OS fiěthi 'renegade, run-
away', OHG Jřeidi 'run-away, heretic'.
Identical with Skt préta- 'deaď < *pro-i-
to-, cf. further OPhryg proitavos (a title).
Hirt IF XXXVII 235-236; Mayrhofer
II 353; Pokorný I 295; Heidermanns
207-208 (secondary jn-stems).
*fraiwan sb.n.: Goůifraiw 'seeď, ONjřf,
Jijó id. Of unknown etymology. Meyer
KZ VIII 248 (to Gk aTteípco 'to strew');
Diefenbach V\V I 398; Wiedemann BB
XXVIII 43—44 (to Lat praegnans 'preg-
nanť); Osthoff PBB XX 95-96 (< IE
*pro-iuom, to *ei- 'to go'); Bugge PBB
XXrV 457 (to Lat pário 'to bring forth');
Wiedemann BB XXVIII 43-44 (recon-
structs *jřaÍ3wan, to Lat praegnans 'preg-
nanť); Petersson Aufs. 50 (from
*JraÍ3wan, to Gk jtépKT| 'bass', with the
originál meaning 'sprayed ouť); Torp-
Falk 245; Feist 163; Vries AMEW 145;
Onions 379; Lehmann GED 123;
Bammesberger Nom. 70.
*fraiwjaz adj.: ON Jřjór 'fertile'. Derived
from *Jřaiwan. Wiedemann BB XXVIII
43 (from *JraÍ3wjaz, to Lat praegnans 'preg-
nanť); Torp-Falk 245; Onions 379.
*frak(k)az adj.: ONorw frakkr 'brave', OE
Jřac 'voracious, greedy', MLG vrak id. An
ablaut variant of *frekaz. Forster EngS
XXXLX 327-339; Holthausen AEE\Y
114; Vries AMEl\ r 139; Lehmann GED
103; Heidermanns 208-209.
*frama prep.: Goth prep. Jřam 'forward;
from', ON Jřá, Jřam id., OE Jřam 'from',
OS Jřam 'forward; from', OHG Jřam
id. See *Jramaz. Torp-Falk 232; Holt-
hausen AEE1\ T 114; Feist 164; Onions
378; Pokorný I 814-815; Vries A]ÍE]\ 7
139-140; Lehmann GED 124.
*framaj}janan wk.vb.: Goth Jramapjan
'to estrange', OE á-Jemdan 'to alienate',
MLG ent-vromeden id., OHG Jremiden id.
Derived from *Jramapjaz. Feist 164;
Lehmann GED 124.
*framaj)jaz adj.: Goth fiamapeis 'strange,
foreign', OE Jřemde id., OFris Jřemethe id.,
OS Jremithi id., OHG Jremidi id. Based on
unattested *fiamapaz, further connected
with *Jramaz. Holthausen AEE]V 115;
Feist 164; Lehmann GED 124; Kluge-
Seebold 285.
*framaz adj.: Goth comp. adv.Jřamis 'far-
ther, further', ON jřamr, comp. Jřemr 'for-
ward', OE Jřam 'valiant, stout, firm',
MHG Jřam 'forward'. Related to Gk
7tpónoi; 'foremost man, chief, Umbr
promom 'primům'. Maybe, further con-
nected with *fru
*Jh
Stokes
BB XXIII 321 (to Olr riam 'beforehanď);
Torp-Falk 232-233; Feist 164; Hol-
thausen AEEW 1 14; Karsten MB II 442;
Sohulze Kl. Schr. 310 (derives Jtpónoq
from Ttpónaxoq); Pokorný I 814-815;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 109; Vries ANE\V
140-141; Frisk II 600; Onions 378;
Chantratne 941; Lehmann GED 124;
Bammesberger JVom. 245; Heidermanns
209; Kluge-Seebold 287.
*framjanan wk.vb.: ON Jřemja 'to further,
to promote', OE Jřamian 'to avail, to
profit', OFris Jřema, jřemma 'to promote',
OS Jremmian id., OHG Jremmen id.
Derived from *Jramaz. Holthausen
AEEW 115; Vries AMEW 141.
*frankón sb.m./f: ON Jřakka 'javelin,
dart', OKJranca 'javelin, laňce'. Unclear.
Cf. also ON Jurkr 'spear'. Torp-Falk
246 (to Lat-Gmc Jřamea 'spear, javelin').
frastiz
112
fre3nanan
*frastiz sb.m.: Goth fiasts 'child, offspring'.
Together with Slav *prostb 'simple, free'
continues IE *pro-sta- (Uhlenbeck PBB
XXVII 119), a prefixal derivative of
*stá- 'to stanď (cf. Tornovist SJV XIII
305—307). For the semantic connection
between Gmc and Slav cf. Lat liberi
'children' (Benveniste IEL 262-272).
Grimm-Grimm TV/ 1/1 64 (to Goth fiap-
jan 'to perceive, to understanď — semanti-
cally plausible in view of Slav *otrokb)\
Kluge R'Z XXV 313 (to Lat prales
'descendanť); Kógel ~DADL XXXVII
218 (to Lat pário 'to give birth'); Char-
pentier KZ XL 456 (from *prod-ti-)\
Osthoff PBB XX 89-91 (to *sň- 'to
sow', from *pro-s(s)tis, or to Lat prósápia
'stock, family'); Meillet MSL XII 219
(reconstructs *pro-s)—ti-, to *sa- 'to sow');
Charpentier A~^XL 456 (to Avfiad- 'to
cultivate'); Petersson Aufs. 13 (to Slav
*proso 'milleť); Torp-Falk 232; Feist
165; Mezger Language XLX 262-263
(from *pro-s-tio-)\ Vasmer-Trubachev III
380; Lehmann GED 125-126 (a nursery
word or cognate of *fraw(j)ori).
*fratwjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-fratwjan
'to make wise, to instrucť, OE fitetwian
'to adorn, to deek, to embroider'. De-
rived from *fiatwo. Holthausen AEEH r
114; Feist 531; Sturtevant JEGP
XXXVI 181-182 (on the semantic devel-
opment in Gothic); Lehmann GED 381 —
382.
*fraťw5 sb.f: OE pl. fietwe 'ornament,
adornment, decoration'. Unclear. Prob-
ably continues IE *pro do-. Grien-
berger Got. 231 (prefixed form related to
*těwó); Hollander ZP>Yf VII 301 (to
Hawjanan); Holthausen AEE\V 114;
Feist 474-475; Lehmann GED 381-382.
*frabaz adj.: OHG fiad 'strong, able'. Cf.
also Goth frapi 'understanding' < *frapjan.
Related to *frodaz. Trautmann BS)V
230; Feist 165-166; Pokorný I 845;
Lehmann GED 126.
*frajíjanan str.vb.: Goth frapjan 'to per-
ceive, to understanď. Derived from *fra-
paz. Fick KZ XX 449; Torp-Falk 246;
Feist 165-166; Seebold 208; Bammes-
berger Nom. 65.
*fraut>5(n) sb.f: ON fraud 'froth', ME
frode id. Derived from *fiawaz. Torp-
Falk 248.
*frawa-líkaz adj.: ON frá-ligr 'swift,
quick', OHG frawa-líh 'happy, merry'.
Derived from *jrawaz. Heidermanns
211.
*frawaz adj.: ON^/ra?" 'swifť, ME adv.jrow
'hurriedly', OFris fiě 'glad, happy', OS
fra id., OTTQ fró id. Probably related to
Av fiavi- 'mobile (?)', Slav *pra~ďb 'right,
straighť < *pr5uos. Osthoff Etym. 336—
340 (to Skt práváte 'to spring up' < *pleu-)\
Torp-Falk 233; Pokorný I 845; Vries
AjVEW 140; Onions 378; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 352; Abaev VJa XXXI/2
22 (on Av); Heidermanns 211-212;
Kluge-Seebold 287.
*fraw(j)5n sb.m.: Goth ji auj a 'lord, mas-
ter', ON theon. Freyr, OTLjřeá 'lord, mas-
ter', OFris fia id., OS fióho,fia : ho id., fióio
id., OHG fid id. Derived from IE *pro
'forward' > Gmc *fra- (Streitberg PBB
XIV 186). Budenz KZ VIII 289 (to
Lat prouincia 'province'); Schmidt KZ
XXVI 15, Voc. I 107 (samé as Budenz);
Osthoff IF VIII 53 (follows Streitberg);
Mikkola Festschr. Streitberg 270 (to Slav
*pravo 'right, law'); Marstrander NTS III
123-124, 153 (compound close to Skt
pra-avati 'to be merciful'); Torp-Falk 233
(from *frawaz); Holthausen AEE]V 1 15 —
116; Feist 166; Langenhove LSTT 56-59
(compound of *per- 'to possess' and *Heu-
'vital force'); Pokorný I 813-815 (related
to *pfuo- 'firsť); Vries AMEW 142;
Zalizniak II 216; Lindeman Verschdrfung
16.8; Benveniste IEL 274; Lehmann
GED 126-127; Bammesberger Nom. 183;
Kluge-Seebold 283.
*frawjon sb.f: ON jřeyja 'lady', Freyja
(name of goddess), OS jřúa id., OHG
jřouwa id. Cf. also *frow6n > OS Jřúa
'lady, mistress'. Derived from *fraw(j)on.
Pokorný I 815; Vries ANE1V 142;
Zalizniak II 216; Kluge-Seebold 283.
*fre3nanan ~ *frexnanan str.vb.: Goth
fre3nanan
113
frijadwo
fraihnan 'to question, to ask', 0¥i fiegna 'to
ask', OE fie^nan 'to inquire', OS pret.
Jřagn id. Continues IE *prek-\ Toch AB
park- 'to ask', Skt prccháti 'to ask, to ques-
tion', Av pmsaite id., Arm harc'anem id.,
Lat posco id., precor id., Mír ano id., Lith
peršu, pifšti 'to arrange a marriage', Slav
uprositi 'to ask'. Further related to
*frazganan and *fursko. Sohweizer K£ I
150; Zupitza Gutt. 190; Torp-Falk
245-246; Meillet MSL XV 98-100 (««-
present); Marstrander NTS II 103-106
(innovation built on the basis of preterite
*fraxa); Bartholomae 997-1000; Peder-
sen Kelt. Gr. I 44; Trautmann BS1\'
216; Holthausen AEE]V 115; Walde-
Hofmann II 346-347; Feist 161-162;
Jóhannesson IEW 551-552; Mayrhofer
II 329; Pokorný I 821; Fraenkel 598-
599; Vries ANEW 140-141; Seebold
208-210; Vasmer-Trubachev III 377-
378; Lehmann GED 122-123; Kluge-
Seebold 282; Adams TB 372.
*frextiz sb.f.: ON frétt 'enqtiiry', OEjreht,
fryht 'prediction'. Related to *frejrianan ~
*frexnanan. Torp-Falk 246; Holthau-
sen AEEW 114; Vries ANEW 142;
Seebold 209.
*frekaz adj.: Goth faihu-jliks 'covetous,
avaricious', ON frekr 'greedy', OE Jřec
'desirous, greedy, gluttonous, audacious',
MDu vrec 'mean', OHG jřeh 'greedy'.
Related to Slav *pragnqti 'to desire'. See
*jřak(k)a Z . Kauffmann PBB XII 514 (to
Lat precari 'to requesť); Grienberger Got.
62 (to Lith piřkti 'to buy'); Forster EngS
XXXIX 327-339; Torp Festschr. Unger
183-185 (to Gk ojtapyáco 'to swell, to be
full'); Hirt PBB XXIII 352; Torp-Falk
245; Feist 136; Holthausen AEEf V 115;
Iíarsten NB 127; Lané Language LX 258
(to W rhewydd 'lascivious'); Pokorný I
845; Vries ANEW 141; Lehmann GED
103; Heidermanns 212-213; Kluge-
Seebold 283.
*frekín sb.f.: Goth faihu-jřikei 'avarice,
cupidity', OE scyld-frecu 'guilty greeď,
OHG frehhi 'avarice'. Derived from
*fiekaz. Feist 13; Heidermanns 213.
*frekon sb.m.: ON poet. freki 'wolf ', OE
jreca 'bold man, warrior'. Derived from
*Jřekaz. Holthausen AEE]\' 115; Vries
ANEW 141; Heidermanns 213.
*frestan ~ *frestaz sb.n./m.: ON fiest
'delay', OY,fyrst,jirst 'space of time, time'
(< *Jřestiž), OTrhfiist 'respite', OSfirst id.,
frist id. An old compound *pres-sto- struc-
ttirally similar to Skt purah-sthátár- 'stand-
ing on the top' < *p r ws-shto- and Olr
arsaid 'old, ancienť < *p/os-shti- (Brug-
mann IF XIII 164). Heinertz apud
Vries (to Jripuz); Torp-Falk 233-234;
Holthausen AEEW 117; Trier NGWG
III (NF)/4 128-129 (to G First Tence,
ridge'); Mayrhofer II 309; Pokorný I
813; Vries ANEW 141-142; Zalizniak II
186; Lehmann GED 129.
*freusanan str.vb.: ON frjósa 'to freeze',
OE freósan id., MDu vriesen id., OHG
friosan id. Related to Skt prusva 'rime, ice',
Lat prulna 'frosť (Bugge KJ? XLX 440).
Schmidt KZ XXVII 328; Woods MP V
272-273; Torp-Falk 248; Holthausen
AEEW 116; Walde-Hofmann II 378-
379; Jóhannesson IEW 569; Mayrhofer
II 381-382; Pokorný I 846; Vries
ANEW 143; Vendryes R-24-25 (to Olr
réud 'cold'); Seebold 210-211 (to *preus-
'to sprinkle'); Hamp JIES I 215-223;
Lehmann GED 129; Kluge-Seebold
286.
*frě3Íz adj.: ON jrtep 'famous', OE je-
'known, renowned, famous', OS gi-
'known'. Related to *fřexnanan ~
*jre^nanan. Torp-Falk 246; Holthau-
sen AEEW 1 14; Vries ANEW 145; Leh-
mann GED 122; Matzel Festschr. Schroder
103, A'~CV 112; Heidermanns 212.
*frijaďwó sb.f: Gothfri(j)apwa 'love', OE
Jřeódo 'peace'. Identical with latě Skt
priyatva- 'being dear, being bélo veď. Fur-
ther see *fiijaz. Torp-Falk 247; Holt-
hausen AEElť 116; Feist 168 (OE fríod
equivalent to Skt priyáta 'love'); May-
rhofer II 379 (against the comparison
with Skt); Benveniste IEL 266; Leh-
mann GED 128; Bammesberger Nom.
118-119.
frija-xalsa-3ebon
114
frijondz
*frija-xalsa-3ebón sb.m.: ON frjáls-gjafi
'freed-man', OE freóls-sefa 'giver of
freedom'. Compound of *jřija-xalsaz and
*3eton. Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel for-
mations).
*frija-xalsaz adj.: Goth sbst. freihals
'freedom', ONfijáLs 'free', OVjfríols 'free,
freedom', OFris sbst. fii-hals 'freedom',
OHG frihals 'free'. Originally, *'having
a free neck, neck unhampered by a
yoke'. A compound of *frijaz and *xalsaz.
Neckel PBB XLI 405 ('Schonhals');
Torp-Falk 247-248; Holthausen
AEEW 117; Feist 167; Carr Nom. comp.
65—66; Porzig Gliederung 119; Pokorný I
844, 1021; Vries ANEW 143; Onions
375; Lehmann GED 127-128; Heider-
MANNS 215.
*frija-xalsín sb.f: ON frelsi 'freedom',
OFris fríhelse id., OHG fiihalsi id. Derived
from *jřija-xalsaz. Torp-Falk 247-248;
Vries ANEW 141.
*frijaz adj.: GoŮi freis 'free', OE freó id.,
OFris fit id., MLG m id., OHG fit id.
Etymologically close to Skt priyá- 'own,
dear, beloveď, Avfrj'5 id., Lat pro-prius 'to
own', W rhydd 'free', Slav *prijati 'to be
disposed, to fa vor'. Froehde BB LX 1 10
(to Lat pňuus 'single, each, private');
Arbois de Jubainville MSL VII 291
(Ceftic loanword); Bartholomae 1026;
Karsten NB I 90; Wood M/JVXVI 310
(from *pro-ei- 'to go forwarď); Torp-Falk
247-248 (follow Froehde); Hirt Z dph
XXLX 301; Neckel PBB XLI 403-405;
Trautmann BS1V 231; Feist 167—
168; Holthausen AEEW 116; Walde-
Hofmann II 373-374; Soheller 20-23,
90-91 (semantics); Porzig Gliederung 119;
Mayrhoeer II 378-379; Pokorný I 844;
Onions 375; Vasmer-Trubaohev III
369-370; Lindeman Verschárfung 124-125;
Mezger KZ LXXrX 32-38; Benveniste
IEL 266; Lehmann GED 128; Bammes-
berger Nom. 242; Hetdermanns 2 1 5 —
216; Kluge-Seebold 284.
*frijjo sb.f: ON theon. Fngg, OHG theon.
Frija. Substantivized feminine of *frijaz
with Verschárfung. Identical with Skt fem.
púyd 'own, dear, beloveď, Av fem. fiyá
id. Mikkola Festschr. Streitherg 268; Bar-
tholomae 1026; Torp-Falk 247; Vries
ANE]V 143; Lindeman Verschárfung 9.5,
17.9; Onions 377.
*frijódelaz sb.m.: ON fridill 'lover, gal-
lanť, OS Jřiuthil 'loved one', MLG vridel
id., OHG Jřiudil id. Corresponds to Slav
*prijatelb id. At the samé tíme may be
identical widi Dac 7ipiá8iXa, jtpiá8r|Aa
PpDravia iiéXaiva'. Further see *frijojan.
Torp-Falk 247; Detschew Thr. 556
(Dac 7tpiá-8iA.a as a compound of *priio-
as in *frijaz, and *dhal- 'to bloom'); Vrles
ANEW 142.
*frij5čteló(n) sb.f.: ON fridla 'loved
one, mistress', OHG Jřiudila id. Derived
from *jřijódelaz. Torp-Falk 247; Vries
ANEW 142.
*frijójanan wk.vb.: Goth jřijon 'to love',
ONfiia 'to deliver', OE freó^an 'to free, to
respect, to love', OFris friaia 'to love',
MDu vrien 'to marry', MHG vrien id.
Derived from *frijaz. Structurally identi-
cal with Skt priyayáte 'to make friends
with', Slav *prijati 'to favor'. Torp-Falk
246; Holthausen AEE] V 117; Feist 168;
Mayrhofer II 379; Pokorný I 844;
Vries ANEW 143; Mezger LZ LXXTX
32-38; Onions 377; Benveniste IEL
266-267; Lehmann GED 128-129;
Vasmer-Trubachev III 369-370; Het-
dermanns 215-216; Kluge-Seebold 284.
*frijón sb.m.: ON jrí 'lover', OHG frio
'free man'. Derived from *frijaz. Het-
dermanns 215-216.
*frijónd-xulbaz adj.: ON fnend-hollr
'faithful to one's kinsmen', OHG friunt-
hold 'friendly'. Compound of *frijonÍz and
*xulpaz. Carr Nom. comp. 90 (parallel
formations).
*frijóndz sb.m.: Goůijřijonds 'frienď, ON
jřiendi 'relative, frienď, OE jreónd 'frienď,
OFris Jřiónd id., OS fiiund id., OHG friunt
id. Participle of *frijojan. Torp-Falk 246
Holthausen AEEW 117; Feist 168
Pokorný I 844; Vries ANEW 145
Onions 377; Benveniste IEL 266
Metzger R'Z LXXIX 32-38 (non
frijondz
115
frokniz
participial formation from *fřijo); Leh-
mann GED 128; Bammesberger Nom. 215;
Rluge-Seebold 285-286.
*friskaz adj.: ON ferskr 'fresh', OE fersc
id., MLG vrisch id., OHGjSúf id. Related
to *frijaz. Torp-Falk 248; Feist 163;
Holthausen AEEW 102; Buga II 302
(against the comparison with Lith preskas
'unleaveneď, Slav *prěsm> id.); Mentz KZ^
LXV 263-265 (to Lat prlscus 'previous,
former'); Vries ANEW 118; Heider-
manns 216-217 (reconstructs *pr-isko- vs.
Lat priscus < *pri-isko- vs. Balto-Slav *pro-
isko-); Kluge-Seebold 287.
*frip5janan wk.vb.: Goth ga-jřipon 'to rec-
oncile, to establish peace', ON jrida 'to
restore peace', OE fri&ian 'to keep the
peace, to protéct', OFris Jřethia id., OS
Jřithón id., MHG vriden 'to bring to peace'.
Derived from *jřipuz. Torp-Falk 247;
Holthausen AEEW 11 7; Feist 180-181;
Vries ANEW 142; Lehmann GED 137.
*fripu-lausaz adj.: ON friS-lauss 'out-
laweď, OE jrid-leás 'not included in the
treaty of peace', OFris fietho-las 'out-
laweď, MLG vrede-los id., MHG vride-los
id. Compound of *fiipuz and Hausaz.
Carr Nom. comp. 89 (parallel formations).
*fripu-mannz sb.m.: ON pl. jřid-menn
'men of peace', OHG fiidu-man 'peace-
ful man'. Compound of *fripuz and
*mannz. Carr Nom. comp. 83 (parallel
formations).
*fripuz sb.m.: Godr prop. Fredu-mirus, ON
fridr 'peace', OE Jřii id. (mase, neut.),
OFris fretho id., OS jřithu id., OUG Jndu
id. Derived from *frijaz. Torp-Falk
247; Holthausen AEEW 117; Feist 169;
Pokorný I 844; Vries ANEW 142-143;
Zalizniak I 151; Lehmann GED 129,
153; Bammesberger Nom. 159; Kluge-
Seebold 286.
*frldaz adj.: ON fridr 'fair, beautiful', OE
fríd-hengest 'stately horše'. Related to *frijaz.
Structurally identical with Skt prítá-
'satisfieď, Av friOa- 'glad, happy'. Bar-
tholomae 1025; Karsten NB II 302-303;
Torp-Falk 247; Feist 167; Holthau-
sen AEE1\' 116; Mayrhofer II 380;
Pokorný I 844; Vries ANEW 143; Leh-
mann GED 127; Heidermanns 214-215.
*fridjanan wk.vb.: Goth freidjan 'to keep
safe, to také care', ON Jřída 'to adorn',
OHG friten 'to také care of, to peť.
Derived from *jřliaz. Torp-Falk 247;
Feist 167; Vries ANE]V 142; Lehmann
GED 127; Heidermanns 214; FCluge-
Seebold 286.
*frísaz sb.m.: ON pl. Frísir 'Frisian', OE
pl. Frísan id. («-stem), OFris pl. Frísa, Frlsa
id., MDu pl. Friesen, Vresen id., OHG pl.
Frieson id. Related to *frijaz? Erdmann
SVSUI/l 83-86 (to Fris Jnsle 'frizz' or to
Lat primus 'hrst'); Holthausen AEEW
116; Vries ANEW 143.
*fróáaz adj.: Qoúi frops 'wise, intelligenť,
ON fródr 'knowing, learneď, OE jřód
'wise, prudent, skilful', OFris Jřód 'clever,
wise', OS fiód 'learned, wise', OHG fruot
'skillful, long-lasting, beloveď. Deriva-
tionally close to Lith protas 'understand-
ing', Latv práts id. Further related to
Toch A pratim, B pratim 'decision', Lith
prantu, prašti 'to get ušed, to become
aceustomed to, to understanď, Latv prast
'to understanď (Fraenkel IF L 229).
Forsterman K^_ I 237; Curtius K^ IV
237 (to Lat interpres 'negotiator'); Torp-
Falk 246; Feist 169; Holthausen AEE1 V
117; FvArsten NB I 65; Trier DW 71-
73; Jóhannesson IEW 567; Pokorný I
845; Chemodanov SGGJa I 75-76;
Fraenkel 646; Vries ANEW 144;
Seebold 208; Piirainen 11-82; Lehmann
GED 126; Heidermanns 217-218.
*fr5čtín sb.f: Goúifrodei 'intelligence', ON
fimii 'knowledge', OHG fruoti 'maturity,
prudence'. Derived from *frodaz. Torp-
Falk 246; Feist 169; Heidermanns 218.
*fr5djan sb.n.: ON jřcedi 'record, lore',
MDu vroede 'intelligence'. Derived from
*frotaz. Vries ANE\ V 1 45 .
*fr5djanan wk.vb.: Burg *jřodjan 'to be
wise', ON jrceba 'to teach', OHG Jřuoten
'to teach, to make wise'. Derived from
Jrodaz. Vries ANE1 \ r 1 45; Kóbler 710;
Heidermanns 218.
*frókniz adj.: ON jřmkn 'valiant, stouť,
frokiiiz
116
fu3laz
OE frkne 'horrible, savage, audacious',
OS frókni 'valiant, daring', OHG fruahhan-
(in prop.). Related to *frekaz. Karsten
NB II 449; Fórster EngS XXXIX
328-332; Torp-Falk 245; Feist 136;
Holthausen AEE]V 117; Pokorný I
845; Vries ANEW 145; Lehmann GED
103; Lůhr Expr. 331; Heidermanns
218-219.
*frów(j)az adj.: MLG adv. vró 'early',
OHG adv. fruo id., adj. fiuoi id. Identical
with Gk adj. ;tpróioc; id. Torp-Falk 233;
Pokorný 1814; Frisk II 607-608.
*frumaz ~ *frumón adj.: Goth fruma
'first, former', ON fiwn-hurir 'firstborn',
OE frum 'originál, primitive, firsť, OFris
forma 'first one', OS formo id. Related to
Lith plrmas 'firsť, OPrus pirmas id. further
connected widr IE *prHuo- id. Cf. also,
with the samé suffix, Gk 7tpó|ioc; 'foremost
man, chief, Lat primus 'firsť < *pňsmo-.
Cf. superlative *frumistaz > Goth frumists
'firsť, OE fyrmest id., OFris formest id.
Torp-Falk 233; Holthausen AEE)V
118, 120; Feist 169-170; Walde-
Hofmann II 362-363; Pokorný I 814-
815; Chemodanov SGGJa I 74; Fraenkel
597-598; Vries ANEW 144; Frisk II 600;
Lehmann GED 129-130; Bammesberger
Nom. 234; Ross-Berns Numerals 624.
*frumín sb.f.: QoXhfumei 'beginning', OS
frumí 'usefulness'. Derived from *frumaz ~
*frumón. Feist 169; Lehmann GED 1 29 —
130.
*fruskaz sb.m.: ON froskr 'frog', OE fox
id., MLG vorsch id., OHG frosc id. OE
fr°33 a -, fracka id. is a pet-form of *fuskaz
similar to doc^a 'dog'. Cf. also ON fiaukr,
frauki 'frog'. Derived from *frawaz.
Marstrander Mindeskr. Bugge 242 (to
*fraui>d(n)); Uhlenbeck PBB XXII 197;
Torp-Falk 248; Sturtevant MP XXVI
473 (ON frauki from *fraudkón); Holt-
hausen AEE\Y 113; Porzig IF XLV 165
(to Slav *prygati 'to jump'); Pokorný I
846; Vries ANEW 140, 144; Zalizniak I
131; Onions 378; Fíluge-Seebold 288;
Adams TB 416-417 (to Toch AB pruk- 'to
make a leap').
*frustan ~ *frustaz sb.m./n.: ON frost
'frosť, OE frost, forst id., OFris forst, frost
id., OS frost id., OHG fiost id. Derived
from *freusanan 'to freeze'. Torp-Falk
248; Holthausen AEEW 1 13; Pokorný I
846; Vries ANEW 144; Zalizniak II 167;
Onions 379; Seebold 211; Lehmann
GED 129; Bammesberger Nom. 11;
Kluge-Seebold 288.
*fruwib5 sb.f.: ON fygfi 'blossoming', Du
vreugde id. Derived from unattested
*fruwaz, cf. *frawaz. Torp-Falk 233.
*fruzan sb.n.: ONfrer 'frosť, OHG^or id.
Cf. Goth fiius 'coldness, frosť < *freusan.
Derived from *freusanan. Zupitza Gutt.
9; Torp-Falk 248; Feist 169; Vries
ANE1V 145; Seebold 211; Bammesberger
Mm. 56; Lehmann GED 129.
*fuďiz sb.f.: ON fud-flogi 'runaway from his
bride', E dial. fud 'vulva', MHG vut 'cun-
nus'. Related to Skt puti- 'putrid, stink-
ing', Av púiti- 'putrefaction, rottenness',
Lat púteo 'to stink, to be rotten' (van
Helten ^jl]\f X 195). Johansson KZ
XXXVI 352-353; Bartholomae 909;
Walde-Hofmann II 392; Mayrhofer
II 321; Pokorný I 849; Vrtes ANEW
145-146; Kluge-Seebold 281 (to Skt
duál půtau 'buttocks').
*fu3laz sb.m.: Goth fitgls 'birď, ON fugl
id., O^Lfu^ol id., OFris fugel id., OS fugal
id., OHG fogal id. From a dissimilated
*flu^laz derived from *fleu^anan (Graff III
434; Meyer Goth. 556), especially in view
of OE flu^ol 'apt to fly, flying swiftly'
(see *flu'sulaz). Bopp Glossarium 11^ (to
Lith paúkštis 'bird'); Grienberger Got. 76;
Bezzenberger Z^Yf VI 78; Berneker
IF LX 361-362 (to Skt phuka- 'bird');
Uhlenbeck PBB XXVI 310; Solmsen IF
XIV 482-485 (to *fulon); Zupitza Gutt.
132; Torp-Falk 243; Holthausen IF
XXV 152 (to Gk 7t£t)ice8avó<; 'pine-
covereď), AEEW 118; Feist 170 (to Lat
pliirna 'feather'); Solmsen IF XXXI 482-
484 (to *pou- 'small, little'); Feist 170;
Pokorný I 837; Chemodanov SGGJa I
74; Vries ANEW 146 (follows Bopp);
Zalizniak I 131; Onions 374; Seebold
fu3laz
117
fulkan
201 (follows Bopp); Szemerényi Scripta
1074; Trubachev VJa XXIX/3 10 (to
Slav *puga 'blunt end of an egg'); Leh-
mann GED 130; Bammesberger Mom. 75;
Kluge-Seebold 866.
*fuxón sb.f.: Goth fauho 'vixen, she-fox',
ON/m id., MLG vohe, vó id., ORG foha
id. Related to Toch B páko 'tail', Skt
púccha- 'tail', Alb push 'down, flufF' < PAlb
*puksja, Lith paustis 'hair (of animals)',
Slav *puxt> 'down, fluff ' (Uhlenbeck Btrg.
Gesch. XXII 538-539). Forsterman K~
I 498 (related to áXá-n£K-); Meillet BSL
XXII 243 (questions the IE source);
Zubatý K% XXXI 13 (to Slav *pyskb
'muzzle'); Schrader BB XV 135-136 (to
Gk Lac ipoíai ■ áXráiEKgQ, Hes.); Wood
AJPhil XLI 349 (to Gk jtetiKeSavóg
'sharp'); Lidén MB XIX 87-88; Torp-
Falk 243; Feist 144-145; Mayrhofer II
298-299; Pokorný I 837; Fraenkel 554;
Vries AME]\ 7 136; Zalizniak II 227;
Onions 374; Vasmer-Trubachev III 414;
Kutzelnigg Muttersprache XC 185-188
(against Uhlenbeck); Lehmann GED 110;
Bammesberger JVom. 1 74; Toporov PJa
rV 84—85 (similar semantic development
in Lith lapě 'fox' ~ lapas 'leaf'); Kluge-
Seebold 244; Orel AED 351; Adams TB
352-353.
*fuxsaz sb.m.: ON fox 'frauď (neut.),
OSwed fix 'male fox', OE fox id.,
OS fohs id., OHG fuhs id. Derivative in
*-s- connected with *fuxon. Holthausen
AEEW 113; Pokorný I 849; Vries
AMEW 139; Zalizniak II 227; Onions
374; Lehmann GED 110; Bammesberger
Mom. 174; Kluge-Seebold 289.
*fulďa-we3az sb.m.: ON fold-vegr 'Earth',
OE fold-wes 'earth-way, earth'. Com-
pound of *fulÍo(n) and *we^az. Carr
Mom. comp. 54.
*fuldó(n) sb.f: Burg *fulp 'fielď, ON fold
'field, earth', OE_/otóe 'earuV, OS folda id.
Related to Skt prthá- 'palm of the hanď,
Gk iikázT\ 'blade of an oar, winnowing
fan' and the like (Persson UUÁ 1891 10).
See *felpuz ~ *felpan. Hellouist AMF
VII 8 (to Gk nXá-coc, 'breadth, width');
Lindouist Festschr. Olson 238-240 (samé
as Hellouist); Torp-Falk 244; Holt-
hausen AEEW 111; Trier Lekm 24-
30; Mayrhofer II 332; Pokorný I 806
(to *peh-: *pla-), 833; Vries AMEW 137;
Zalizniak II 199; Frisk II 553-554;
Bammesberger Mom. 175; Kobler 710.
*ful3ěnan wk.vb.: ON fylgja 'to follow',
OE foljian id., OFris folgia, folia id., OS
folgon id., OHG folgěn id. Identical with
Slav *pblzěti 'to crawl' (Aniktn Etim. 1984
29) derived from *pblzti id. Torp-Falk
237; Holthausen AEE]V 111; Pokorný
I 850; Vries AMEW 148; Onions
367; Vasmer-Trubachev III 309; Aniktn
Etim. 1980 41-49, Etim. 1981 131-140;
Kluge-Seebold 277-278.
*ful3Í{5Ó sb.f: ON flgd 'following, backing
up', OE folgod 'train, retinue, service',
OHG folgida 'secť. Derived from *ful^ě-
nan. Holthausen AEEH r 112; Vries
AMEW 147.
*fuljan sb.n.: ON jyl 'foal', OHG fuli
id. Derived from *fulon. Vries AMEW
147.
*fulka-ďruxtiz sb.f: ON fólk-drótt 'band
of warriors', OE folc-dryht 'multitude
of people'. Compound of *fulkan and
*dmxtiz. Carr Mom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*fulka-lančtan sb.n.: ON fólk-land 'land
occupied by an army, districť, OE folc-
land 'land held by freemen'. Compound
of *fulkan and Hanian. Carr Mom. comp.
80 (parallel formations).
*fulkan sb.n.: ON folk 'crowd, army', OE
folc 'folk, people', OFris folk id., OS folk
id., OHG folc id. Etymologically related
to OBret ol- 'to follow', Bret heulia id.,
OBret a olguo 'by seeking', W ol 'trace',
Corn ol id. continuing *polg-. Bezzen-
berger BB V 171 (to Lat uulgus 'great
mass, multitude, people'); Zupitza Gutt.
9; Torp-Falk 235 (to Lat populus 'peo-
ple'); Jokl Studien 71; Holthausen AEE] I'
111; Pokorný I 799 (to IE *pd»- 'to lili,
to pour'); Vrles AMEW 137; Zalizniak II
167; Onions 367; Fleuriot Gloses 276;
Kluge-Seebold 866.
fulka-wÍ3an
118
funxwstiz
*fulka-wÍ3an sb.n.: ON fólk-vtg 'warfare',
OFris fol-wlch id., MLG volk-wich id.,
OlíG f o Ik-wíg. Compound of *fulkan and
*wi3an. Carr Mom. comp. 47.
*fulkjan sb.n.: ON fylki 'country, shire',
OE ^e-fylce 'army, troop, band of war-
riors'. Derived from *fulkan. Vries
ANEW 148.
*fullan sb.n.: ON full 'gobleť, OE full
'cup'. Derived from *fullaz. Torp-Falk
235; Holthausen IF XXV 152 (to Lat
peluis 'basin', Gk TiéXXa 'wooden bowl'),
AEEW 118; Vries ANEW 146 (follows
Holthausen).
*fulla-wísaz adj.: Goth fulla-w eis 'mature,
thoroughly instructed, tÉAeioq', ON full-
víss 'quite certain'. Compound of *fullaz
and *wisaz. Garr Nom. comp. 67.
*fullaz adj.: Goth>& 'full', ON fullr id.,
OE ful(l) id., OFris fol,ful id., OS>/ id.,
OiíGfol id. Continues IE *plHnos id., an
adjective in *-no- of *pelH- 'to filT: Skt
púriiá-, Olr lán, Lith pilnas, Slav *pblrvb
(Hirt Idg. Gr. II 130). Torp-Falk 235;
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 52, 178; Trautmann
BSl\ r 218; Feist 172; Holthausen AEEW
118; Karsten NB II 206; Marttnet Gém.
25, 71; Mayrhofer II 324; Pokorný I
798-800; Fraenkel 591; Vries ANEW
146; Onions 380; Vasmer-Trubachev III
312; Lehmann GED 131; Heidermanns
220-221; Kxuge-Seebold 866.
*fullin sb.f: Goth ufar-fullei 'superabun-
dance', OESc epa-jylli 'group of men nec-
essary for an oath', OE fyllu 'fulness',
OHG julii id. Derived from *fullaz.
Holthausen AEEW 119; Feist 509-510;
Onions 355; Lehmann GED 131; Hei-
dermanns 220; Kluge-Seebold 290.
*řulljanan wk.vb.: Goth fulljan 'to filT,
ONfylla id., OEjyllan id., OFris fella id.,
OS fullian id., OHG fullen id. Derived
from *fullaz. Cf. a similar derivation
in Slav *pblniti id. Torp-Falk 235
Holthausen AEE]V 119; Feist 172
Vries ANEW 148; Lehmann GED 131
Heidermanns 220; Fvluge-Seebold 290.
*řullnojanan wk.vb.: Goth fullnan 'to
be full, to become full', ON fullna 'to
fulfil'. Derived from *fullaz. Feist 172;
Heidermanns 220.
*řull5janan wk.vb.: OESc Julia 'to fulfil',
OE fullian id., OFris fulla, Jullia id., OS
fullon id., OHG follon id. Derived from
*fullaz. Holthausen AEE]V 119; Hei-
dermanns 220.
*řull5n sb.f: Goth fullo 'fullness', ON
theon. Fulla, OHG folia 'plenitude'.
Derived from *fullaz. Structurally close
to Av parma 'plenitude'. Bartholomae
850; Feist 172; Heidermanns 220.
*fulmo sb.f: OJLfolm 'palm', OS pi.folmos
id., OHG folma id. Close to Lat palma
'palm (of the hand)', Olr lam 'hanď,
Gk jiaXá(ir| 'palm of the hanď (Kret-
schmer iT~ XXXI 398). Torp-Falk
236; Holthausen AEEW 112; Walde-
Hofmann II 240-241; Pokorný I 806;
Frisk II 466; Bammesberger Nom. 115.
*řul6n sb.m.: GoŮ\ fula 'foal', ON foli id.,
OE fola id., OFris fola id., OS folo id.,
OHG jolo id. A zero grade form related
to Arm ul 'she-goať, Gk 7ttoXo<; 'foal', Alb
pele 'maře' < *po(u)lo-, *po(u)lá (Forster-
man KZ I 495; Mladenow KZ L 54-55).
Hirt Ablaut 39 (to *pou- 'small'); Torp-
Falk 244; Holthausen AEE] Tlil; Feist
170-171; Pokorný I 842-843; Vries
AMEW 137; Zalizniak I 153; Frisk II
634; Onions 366; Lehmann GED 130;
Kluge-Seebold 277; Orel AED 314.
*funčtaz sb.m.: ON fundr 'a thing founď,
MLG vunt 'finď, MHG vunt id. Derived
from *jenpanan. Vries AjYElť 147.
*řundiz I sb.m.: ON fndr 'finď, OFris fynd
id. Substantivized *fundiz II. Vries
AMEW 148; Seebold 194.
*řundiz II adj.: ON ein-fyndr 'as finder
entitied to the whole', OE eád-fynde 'easy
to finď. Derived from *fenpanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 120; Seebold 194;
Matzel Festschr. Schroder 99, KZ CV 105;
Heidermanns 221.
*funxwstiz sb.f: OE fýst 'fisť, OFris fest
id., OS fust id., OHG fusí id. Related
to Lith kúmsté id. (with metathesis),
Slav *p(stb id < *pnk*-sti- (Saussure MSL
VII 93). Further connected with *fenfe.
funxwstiz
119
furxno
Torp-Falk 243; Trautmann BS1 V 218—
2 1 9; Holthausen AEEW 121; Pokorný I
839; Pokorný I 30; Chemodanov SGGJa
I 80; Fraenkel 309-310; Onions 358;
Stang LS 42; Lehmann GED 114; Ross-
Berns JVumerals 662; Kluge-Seebold 253.
*funón sb.f./m.: Goth fon 'fire' (< *fwón),
gen. sg.funins (with traces of a root stem),
OTSSfuni id. Reflects the old oblique forms
in *-n- of í"/n-stem as in OPrus panno id.
(Fick KZ XVIII 416), cf. *fuwer ~ *fur.
From *funón WGmc *funkón (ME fonke
'spark' MLG vunke id., OHG funco id.) is
derived. Weinhold KZ I 248; Brug-
mann IF XXXIII 308-310; Zupitza Gutt.
162 {ffunkon to Skt pájas- 'surface, face');
Torp-Falk 227, 243; Feist 158-159;
Pokorný I 828, 898-990 {Junkon to Gk
(pÉYyoi; 'lighť, Lith spingiu, spingeíi 'to
shine'); Vries ANEW 147; Zalizniak I
223; Lehmann GED 120; Bammesberger
Nom. 205-206.
*funsaz adj.: Goth prop. Ala-fonsus, ON
fúss 'willing, eager', OE fis 'ready, pre-
pared, prompt', OS Jús 'ready', OHG
funs 'ready, expectanť. Perhaps, related
to Gk jtévonai 'to toil, to work', Arm
hanum 'to weave', Lith pintí 'to braiď,
Slav *pbnq, *petí 'to spin', cf. the samé
zero grade in *pnto-\ nátoc;' £v§U|ia
týjc; "Hpaq, Hes. Torp-Falk 228 (to
*fenpanan); Holthausen AEE}\~ 119;
Wissmann NP 59 (to *fenpanan, from *pnt-
so-}; Stern EngS LXVIII 161-173;
Karsten NB II 343; Schrobler ZDADL
LXXXII 245-247; Pokorný I 808-809;
Vries ANEW 147; Frisk II 504-506;
Seebold 1 94; Bammesberger Sprache
XVII 46-49 (to fenpanan, from *pnt-to-);
Lehmann GED 131-132; Bammesberger
Sprache XVII 46-49, Nom. 250; Heider-
manns 222-223.
*funsjanan wk.vb.: ON fýsa 'to exhorť,
OE fýsan 'to hasten, to make haste, to
incite', OS part. a-fusid 'to strive'.
Derived from *funsaz. Torp-Falk 228;
Holthausen AEEW 121; Vries ANEW
149; HETDERMANNS 222.
*fur(a) prep., adv.: Goth jaur 'in front of,
before', ON for- id., OE fór id., OFris^ora
id., OS fora, for id., OHG/»ra id. Cf. also
ON fyr id., OS fuň id., OHG fuň id.
Related to Gk it«p 'along', Lat por-
(Gúntert IF XX 37-40). Cf. Jurán.
Torp-Falk 231; Holthausen AEE1\'
112; Walde-Hofmann II 343; Feist 145;
Pokorný I 813; Vries ANEW 148; Frisk
II 472-473; Onions 368; Lehmann GED
110; Kluge-Seebold 291, 867.
*furai adv.: Goth faura 'ahead, before, in
front of, OE fóre 'before, aforetime',
OFris^ora 'in front of, OS fora id., OHG
fora id. Close to Skt purá 'formerly,
before', Av para id., Gk jtapá 'near'.
Collitz BB XVII 17 (to Gk jtapocí
'near'); Bartholomae 852; Solmsen KZ
XLIV 165 (folio ws Collitz); Holthau-
sen AEE1V 112; Feist 145; Mayrhofer
II 310; Pokorný I 810-818; Frisk II
472—473; Onions 368-369; Lehmann
GED 110-111.
*furduz ~ *furdaz sb.m.: OTLford 'ford',
OFris forda id. (n-stem), OS ford (in
cmpn.), OHG furt id. Cf. also *ferpuz >
ON fqrir 'firth, bay'. Related to Av
pmtu- 'ford, bridge', OW rit 'ford', Lat
portus 'harbor, dooř'. Bartholomae
892; Torp-Falk 230; Holthausen
AEEW 112; Walde-Hofmann II 343-
344; Pokorný I 817; Vries ANEW 126;
Onions 369; Seebold 188; Lehmann
GED 109, 136; Bammesberger Nom. 158;
Kluge-Seebold 292.
*furxaz adj.: ON fon 'forward, haughty'.
Identical with Gk jtpÓKa 'right now,
right away', Lat reci-procus 'turning back
the samé way, returning, receding', Slav
*prokb 'spáre, remaining'. Persson Bei-
tráge 960 (to Lat pro-sperus 'hurrieď); Kar-
sten NB I 16-17 (to IE *pers- 'to spray');
Torp-Falk 232; Walde-Hofmann II
424; Pokorný I 813; Vries ANEW 139;
Frisk II 599; Heidermanns 223.
*furxn5 sb.f: OE^ora 'trout', OHG forhana
id. Close to Skt pisni- 'spotted, variegat-
eď, Gk 7iopKvó? 'dark'. Torp-Falk 244;
Holthausen AEEW 113; Pokorný I 821;
Lehmann GED 109.
furxo
120
farsko
*furxó sb.f.: ON for 'drain, sewer', OEfurh
'furrow' (root stem), OFris furch id., MLG
vore id., OHG furh, furuh id. (< *furxiz).
Identical with Lat porca id., W rhých id.
(Fiok III 244; Zupitza KZ XXXV
256-257). Zupitza Gutt. 132; Pedersen
Kelt. Gr. I 122; Torp-Falk 244; Holt-
hausen AEE]\' 119; Walde-Hofmann II
340-341; Porzig Gliederung 125; Pokorný
I 821; Chemodanov SGGJa I 102; Vries
AJVEW 137; Zalizniak II 207; Onions
382; Bammesberger Nora. 196 (root stem);
Kluge-Seebold 291.
*furxtaz adj.: Gouh faurhts 'fearful', OE
forht id., OS forht, foraht 'afraid, fright-
eneď, OHG got-Jorht 'fearful of Goď.
Derivative in *-to- related to Toch AB
pársk- 'to fear', A praski 'fear', B prosko,
proskye id. (Holthausen IF XXXIX 65).
Kirchhoff KZ I 39; Torp-Falk 244 (to
Arm erkč'nim 'to be afraid'); Zupitza Gutt.
5-6, 190; Sůtterlin /FXXV 65 (to Gk
(ppíaaro 'to be rough'); Lewy IF XXXII
159 (to Lith peršeti 'to hurt, to pain');
Feist 146-147; Holthausen AEEW 112;
Pokorný I 820; Chemodanov SGGJa I
1 1 1; Onions 377; Van Windekens I 366;
Lehmann GED 111; Bammesberger Mom.
250, JIES XrX 354 (to *frexnanan ~
*fre3nanan); Heidermanns 223—224.
*furxtín sb.f: Goth faurhtei 'fright, fear',
OE fyrhtu id. Cf also OHG forahta
id. Derived from furxtaz. Torp-Falk
244; Holthausen AEE]V 120; Feist
146; Pokorný I 820; Zalizniak II
179; Onions 377; Lehmann GED 111;
Heidermanns 224; Kluge-Seebold 291—
292.
*furxtjanan wk.vb.: Gothfaurhtjan (sikj 'to
be frighteneď, OE fyrhtan 'to terrify, to
frighten', OFris unt-fruchta 'to beware',
OS forhtian 'to fear', OHG for(a)hten 'to
fear, to loathe'. Derived from *furxtaz.
Torp-Falk 244; Holthausen AEEW
120; Feist 146; Pokorný I 820; Lehmann
GED 111; Heidermanns 224.
*furxw5n sb.f: ON Jura, fůra 'fir-tree', OE
furh-wudu 'fir-tree', OS furia 'pine' (jo-
stem), OHG foraha 'pine, fir-tree'. Related
to Lat quercus 'oak', W perth 'bush' <
*k'erk»-t-. Cf. *firxwu Z . Loewe PBB LX
160—163 (to Gk itépKrj 'perch' rather
than to Lat quercus); Hoops ]Valdbáume
118; Zupitza Gutt. 190; Torp-Falk 234;
Holthausen AEEJ\ t 119; Walde-
Hofmann II 402—403; Porzig Gliederung
147; Pokorný I 822; Vries ANEW 147
(to Gk mnt. iltippaíov, Skt parkati 'Ficus
infectoria'); Zalizniak II 216; Onions
357; Griepentrog Wmxelnomina 443;
Kluge-Seebold 277.
*furistaz mim.: ON fyrstr 'firsť, OEfyrest,
fyrst id., OFris ferost id., OS furist, OHG
furisto 'firsť. Superlative formation based
on *fur(a). Torp-Falk 232; Holthau-
sen AEEW 120; Pokorný I 812; Vries
ANEW 149; Onions 357; Ross-Berns
Mumerals 625; Kluge-Seebold 292.
*furjaz ~ *fórjaz adj.: Goth ga-faurs
'temperate, restrained, well-behaveď,
MHG ge-vůere 'fitting, useful'. Derived
from *faranan with an unaccountable
divergence in vocalism (Grienberger
Got. 81). Wood M/JVXVI 310 (to Gk
Jtaúpo? 'small'); Uhlenbeck PBB XXX
279 (to Lat púrus 'pure'); Feist 180;
Lehmann GED 137.
*furna-mannz sb.m.: ON forn-mair 'man
of the olden time', 0¥.jyrn-mann 'man of
yore. Compound of *fumaz and *mannz.
Carr Mom. comp. 58.
*furnaz adj.: ON forn 'olď, OS adv. forn
'previously', OHG adv. forn 'previously'.
Zero grade of *fernai. Torp-Falk 231;
Vries ANEW 138; Lehmann GED 106.
*fursaz sb.m.: ON^oíí 'waterfall, stream'.
Close to Slav *porxb 'dusť (Meillet
Etudes 285) further related to Skt pársati
'to sprinkle', Toch AB pdrs- 'to sprinkle'.
Pedersen IF V 54; Torp-Falk 244;
Mayrhofer II 230; Pokorný I 823;
Vries ANE1\ t 139; Vasmer-Trubachev
III 332-333; Adams TB 375.
*furskó sb.f: OHG forsca 'question'. An
archaic zero-grade noun identical with
Class. Skt prccha id., Arm han' id. See
*frexnanan ~ *fre^nanan. Torp-Falk 246;
Porzig IFXLV 156-157; Mayrhofer II
farsko
121
začtilin3az
329 (on the latě nature of the Skt form);
Lehmann GED 123; Rluge-Seebold 280.
*furb(a) adv.: OE ford 'forth, forwards',
OFris forth id., OS forth id., MHG vort id.
Cf. also Goth faurpis 'earlier, beforehanď.
Derived from *fur(a). Torp-Falk 232;
Holthausen AEEW 113; Feist 147;
Pokorný I 810-818; Onions 372.
*furj)5janan wk.vb.: ON forSa 'to help
oneself forth, to savé one's life', OE
forfiian 'to further, to advance'. Derived
from *furpa. Holthausen AEE]V 113;
Vries/UVETT 138.
*fuwer ~ *fur sb.n.: ON fýrr 'fire' (mase.
z-stem), fúrr (< *fúraz), OE Jýr id., OFris
fiur, fiar id., OS fiur id., OHG fiur, fuir
id. Related to Hitt pahhur id., Toch A por,
B púwar id., Arm kur id., Gk 7ráp id.,
Umbr pir id. Cf. *funón. Brugmann IF
XXXIII 308-313; Torp-Falk 243;
Holthausen AEEW 120; Feist 158—
159; Pokorný I 828; Vries ANEW 149
Zalizniak I 223; Frisk II 627-628
Onions 357; Bammesberger Jíom. 205
Kluge-Seebold 262; Adams TB 392-
393.
*fuanan str.vb.: ON part. fúinn 'rotten'.
Related to Skt puyati 'to become putrid,
to stink', Gk 7ru9o|iai 'to roť, Lat puteo 'to
stink, to be rotten', Lith púvú, puti
'to roť. Forp-Falk 242-243; Walde-
Hofmann II 392; Jóhannesson IEW
565-566; Mayrhofer II 322; Pokorný I
848-849; Fraenkel 680-681; Frisk II
621-622; Seebold 196-197.
*ffilaz adj.: Goth fuls 'fetid, fouf, ON
fúll 'rotten, stinking', OE fúl 'fotil, dirty,
rotten', OFris ful 'stinking', MLG vúl
'rotten, spoileď, OHG ful 'foul, putriď.
Derived from fúanan. Structurally close
to Lith pl. púliai 'pus' < *pulo-. Torp-
Falk 242; Feist 172; Holthausen
AEEW 118; Karsten MB II 263-264;
Pokorný I 848-849; Dybo VSJa 26;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 78; Fraenkel 680;
Vries AKEW 146; Onions 373; Seebold
197; Lehmann GED 131; Bammesberger
Jíom. 249; Heidermanns 219; Kluge-
Seebold 252.
*fu5n sb.m.: ON fúi 'rottenness'. Close to
Gk 7ií)ov 'discharge from a sore', Arm hu
'blood from an uleer', Lat pus 'pus, white
matter' < *puuos and further to *fúanan
'to roť. Torp-Falk 242; Pokorný I
849; Vries ANE1V 146; Frisk II 621-622;
Seebold 196.
*3abÍ3az ~ *3abu3az adj.: Goth gabigs
'rich', ON gojugr 'worshipful, noble', OE
3iefi3 'rich', OHG kepic id. Cf. OHG gebigl
'opulence'. Derived from *setanan.
Schmid ^TJADL XLLX 520; Holthausen
AEEW 128; Feist 175; Vries AME1V 198;
Lehmann GED 134.
*3abín sb.f: Goth gabei 'riches, opulence',
OHG kepl id. Derived from *3ébamm.
Much Festschr. Jellinek 84 (from adj.
*3aíaz, further — to *3etanan); Bugge
PBB XII 416-417 (from * 3 a-at-, to Lat
cópia 'crowď); Kluge Z d W Vln 28
(to Lat habeó 'to háve'); Feist 175-176;
Benveniste IEL 48; Lehmann GED 134.
*3ablaz ~ *3abl5 sb.f: OE pl. 3aflas
'fork, prop', OS gabala id., OHG gabala
id. Related to or borrowed from Celt-Lat
gabalus 'a kind of gallows', Olr gabul
'gable, fork'. Torp-Falk 125; Walde-
Hofmann I 575; Trier Z dadl LXXVI
15-19; Chemodanov SGGJa I 98; Kluge-
Seebold 294.
*3adar5n sb.m.: OSwed gadder 'lattice',
MLG gaddere id., OHG gataro id. Derived
from *3aiqanan (see *3adilin3az). Torp-
Falk 123.
*3adilin3az sb.m.: Goth gadiliggs 'cousin',
zadiliri3az
122
3ailjanan
OE 3ďdelin3 'companion', OS gaduling
'relative', OHG gatiling id. Cf. also
*3<Utojanan: OFris gadia 'to unitě', MLG
gaden 'to suit, to please', OHG bi-gaton
'to forgather, to get together'. Derived
from IE *ghadh-\ Skt gádhya- 'fitting, suit-
ing', Lith goda 'honor', Slav *goďb 'time,
year' (Grassmann KZ XII 128-129).
Froehde BB VIII 165 (to Lat habeo 'to
háve'); Fick III 123; Bezzenberger BB
XVI 243 (samé as Froehde); Wood
KZ XLV 69; Brugmann IF XXI 316-
318; Prellwitz 2 (to Gk áyaSói; 'gooď);
Torp-Falk 123; Holthausen AEEW
121; Feist 178-179; Mayrhofer I
320-321; Pokorný I 423-424; Fraenkel
159-160; Trubaohev ESSJa VI 191—
192; Lehmann GED 136; Kluge-Seebold
301.
*3a3alan sb.n.: ON gagl 'wild goose'.
Closely related to OPrus gegalis 'a kind of
duck', Slav *gogoh> 'male duck' (Bezzen-
berger BB I 253). Of imitative origin.
Zupitza Gutt. 172; Trautmann BS1V 74;
Vries ANEW 152; Toporov PJa II 187
189; Vasmer-Trubachev I 425.
*3a3ně prep., adv.: ON gegn 'againsť, OE
3e3n id., OFris ien id., OS gegin id., OHG
gegin, gagan id. Derived from *3(i3niz.
Torp-Falk 119-120; Holthausen
AEEW 126; Vries ANEW 160; Kluge-
Seebold 306.
*3a3niz adj.: ON gegn 'short (of way),
ready', OE józ 'direct, short (of a road)'.
Related to *3an3anan? Lewy PBB
XXXII 1 40 (to Skt jaghána 'hinder part,
buttock, pudenda', Gk KO^tóvri 'per-
ineum'); Torp-Falk 119; Holthausen
AEEW 126; Mayrhofer I 411; Vries
ANEW 160; Onions 18; Kluge-Seebold
306.
*3a3njanan wk.vb.: ON gegna 'to go
against, to meet, to suit', OE 3Íe3nan
'to turn, to drive', OHG gaganen, geginen
'to meeť. Derived from *3a3niz. Torp-
Falk 120; Holthausen AEEW 128;
Vries ANEW 160.
*3a3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON gaga 'to throw the
neck back', MHG easen 'to cackle'. Close
to Lith gagu, gageti id. (Mann Language
XXVIII 35-36). Of imitative origin.
Fraenkel 127-128; Pokorný I 407;
Vries ANEW 152.
*3aiďwan sb.n.: Goth gaidw 'shortage,
lack', OE 3ád 'lack, want, desire', OFris
gád 'neeď. Etymologically close to Gk
%axÉco 'to lack' further connected with
Skt jáháti 'to leave, to abandon' and the
like. Probably, to be reconstructed as
*gbi-tuó- (Schulze KZ XXVII 425, Kl.
Schr. 53). Zupitza Gutt. 173; Torp-Falk
133; Feist 185; Holthausen AEE1 1' 1 2 1 ;
Mayrhofer I 426; Pokorný I 418-419;
Frisk II 1077-1078; Meid Wortbild. 163
(to Skt hetú- 'instigation, inducemenť);
Lehmann GED 139; Bammesberger Norn.
84; Heidermanns 227.
*3aÍ3az sb.m.: ON geigr 'scathe, serious
hurt'. Derived from * 31301(01 ~ *3Ín3enan.
Torp-Falk 134; Lehmann GED 137.
*3aÍ3Janan ~ *3aÍ35janan wk.vb.: ON
geiga 'to také a wrong direction', OE for-
3ié3an 'to transgress, to prevaricate',
OFris gěja 'to pay penance', G geigen
'to move back and forth'. Derived from
*3aÍ3ai. Zupitza Gutt. 97; Torp-Falk
1 34; Holthausen AEE] V 1 2 1 ; Pokorný I
421 (to Lith žiógauti 'to yawn'); Vries
ANEW 160-161; Lehmann GED 137.
*3aila-skapiz sb.m.: OESc gslskaper 'for-
nication', OE 3álscipe 'luxury, lastfulness' .
Derived from *3ailaz. Heidermanns
226.
*3ailaz adj.: Burg *gails 'merry', OESc gel-
maper 'bedfellow', OE 3M 'light, pleasant,
wanton', OS gel 'merry', OHG geil 'high-
spiriteď. Identical with Lith gailús
'piteous; biting, nippy, corrosive', Latv
gails 'lecherous, lascivous', Slav *zěh>
'strong' (Zupitza Gutt. 171). Torp-Falk
120; Trautmann BSU t 75; Feist 185;
Holthausen AEEW \1"i; Pokorný I 452;
Fraenkel 128-129; Stang LS 21;
Vasmer-Trubachev II 92; Piirainen 56-
58; Vasmer-Trubachev II 92; Lehmann
GED 140; Kobler 710; Heidermanns
226; Kluge-Seebold 307-308.
*3ailjanan ~ *3ailěnan wk.vb.: Goth
3ailjanan
123
3alanan
gailjan 'to gladden', OHG ir-geilěn 'to
raise (one's eyes)'. Derived from *3ailaz.
Zupitza Gutt. 171; Torp-Falk 120; Feist
185; Lehmann GED 139-140; Heider-
MANNS 226.
*3aislan ~ *3aisl5 sb.n./f.: ON geisl
'staff', mase. geisli id., MLG geisel 'whip',
OHG geisila id. Derived from *3aizaz.
Torp-Falk 121; Vries ANEW 162.
*3aisjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-gaisjan 'to
frighten'. Based on an unattested noun
*3aisaz identical with Av zaěša- 'horrible'.
Bartholomae 1651; Torp-Falk 135;
Feist 531-532; Pokorný I 427; Lehmann
GED 382.
*3aisp5janan wk.vb.: ON geispa 'to
yawn', ME 3aspen 'to gasp'. An emphatic
derivative of *3aisjanan secondarily in-
fluenced by *3ÍpSjanan. Torp-Falk 134
(reconstruct *3aipsojanan, to *3Ípdjanan)\
Vries ANE]\ 7 162 (to ON geisa 'to chafe,
to rage' or to *3Ípajanarí).
*3aistaz sb.m.: OE 3iést 'soul, spirit, minď,
OFris jest id., OS gest id., OHG geist id.
Related to *3aisjanan. Cf. also a struc-
turally similar but semantically diverging
Lith žaizda 'wounď. Zupitza Gutt. 202;
Torp-Falk 135; Holthausen AEEW
122; Pokorný I 427; Fraenkel 1285;
Zalizniak I 131; Fraenkel 1285; Onions
396; Lehmann GED 382; Bammesberger
Nom. 76; Fsluge-Seebold 308.
*3aitínaz adj.: Goth sbst. gaitein 'kiď, OE
3ďten 'pertaining to goats', OHG geizin id.
Diminutive of *3aitz. Structurally identi-
cal with Lat haedlnus 'of a kiď (Porzig
114). Torp-Falk 120; Holthausen
AEEW 122; Walde-Hofmann I 632;
Feist 186; Pokorný I 409; Lehmann
GED 140.
*3aitz sb.f: Goth gaits 'she-goať (t-stem),
ON gat id., OE 3 át id., OS gět id., OHG
geiz id. (z-stem). Related to Lat haedus
'buck' (Forsterman K£ I 497). Prell-
wrrz 500 (to Sktjáhati 'to leave, to aban-
don'); Fick I 433 (to Lidr žáidžiu, žáisti 'to
play'); Zupitza Gutt. 200-201; Char-
pentier KZ XL 472; Torp-Falk 120;
Htrt Urgerm. II 51 (on the consonantal
stem in Gmc); Holthausen AEE\V 124;
Walde-Hofmann I 632; Feist 186;
Krahe Spr. Vorz. 76; Porzig Gliederung
114; Trubachev VJa VIII/1 22-23 (adds
Slav *zi(d)-nrbtstb 'honey-suckle' <
*'goaťs throať); Pokorný I 409-410;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 58; Vries ANEW
162; Zalizniak II 207; Onions 404;
Lehmann GED 140-141; Tollenaere KZ
XCVI 141-144; Peeters KZ CI 167;
Bammesberger JVom. 195; Griepentrog
I Vurzelnomina 443; Kluge-Seebold 308.
*3aiza-laukaz sb.m.: ON geir-laukr 'gar-
lic', OE neut. 3ár-leác id. Compound of
*3aizaz and Haukaz. Hoops l\'aldbáume
644 (ON < OE); Carr Nom. comp. 32 (fol-
lows Hoops); Vries ANEW 161.
*3aizan sb.m.: ON geiri 'goar, triangular
strip', OE jara 'angular point of land,
promontory', OFris gara 'triangular piece
(of land)', MLG gěre 'wedge-shaped
piece', OHG gero 'angular strip of land'.
Derived from *3aizaz (after the triangular
shape of the spear-head). Torp-Falk
121; Holthausen AEE]V 124; Onions
406; Fsluge-Seebold 307.
*3aizaz sb.m.: Goth prop. Gais-walds, ON
gem 'spear', OE 3ár 'dart, javelin, spear',
OFris ger id., OS gěr id., OHG ger id. Cf.
also *3aii6 > OE 3Úd 'point, sting, prick,
goaď. Related to Lat-Gaul gaesum, youoov
'heavy iron spear', Olr gae 'spear', W
gwayw id., MBret goaff id., Corn gew id.
The samé Indo-European word is at-
tested as a loanword from an unknown
(Western) source in Gk x a ^ ov ' Z a í°í
'shepherďs stick'. Cf. also Thrac prop.
Boi>A.o-yaícrr|c;. Zupitza Gutt. 202; Torp-
Falk 120-121; Falk SVAO 1914/6 82-
83; Sghrader-Nehring II 425 (Gmc <
Celt); Walde-Hofmann I 575-576;
Holthausen AEE]V 124; Detschew
Thr. 79; Pokorný I 410 (to Skt hesa-
'weapon'); Vries AME1V 161-162; Zaliz-
niak I 131; Onions 403; Frisk 1 061 —
1 062; Chantraine 1240; Bammesberger
Nom. 54 (to Gk jalot^j; Fsluge-Seebold
315; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*3alanan str.vb.: ON gala 'to crow, to
3alanan
124
3almaz
sing', OE 3«/«k 'to sing', OHG galan 'to
incantate'. Originally, of imitative origin.
Brugmann IF XXXII 190 (secondary
present vocalism based on preterital
*jo/-); Torp-Falk 130; Berneker I 293
(to Slav *galiti 'to triumph, to lauglť <
*ghol-eio-); Holthausen AEE]V 123;
Schwarz Festschr. Trier 442-444 (recon-
structs the originál meaning 'to praise');
Jóhannesson IEW 382-385; Pokorný I
428; Vries ANEW 153; Onions 1019;
Seebold 212-213; Lehmann GED 157—
158 (to Gk xe^.i8<óv 'swallow').
*3aldin3az sb.m.: ON geldingr Svether', G
Gelling-hanJ 'male hemp'. Derived from
*3aliiz ~ *3aldjaz. Vries ANEW 162;
Heidermanns 228.
*3aldiz ~ *3aldjaz adj.: Gouh pln. Galtis
(< *galpeis), ON geldr 'barren, yielding no
milk', OE 3Íelde 'fruitless', MLG gelt id.,
OHG galt, gialt id. Related to Slav *golďb
'hunger'. Karsten MB II 376; Lessiak
^DADL 146—147 (participle of *3alanan);
Olsen IF XXXVIII 168 (to Phryg pl.
r«XXoi 'castrated servants of Cybela');
Torp-Falk 132 (to Lith žala 'harm, dam-
age'); Holthausen AEE]V 129; Feist
189; Schwarz Festschr. Trier 448-449 (to
IE *ghel- 'to peel, to cuť); Pokorný I 434;
Vries ANEW 196, 198-199; Trubachev
ESSJa VI 199-200; Lehmann GED 143;
Heidermanns 228 (to IE *ghel- 'to cuť);
Kluge-Seebold 310.
*3aldjanan wk.vb.: ON gelda 'to gelď,
MDu gelten id., G gelzen id. Derived from
*3aldiz ~ *3aldjaz. Structurally close to
Slav *golditi 'to cause hunger, to starve'.
Jóhannesson IEW 385 (to *ghel- 'to cuť);
Schwarz Festschr. Trier 448—449; Vries
ANEW 162-163; Trubachev ESSJa VI
199; Heidermanns 228.
*3aldran sb.n.: ON galdr 'song, witch-
crafť, OE 3ealdor 'incantation, charm',
OHG galtar id. Derived from *3alanan.
Torp-Falk 130; Holthausen AEE}Y
124; Vries ANEW 153; Seebold 212;
Lehmann GED 157, 193; Bammesberger
Nom. 86.
*3al3a-trewan sb.n.: ON gálga-tré 'gal-
lows', OE 3eal3-tréow id. Compound of
*3al3on and *trewan. Carr Nom. comp. 54.
*3al3on sb.m.: Goth galga 'stake, gallows,
cross', ON gálgi 'gallows', OE 3eal3a 'gal-
lows, gibbet, cross', OFris galga 'gallows',
OS galgo id., OHG galgo id. Related to
Lith žalga 'long pole' (Múller W^KM V
68) and, probably, to Arm jalk 'branch'.
Pedersen iř^XXXIX 361; Zupitza Gutt.
178, 201; Torp-Falk 131; Trautmann
BSW 364; Holthausen AEEW 125; Feist
189; Pokorný I 411; Fraenkel
1286-1287; Vries ANEW 153; Zalizniak
I 153; Onions 387; Solta Ann. 314-315;
Stang LS 65; Lehmann GED 142;
Kluge-Seebold 295.
*3allan ~ *3allón sb.n./f: ON gall 'gall,
bile', OS galia id., OHG galia id.
Continues *ghol-n-. Connected with Av
zara- id., Gk yokoc, id., Ypk*\ id., Lat fel
id. (ra-stem) (Kuhn K£ I 516). Believed to
be further related to dre color adjective
*ghel-\ Skt hári- 'pale, yellowish, greenish',
Av zairi- 'yellow, yellowish', Lat heluus
'light bay', Lith ždlías 'green', želvas
'greenish'. Zupitza Gutt. 171; Persson
Beitrdge 794; Bartholomae 1690; Torp-
Falk 131; Holthausen ,4 II TV 99, ^££11'
125; Walde-Hofmann I 473-474, 639;
Porzig Gliederung 110, 207; Mayrhofer
III 581; Pokorný I 429-430; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 89; Fraenkel 1287,
1297; Vries AJ\E1\ r 153; Zalizniak II
182; Frisk II 1109-1110; Onions 386;
Kluge-Seebold 296.
*3allón sb.m.: ON galii 'fault, flaw', OE
3ealla 'fretted pláce on the skin', MLG
galle 'wounded spot on the skin', MHG
galle 'swelling'. Related to Lith žala
'harm, damage', Slav *zt>h> 'bad, angry'
(Holthausen AJVN 79). Homonymic OE
3ealla 'gall, bile' belongs to *3allan ~
*3allon. Zupitza Gutt. 201 (to Olr galar
'sickness'); Torp-Falk 130; Holthausen
AEEW 125; Endzelin KZ XLIV 66;
Pokorný I 490; Fraenkel 1286; Vries
ANE][ T 154; Onions 386 (to *3allan ~
*3allori).
*3almaz sb.m.: ON galmr 'sworď (tiula),
3almaz
125
3ari3iz
OS galm 'tone', OHG galm 'tone, sounď.
Derived from *3alanan. Torp-Falk 130;
Vries ANEW 154.
*3alpojanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. galpa 'to
cry (of birds)', OS galpon 'to cry loudly'.
Derived from *3elpanan. Torp-Falk 132.
*3altaz ~ *3altuz sb.m.: ON gqltr 'boar,
hog', OE 3ealt-bor3 'pig'. Probably related
to Lith acc. núo-galdq 'dock in a stable',
už-galda id., Latv galds 'splinter, board,
plank'. Suolahti ANT 158; Hirt BB
XXIV 246 (to Skt huda- 'ram'); Torp-
Falk 131; Holthausen AEE]V 125;
Fraenkel 131; Vries ANEW 198-199;
Kluge-Seebold 311.
*3amalaz adj.: ON gamall 'olď, OE 3amol,
3omel id., MDu gamel id. Probably related
to Lat humilis 'low', Gk ^Odiia^ó^ 'near
the ground, low' (Szemerényi IVord VIII
50). Kluge KZ XXVI 70 (from * 3 a-
mělaz, to *milan I); Wadstein IF V 12
(ON gamall < *3a-xamalaz, to *xamalo-
janan); Torp-Falk 127 (to *3omz)\ Holt-
hausen AEEW 123; Rooth Wortst. 50
(to ON gambra 'to brag, to bluster');
Walde-Hofmann I 664-665; Pokorný I
414-416; Vries ANEW 154; Frisk II
1098-1099; Kluge-Seebold 856.
*3amanan sb.n.: ON gaman 'game, sport,
amusemenť, OE 3amen joy, game, pleas-
ure', OFris game, gome id., OS gaman id.,
OHG gaman 'joke, joy'. Identical with
Slav *gomont> 'noise' (Il'inskii RFV LXIII
341) derived from *gomb id. Torp-Falk
127; Berneker I 326-327 (Slav < Gmc);
Pokorný I 490 (to *3ampaz); Vasmer-
Trubachev I 436.
*3aman5janan wk.vb.: ON gamna 'to
amuse, to diverť, OE 3amnian 'to joke, to
play'. Derived from *3amanan. Vries
ANEW 155; Onions 388.
*3ammón sb.m.: ON gammi 'Finnish
dwelling', G dial. Gamm 'heap of drying
bricks'. Related to *3dmz. Lidén Arm. St.
14 (to Arm gom 'barn, pen'); Torp-Falk
127; Chemodanov SGGJa I 110.
*3ampaz sb.m.: Norw gamp 'big, fat man,
fat horše', MHG gampf 'úisAáng . Of un-
known origin. Torp-Falk 127.
*3anaz sb.n.: ON gan 'frenzy, frantic ges-
tures'. Identical with Gk x<*vo<; 'yawning,
gaping'. See *3anqjanan. Pokorný I 411;
Frisk II 1076-1077.
*3an3anan str.vb.: Goth gaggan 'to go',
ON ganga id., OE 3an3an id., OFris gunga
id., OS gangan id., OHG gangan id.
Connected with *3angaz. May be a back
formation based on *3an3Janan (Porzig
147). Cf. also Lith zeňgti 'to stride, to
march', Latv ziet 'to trespass, to sin'
(Stang ScSl VIII 162-164). Sohweizer
KZ I 150; Holthausen AEEW 123;
Zupitza Gutt. 178, 200; Torp-Falk
124; Feist 181-182, 288-289; Porzig
Gliederung 147; Jóhannesson 1E]V 343—
344; Pokorný I 438; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 76; Vries ANE]V 156; Seebold
213-216; Mottausch KZ CXI 134-142;
Lehmann Language XLX 318-319, GED
137-138.
*3an3az I sb.m.: Goth neut. gagg 'street,
roaď, ON gangr 'going, walking', OE
3 flK J going, journey, way', OFris gang,
gong id., OS gang id., OHG gang id.
See *3an3anan. Torp-Falk 124; Holt-
hausen AEEW 123; Feist 181; Pokorný
I 438; Vries ANE]V 156; Zalizniak II
186; Onions 388; Seebold 214; Lehmann
GED 138; Mottausch K~ CLX 76-109;
Fsluge-Seebold 297.
*3an3az II adj.: OESc ep-ganger 'legiti-
mate', OE acc. sg. jela-3eon3e 'having
travelled much', MLG gange 'passable', G
gang und gábe. See *3an3anan. Heider-
manns 229-230.
*3an3Ílaz sb.m.: ON gengil-beina 'woman
with crooked legs', OE ďjier-3en3el 'suc-
cessor', OHG fuoz-gengil 'pedestrian'.
Derived from *3ari3iz. Holthausen
AEEW 127; Seebold 214.
*3an3Íz adj.: ON gengr 'able to walk', OE
3en3e 'going, current, prevalenť, OFris
gendze, ganse 'currenť, MDu genge id.,
OHG gengi id. Derived from *3an3anan.
Karsten NB I 106-107; Torp-Falk 124;
Holthausen AEEW 127; Vries ANEW
163; Seebold 214; Matzel Festschr.
Schriider 106; K£ CV 127; Heidermanns
3ari3iz
126
3ardaz
230; Kluge-Seebold 297; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*3an3Jan sb.n.: Goth faura-gaggi 'steward-
ship, management, administration', ON
gengi 'help, support, success', OE sen^e
'gang, flock, company' (fem.), OS gi-gengi
'row', OHG ana-gengi 'beginning'. De-
rived from *3an3anan or *3an3Íz. Holt-
hausen AEEU r 127; Feist 182; Vries
ANEW 163; Seebold 214.
*3an3Janan wk.vb.: Goth gangjan 'to go, to
go on a journey', OE 3en3a.11 'to go, to
pass', MHG gengen 'to make go'. Derived
from *3an3anan, *3an^az. Holthausen
AEEW 127; Feist 182; Pokorný I 438;
Seebold 214.
*3an3J5n sb.m.: Goth faura-gaggja 'steward,
manager', ON for-ingi 'leader', OE án-
311130 'lone-goer, loner', OFris brád-genza
'beggar', OHG náh-gengo 'servant'. De-
rived from *3an3anan. Holthausen
AEEW 127; Feist 182; Porzig Gliederung
147; Vries ANEW 138; Seebold 214.
*3an3on sb.f: ON ganga 'walking', OHG
miti-ganga 'servant, maiď. Derived from
*3an3anan. Cf. in particular structurally
similar Skt járighá 'lower leg', Lith pra-
Žangá 'violation, breach'. Zupitza Gutt.
197; Trautmann BSW 370; Fraenkel
1300; Seebold 214.
*3an3ulaz adj.: ON gongull 'strolling', OE
wíd-3an3ol 'rambling, roving'. Derived
from *3<m3anan. Karsten NB II 286;
Vries ANEW 199; Seebold 214; Hei-
DERMANNS 230-231.
*3anxtiz sb.f: Goth fram-gahts 'progress',
ON gátt 'rabbet of a door-sill', OE bed-3Íht
'evening', OHG betti-gaht 'going to beď.
Derived from *3an3anan. Torp-Falk
124; Holthausen AEE1 V 130; Feist 164;
Vries ANEW 158; Seebold 214;
Lehmann GED 124-125.
*3an5janan wk.vb.: ON gana 'to rush, to
glare', OE 3ánian 'to yawn, to gape',
MHG janen 'to gape, to glare'. Derived
from *3anaz. Related to Gk ^aívo) id.
Holthausen ^££11' 123-124; Pokorný I
411, 419; Vrtes ANEW 155; Frisk II
1076-1077.
*3ans-xabukaz sb.m.: ON gás-haukr
'goshawk', OE 3Ós-hafoc id. Compound of
*3ansz and *xabukaz. Carr Nom. comp.
48; Onions 407.
*3ansz sb.f: ON gis 'goose', OE 3ÓS id.,
OFris gos id., MLG gos id. (z-stem), OHG
gans id. (z-stem). Spán ganso id. is from
Goth *gansus. Related to Skt harhsá- id.,
Av za id., Gk yý\v id., Lat anser id., Olr
géiss 'swan', Lith ŽQsis 'goose', Slav *gqsb
id. Zupitza Gutt. 201; Suolahti DVN
410-415; Berneker I 342 (Slav < Gmc);
Torp-Falk 125; Holthausen AEE]V
135; Walde-Hofmann I 52; Mayrhofer
III 571; Pokorný I 412; Fraenkel 1292;
Vries ANE]\ r 157; Zalizniak II 207;
Frisk II 1094-1095; Onions 406; Tru-
baohev ESSJa VII 88—89; Bammesberger
jYom. 196; Griepentrog Wurzdnomina
201-232; Kxuge-Seebold 298.
*3antaz adj.: OHG ganz 'healthy, un-
harmed, whole'. Identical with Lith ne-
gandas 'dissatisfaction', OLith adv. comp.
gandžiaus 'rather'. Torp-Falk 125; Fay
IF XXXII 331-332 (to Alb gjúhe 'all');
Fraenkel 133, KZ LXXII 185-190
(Baltic forms to Skt ghaná- 'compact, firm,
hard, dense'); Heidermanns 233; Kluge-
Seebold 298.
*3ap5janan wk.vb.: ON gapa 'to gape',
OE ofer-3apian 'to neglect, to disregarď,
MLG gapen 'to gape', MHG gaffen id. Of
imitative origin. Zupitza Gutt. 18, 217;
Torp-Falk 125; Holthausen AEEW
124; Vries ANEW 156 (to *ghe- 'to
yawn'); Onions 389; Kluge-Seebold
294.
*3aráaz sb.m.: Goth gards 'house, family,
courť (< *3ardiz), ON gardr 'yard', OE
3eard 'enclosure, yard, dwelling, lanď, OS
gard 'land, fielď, pl. 'yard', OHG boum-
gart 'garden, orcharď. Related to Toch B
kercci 'paláce', Skt grhá- 'house', Av gm8a-
'dev's cave', Alb gardh 'fence', Lith gařdas
'pen, hurdle', Slav *gordb 'fence, town'
(Lottner KZ XI 192). Mertnger IF
XVI 140; Grienberger Got. 90; Torp-
Falk 129; Holthausen AEE]V 125; Feist
197-198; Porzig Gliederung 171; Mayr-
3arcíaz
127
3astiz
hofer I 344; Pokorný I 444; Fraenkel
135-136; Vries ANEW 156; Zalizniak II
195; Onions 1018; Benveniste IEL 274;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 37—38; Lehmann
GED 147-148; Keuge-Seebold 300;
Orel AED 110; Adams TB 196.
*3arďjan sb.n.: ON gerdi 'fenced fielď.
Derived from *3ardaz. Derivationally
identical with Toch B kercci 'paláce',
Phryg pln. róp8iov (Lidén Toch. 21-22).
Adams TB 196,
*3arď5n sb.m.: Goth garda 'enclosed yard,
stockyarď, OFris garda 'land property',
OS gardo 'garden', OHG garto id. A mor-
phological variant of *3ardaz. Torp-
Falk 129; Feist 197; Pokorný I 444;
Zalizniak II 195; Kluge-Seebold 300.
*3arnan sb.n.: ON gam 'yarn', OE 3earn
id., MLG gam id., OHG gam id. See
*3amo. Zupitza Gutt. 201; Torp-Falk
129; Holthausen AEEW 125-126
Pokorný I 443; Vries AMEW 157
Zalizniak I 140; Fraenkel II 1291
Onions 1018; Kluge-Seebold 299-
300.
*3arn(j)a-wenď5n sb.f.: ON gam-vinda
'skein of yarn', OE ^eam-winde 'reď
(mase.?), OFris jem-wine id., MLG garn-
winde id., OHG gam-winta id. Compound
of *3amo and *wendon. Carr Nom. comp.
72 (parallel formations).
*3arn5 sb.f: ON gam 'guť. Cf WGmc
neut. *3arnjan > OE myc-sem 'fat about
the kidneys', OS mid-gami 'internal fať,
OHG mitti-gami id. Identical with Lith
lama 'guť, Latv zarna 'intestine'. Further
cf. Alb zorre id. < PAlb *džama with a
long *S < *e. Torp-Falk 129; Traut-
mann BS1V 367; Pokorný I 787; Fraen-
kel 1291; Vries ANEW 199; Stang LS
65; Kluge-Seebold 299; Orel AED
525-526.
*3arstaz ~ *3arstiz adj.: ON gerstr 'sour,
dismal', MLG garst 'ranciď, MHG garst
id. Identical with Mír goirt 'bitter' <
*ghorsti-. Torp-Falk 130; Pokorný I
445 (to Lith grastis 'menace, ťhreať, grasus
'causing weariness' based on gresiu, grésti
'to menace, to threaten'); Fraenkel 166 —
167; Heidermanns 233; Kluge-Seebold
300.
*3arwaz adj.: ON gqrr 'ready for some-
thing', OE 3earu 'ready, prepareď, OS
gam id., OHG garo id. Related to *3eraz.
Kaufmann PBB XX 530 (from *3a-arwaz,
see *arwaz)\ Karsten jVB II 17, 414-416;
Torp-Falk 128; Holthausen AEEW
126; Pokorný I 494; Vries ANEW
163-164 (to IE *g« her ~ ' to burn ')> 199;
Onions 1018; Seebold LuE 458-460
(against the connection with *g"her- 'to
burn'); Kabell KZ LXXXVII 26-31;
Sanders Festschr. Kolb 558-568 (follows
Kaufmann); Bammesberger Nom. 244;
Heidermanns 233-234; Kluge-Seebold
298-299.
*3arwib5 sb.f: ON gerd 'gear, harness,
armor', OHG garawida 'garment, gear'.
Derived from *3arwaz. Torp-Falk 128;
Vries ANEW 164; Heidermanns 234.
*3arwín ~ *3arwj5 sb.f: ON gorui 'gear,
apparel', OE 3earwe 'clothing, attire,
gear', OHG garawi 'equipment, attire,
jewelry'. Derived from *3arwaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 126; Vries ANEW 165;
Onions 392; Heidermanns 234.
*3arwjanan wk.vb.: ON gorva 'to get
ready, to make ready', OE 3Íerwan 'to
make ready, to prepare', OS garwian, ger-
wian id., OHG garawen id. Derived from
*3arwaz. Torp-Falk 128; Holthausen
AEEW 130; Vries ANEW 163-164;
Onions 389; Heidermanns 234; Kluge-
Seebold 315—316.
*3asti-3eb6n sb.m.: ON gest-gjafi 'host',
MHG gast-gebe id. Compound of *3astiz
and *3ebon. Carr Nom. comp. 83 (paral-
lel formations).
*3astiz sb.m.: Goth gasts 'stranger, guesť,
ON gestr 'guesť, OE 3iest, 3Íest 'stranger,
guest, enemy', OFris jest 'guesť, OS gast
'enemy, guesť, OHG gast 'guest,
stranger'. Etymologically identical with
Lat hostis 'stranger', Slav *gostb 'guesť.
Brugmann IF I 172-174; Zupitza Gutt.
172; Meillet MSL LX 374; Torp-Falk
133; Holthausen AEE1\' 130; Walde-
Hofmann I 662-664; Feist 202; Mezger
3astiz
128
3aum(j)o(n)
XXIV 154-155; Porzig Glie-
derung 207; Pokorný I 453; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 65; Vries AMEW 165; Zalizniak
I 149; Onions 418; Lindeman Verscharfmg
11.2; Benveniste I EL 75, 78, 294, 301;
Trubaohev ESSJa VII 67-68; Lehmann
GEL) 149; Kluge-Seebold 300.
*3atan sb.n.: ON gat 'hole', OE jraí 'gate,
dooř', OFris gat, jet 'hole, opening', OS
gat 'eye of a needle, hole, opening'. Of
uncertain origin. Probably connected
with ancient Balkanic (Phrygian?) i^éxva
'dooř' for which a conjecture *^éxav is
required. Holthausen PBB XI 553 (to
Skt hádati 'cacare', Gk %í^<>> id.), AEEW
126; Zupitza Gutt. 201; Torp-Falk 123;
Pokorný I 423; Georgiev hsledov. 139;
Vries AMEW 157; Onions 391; Kluge-
Seebold 301.
*3atw5n sb.f.: Godr gatwo 'thoroughfare,
streeť, ON gata 'thoroughfare', MDu gate
'passage', OHG gazza 'quarter'. Derived
from *3atan (Persson Beitrdge I 599).
Bremer PBB XI 272 (to *ghei- 'to go');
Grienberger Got. 94 (to Gk x^okco 'to
yawn, to gape'); Wiedemann BB XXX
214 (to Lith gendú, gésti 'to spoil'); Torp-
Falk 123; Holthausen PBB XI 565 (to
Skt hádati 'to defecate'); Pedersen Kelt. Gr.
I 63 (to W gwddw 'neck'); Feist 205-206;
Pokorný I 423; Vries AMEW 158;
Zalizniak II 228; Onions 391; Lehmann
GED 151; Kluge-Seebold 300.
*3audan ~ *3aud5 sb.n./f: ON gaud
'barking', OE 3eád 'foolishness, luxury,
mockery'. Derived from *3aujanan.
Torp-Falk 121; Holthausen AEE1V
126; Vries AMW 158.
*3aujan sb.n.: Goth gawi 'region, country,
environmenť, OE -jé 'land, districť (in
cmpn.), OFris gá 'districť, OS -go, -gá
id. (in cmpn.), OHG gouwi, gewi 'county,
lanď. Etymologically close to Gk x** ?
'emptiness' < *xafo<; (Grienberger Got.
96). Legerlotz KZ VIII 119 (to Gk
yaia 'earth'); Burk gdWf n 341-342
(from Gmc *3a-a(x)wjan 'land among the
waters'); Scheftelowitz BB XXVIII 310
(to Arm gavar 'area'); Uhlenbeck PBB
XXX 282 (to •gum- 'to caU'); Torp-Falk
119 (follow Burk); Holthausen AEE]V
124; Feist 210-211 (to Gk oír, 'vfflage'),
PBB XV 547-548 (from * 3 a-wix-, to IE
*weik- 'dwelling'); Pokorný I 449; Frisk
II 1072-1073; Lehmann GED 153;
Kluge-Seebold 301; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*3aujanan str.vb.: ON geyja 'to bark'. Cf.
OE 3Óian 'to lamenť < *3owjanan.
Related to Skt hávate 'to calT, Lith zavíti
'to charm', Slav *zovq, *zbvati 'to calP.
Kock AMF XI 344-345 (from *3a-waujan,
to *waujan 'to ring out, to resounď);
Wood MLN XVI 19 (to IE *gheu- 'to
pour'); Torp-Falk 121; Holthausen
AEEW 134; Jóhannesson IEW 318-320;
Pokorný I 449 (to *gheu- 'to yawn');
Chemodanov SGGJa I 75; Vries AMEW
165 (to Lith gaústi 'to rumble, to hum');
Vasmer-Trubachev II 85; Seebold 216.
*3aukaz sb.m.: ON gaukr 'cuckoo', OE
3 eác id., OFris gák id., MLG gok id., OHG
gouh id. Of imitative origin. Uhlenbeck
AMF XV 151-153 (< *3a-aukaz, to
*aukanari); Grienberger SBA1V CXLII/8
95 (to *3aujanarí)\ Meillet MSL XII
213-215 (to Lith geguzé 'cuckoo', Slav
*žegt>zica id.); Torp-Falk 122; Holt-
hausen AEEW 124; Vries AMEW 158;
Onions 408; Zalizniak I 131; Kluge-
Seebold 301.
*3aumib5 sb.f: ON rare geyrad 'heed,
attention', OHG bi-goumida 'care, worry'.
Derived from *3aumjanan. Vries AMEW
166.
*3aumjanan wk.vb.: Goth gaumjan 'to pay
attention, to see, to observe', ON geyma
'to keep, to watch', OE 3ýman 'to care
for, to heed, to watch, to observe', OS
gomian 'to guarď, OHG goumen 'to heed,
to watch'. Derived from *3aum(j)o(nj.
Zupitza Gutt. 172; Torp-Falk 121;
Holthausen AEEW 129; Feist 207;
Pokorný I 453; Vries AME]\ 7 165-166;
Lehmann GED 151; Kluge-Seebold 302.
*3aum(j)5(n) sb.f: ON gaum 'attention,
heeď, mase. gaumr id., OE 3ýme 'care',
OFris game id., NFris gumi 'christening
celebration', OS goma 'entertainmenť,
3aum(j)o(n)
129
3azdaz
OHG gouma 'meal, banqueť. Derived
from *3awman (Torp SHS 186). Torp-
Falk 121; Johansson Festschr. Moreen 46 1 ,
BB XV 228 (from *3a-aumo, to Slav *umn>
'mind, intelligence'); Pedersen IF V 68
(from *3a-usm-, to *auzorí)\ Slotty IF
XLVI 366-372; Grienberger Got. 95;
Meillet MSL VIII 280 (to Slav *gosěti 'to
worship, to fasť); Holthausen AEE]V
129; Feist 207; IUmtoft GHÁ LVI/3
263-265; Pokorný I 453; Vries ÁNEW
158; Zalizniak II 216; Lehmann GED
151; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*3aupaz adj.: OE 3eap 'crooked, bent,
curveď. Identical with Slav *gub~b 'folď.
Further related to Lith gaubiu, gaubti 'to
cover from top to bottom', Slav *gbbnqti
'to benď. Pokorný I 450; Trubachev
ESSJa VII 164-165.
*3aupnó sb.f: ON gaupn 'both hands held
together', OHG goufana 'handful, empty
hand, palm'. Derived from *3aupaz.
Zupitza Gatt. 18-19, 202; Torp-Falk
137 (to *gheub(h)- 'to benď); Fraenkel
IF LV 81 (to Lith žiupsrds 'handful');
Pokorný I 449; Chemodanov SGGJa I
73; Vries AME1V 159; Heidermanns
234-235; Kxuge-Seebold 302.
*3aup5n sb.f: ON gaupa 'lynx', OE
earnseáp 'a kind of falcon'. Derived
from * 3 aupaz (Králík GGA CLXXVI
158-160). Holthausen ÁEEW 125;
Pokorný I 449; Vries ANEW 158.
*3auraz adj: Goth gaurs 'sad, gloomy', ON
sbst. gaurr 'ruffian, rough' (mase.).
Identical with Skt ghorá- 'dreadful, horri-
ble' (Bopp Glossarium 113; Zupitza Gutt.
172: adds Slav *žuriti 'to perturb').
Grienberger Got. 96 (against Slavic par-
allels); Torp-Falk 122; Uhlenbeck PBB
XXX 282; Feist 208; Petersson IF
XXIV 253-254; Mayrhofer I 362-363;
Pokorný I 453-454; Vries AMEW 159;
Lehmann GED 152; Vasmer-Trubachev
II 68 (add Slav *guraú 'to push'); Heider-
manns 235 (to *3aujanari).
*3ausjanan wk.vb.: Goth gansjan 'to cause'
(leg. *gausjan), ON geysa 'to rush, to gush'.
Causative of *3eusanan (Bezzenberger
BB III 81). Grienberger Got. 89-90 (to
*3antaz, OE 3Í11 'wide, spacious');
Johansson PBB XV 228-229 (to *&)-
nesanan); Wiedemann BB XXVII 204-205
(to *3ennanan); Torp-Falk 137; End zelin
KZ LI 258 (to Latv iě-gansts 'cause'); Feist
196; Lerohner 91; Lehmann GED 147.
*3autaz ~ *3aut5n sb.m.: Lat-Goth
prop. Gauts, ON pl. Gautar 'inhabitants
of Western Sweden', OE pl. 3Íatas id.,
OS -got id. (in empn.), OHG -goz id. (in
empn.). In Latin and Greek sources
appears as Gauti, Tavtoí. Derived from
* 3 eutanan. Collitz JEGP I 222-238
(an ablaut variant of *3utaz ~ *3ut6n);
Wadstein IF V 9 (to Lat audeo 'to ven-
ture, to dare'); Streitberg GE 6-7;
Schonfeld PVN 103-104; Holthausen
AEEW 126; Kuhn Festschr. Trier 417-433;
Vries ANE1\ t 159; Lehmann GED 164.
*3autójanan wk.vb.: ON gauta 'to prate,
to brag', G dial. gauzen, gáuzen 'to bark'.
Related to Lith gaudžiú, gausti 'to buzz,
to rumble'. Maybe connected with *3au-
janan. Zupitza Gutt. 172; Pokorný I
443, 449; Fraenkel 140— 141;Vries
AMU' 159.
*3awěnan wk.vb.: ON gá 'to heed, to
mark'. Related to Lat^^ó 'to be favor-
able, to be well disposed, to favor, to pro-
mote', Slav *gověti 'to fast, to respecť
(Meillet MSL VIII 280). Danielsson-
Noreen AJYF III 17 (from *3a-a(n)xanan,
to Lat anculus 'servant'); Torp-Falk 121;
Walde-Hofmann I 464-466; Pokorný I
453; Trubachev ESSJa VII 72-73.
*3azdaz sb.m.: Goth gazds 'sting, goaď,
ON gaddr 'goaď, OS gard id., OHG gart
id. Compared with Mír gat 'willow roď <
*ghazdha. There exists a similar word with
an unvoiced inlaut cluster: Lat hasta
'stick, pole', Mír gass 'shooť < *ghasto-
(Fick I 108; Zupitza Gutt. 173; Walde
ÍC7XXXIV 488-489). Uhlenbeck PBB
XLX 520 (to Slav *žb?db 'pole, stake');
Meillet Etudes 261 (on Slav *gvozdb
'nail'); Grienberger Got. 97; Torp-Falk
1 33; Schrader-Nehring II 424 (semantic
differences of Gmc and Celt); Walde-
3azčtaz
130
3eldanan
Hofmann I 636; Feist 213; Szemerényi
ArL V 1—21 (to Umbr hostatu 'armed with
a spear'); Pokorný I 41 2—41 3; Vries
ANEW 151; Zalizniak I 131; Onions
384; Benveniste IEL 324; Lehmann GED
154-155; Kluge-Seebold 317.
*3ebanan str.vb.: Gotír giban 'to give', ON
gefa id., OE sifon id., OFris ieva id., OS
geban id., OHG geban id. Related to Lat
habeo 'to hold, to háve', Olr gaibid 'to
také' continuing IE *ghabh- (Bezzen-
berger BB XXVII 181). In Germanic,
*3ebanan substitutes IE *dó-. The orig-
inál vocalism of *ghabh- was adapted to
the Gmc strong verb systém. Lottner
KZ V 398 (to Lith gabénti 'to carry');
Meyer IF XXXV 234-235; Zupitza
Gutt. 173; Torp-Falk 125-126; Kret-
sohmer Glotta XLX 208 (*-«- in *3ebanan
influenced by *nemanan); Feist 214; Holt-
hausen AEEW 128; Walde-Hofmann I
630-631; Jóhannesson IEW 186-189;
Pokorný I 408; Vries ANEW 160;
Zalizniak I 150; Onions 399; Seebold
217-219; Lehmann GED 155; Kluge-
Seebold 303.
*3eba-st61az sb.m.: ON gjaf-stóll 'throne',
OE jif-stól id. Compound of *3ěbo and
*stolaz. Garr Nom. comp. 54.
*3eb(e)lon sb.m.: Goťh gibla 'gable', MLG
geuel id., OHG gibil id. Cf. also OS gibilla
'skuli, gable', OHG gibilla id. and ON gafl
'gable-end, gable'. Related to Toch A
spal 'heaď, Gk KE<paA.T| id., Maced
yapaXáv ĚyKÉipaXov x\ Ke<paXr|v, Hes.,
Thrac theon. repeXél^ii; (Schulze Kl.
Schr. 261). See *3ablaz ~ *3abl5. Kuhn
RZ I 136 (to Lat gabalus); Zupitza Gutt.
217; Torp-Falk 126; Feist 214; Trter
ZDADL LXXVI 13-44, Z dph LXX
356-357; Schulze Kl. Schr. 252, 261;
Detsohew Thr. 100; Porzig Gliederung
186; Pokorný I 423; Vendryes RC XL
436; Chemodanov SGGJa I 110; Vries
ANEW 152; Frisk I 835; Benveniste
Word X 255-256; Lehmann GED 155;
Kluge-Seebold 323-324; Adams TB
642-643.
*3ebo sb.f.: Goth giba 'gifť, ON gjqf id.
(partly < *3ebiz), OE ji/ií id., OFris jeve
id., OS geba id., OHG geba id. Derived
from *3eianan. Torp-Falk 126; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 128; Feist 213; Porzig
Gliederung 172; Pokorný I 408; Vries
ANE]V 171; Zalizniak II 193; Seebold
218; Lehmann GED 155; Bammesberger
Nom. 110.
*3eb5n sb.m.: ON prif-gjafi 'bounteous
giver', OE beáh-3Ífa 'ring-giver', OFris
rěd-jeva 'judge', OS bóg-gebo 'one giving
a ring'. Derived from *3ebanan. Torp-
Falk 126; Seebold 218.
*3ebulaz adj.: ON gjofull 'munificenť,
OE 3Jfol 'generous, bountiful'. Derived
from *3ebanan. Holthausen AEE]V
130; Vries ANEW 171; Seebold 218;
Heidermanns 237.
*3efitiz sb.f: Goth fiti-gifts 'gift, betrothal',
ON gipt, gift 'gift of nature, endowmenť,
OE 3Íft 'gift, marriage gifť, OFris jeft
'gift, privilege', OS sundar-gift 'privilege',
MDu gift 'gifť, OHG gift 'gift, dona-
tion'. Derived from *3ebanan. Schulze
Kl. Schr. 61; Torp-Falk 126; Feist 214;
Vries ANEW 168; Zalizniak I 150;
Onions 397; Seebold 218; Lehmann
GED 121-122; Bammesberger Nom. 142;
Kluge-Seebold 324; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*3eftjanan wk.vb.: ON gipta 'to give a
woman in marriage', MLG giften 'to give',
OHG fir-giften 'to seli, to transfer'.
Derived from *3eftiz. Torp-Falk 126.
*3elďan sb.n.: Goth gild 'tribute, tax',
ON gjald 'tribute, paymenť, OE 3ÍM
'money, tribute, compensation', OFris jeli
'price', OS geld 'payment, recompense',
OHG gelt 'paymenť. Related to *3elda-
nan. Torp-Falk 132; Feist 214-215;
Pokorný I 436; Vries ANEW 169;
Zalizniak I 140; Seebold 222; Ben-
veniste IEL 58—60; Lehmann GED 155;
Fvluge-Seebold 309.
*3eldanan str.vb.: Goth fra-gildan 'to
restore, to recompense', ON gjalda 'to
pay, to yield, to repay', OE 3Íldan id.,
OFris jelda 'to counť, OS geldan id., OHG
geltan 'to pay for'. Related to Slav *želdq,
*želsti 'to redeem' (Trautmann BSiV
3eldanan
131
3elwaz
82; Knutsson tfslavPh XV 140) despite
the difference in suffixes — Gmc *-Í- < IE
*-t- as it follows from OSwed galia 'to
repay' < *3élpanan. Bezzenberger BB
XVI 253 (to Gk xéXQoq- xpíoq); Fick BB
XVII 322; Osthoff IF IV 269 (against
Bezzenberger); Torp-Falk 131-132
Feist 161, 214; Holthausen AEEW 128
Kiparsky AASF XXXII/2 190-191
Stender-Petersen Slav.-germ. 325 (Slav <
Gmc); Machek Sláma XXI 252-253;
Jóhannesson IEW 386-387; Pokorný I
436; Vries AMEW 169; Onions 1020;
Vasmer II 42; Benveniste IEL 57,
59-60; Seebold 221-222; Vasmer-
Trubaghev II 42; Lehmann GED 122,
155; Keuge-Seebold 310.
*3elďjan ~ *3eldjón sb.n./f.: ON gildi
'payment, tribute', OFrisjelde,jolde 'guilď,
MLG gilde id. Substantivized *3eldjaz.
Vries AMEW 166; Onions 419; Lehmann
GED 155.
*3elčtjaz adj.: ON gildr 'of full worth, full',
OE un-ýlde 'not entitled to wergilď.
Derived from *3eldanan. Karsten MB I
92-93; Vries AMEW 167; Seebold 222
(reconstructs *3eldiz)', Matzel Festschr.
Schroder 98, KZ CV 102, 105; Heider-
MANNS 230.
*3eld5n sb.m.: ON gildi 'guild member',
OE 3Ílda id., OFrank gildo id. Derived
from *3eldan. Holthausen AEE]V 131;
Vries AMEW 166; Kluge-Seebold 324.
*3elfaz sb.n.: ON gjalýr 'noise, sea', MLG
gelve 'wave'. Related to Skt jálpati 'to
murmur, to speak', Lith želpúoti 'to
chatter, to babble'. Kuhn KZ I 140 (to
*3elpanari); Torp-Falk 132; Búga Aist.
191; Fraenkel 1296; Vries AMEW 169.
*3elj5janan wk.vb.: ON gilja 'to beguile',
OHG gilon 'to howl'. Probably derived
from *3ellanan. Pokorný I 489 (to Gk
Gétao 'to be wiUing'); Vries AMEW 167
(to *3elarí).
*3ellanan str.vb.: ON gjalla 'to yell', OE
3Íellan id., MLG gellen id., OHG gellan id.
Related to * 3 alanan. Siebs KZ XXXVII
299-300 (to *skellanan); Torp-Falk 130;
Holthausen AEE1\' 129; Jóhannesson
IEW 382-385; Pokorný I 428 (to Gk
^ÉXi8rav 'swallow'); Vries AMEW 169—
170; Onions 1019; Seebold 222-223;
Lehmann GED 157; Kluge-Seebold 310.
*3ellaz adj.: ON gjallr 'ringing', MLG gel
id., MHG gel 'loud, clear (of sounds)'.
Derived from *3ellanan. Karsten MB I
24; Heidermanns 239.
*3elpan sb.n.: ON gjalp 'boasting, brag-
ging', OE 3Íelp 'glory, pride, boasting'
(mase), OS gelp 'defiance, fleer', OHG
gelpf 'chatting' (mase.). Derived from
*3elpanan. Torp-Falk 132; Holthausen
AEEW 129; Vries AMEW 170 (to Lith
gulbis 'swan' and further to *3ellanan);
Seebold 223.
*3elpanan str.vb.: OE sielpan 'to boast,
to glory', MHG gelpfen 'to shout, to
sing'. Probably an emphatic form derived
from *3ellanan. Zupitza Gutt. 21; Mat-
zenauer IF VIII 195 (to Lith gulbis
'swan'); Torp-Falk 132; Holthausen
AEEW 129; Pokorný I 428 (to Lith
gulbinti 'to praise'); Seebold 223-224.
*3elstran sb.n.: Goth gilstr 'tax', OHG gel-
star 'toll, tribute'. Derivative in *-stro- from
*3eldan, *3eldanan. Osthoff KZ XXIII
315 (from *3eldtra-); Feist 215; Lehmann
GED 156; Seebold 222; Benveniste IEL
57—59; Bammesberger Mom. 87.
*3elun5 sb.f: ON pl. gjqlnar 'gills (of a
fish)'. Identical with Arm jelun 'palatě',
Gk %eXwT] 'lip, jaw' (Osthoff IF IV
276). Cf. also *3eliz > Sw gál, gel 'gill',
Dan gjďlle id. Solmsen KZ XXIX
352 (to Gk xeí^-o? 'lip'); Zupitza Gutt.
217; Torp-Falk 131; Pokorný I 436;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 108; Vries AMEW
171; Frisk II 1086; Onions 397.
*3elwaz adj.: OE 3eolu 'yellow', OS gelu
id., OHG gelo id. Related to Lat heluus
'dun-coloreď, Lith želvas 'greenish'. Cf.
also *3allan ~ *3alldn. Kuhn KZ I 516
(to Skt gaurá- 'whitish, yellowish', Lat
giluus 'pale yellow'); Curtius Gr. Et. 202
(to Lat fuluus 'bright yellow'); Persson
Beitráge 794; Schwentner FB 66—68;
Torp-Falk 131; Holthausen AEE)V
127; Walde-Hofmann I 639; Porzig
3elwaz
132
3estraz
207; Pisani IF LIII 38;
Pokorný I 429-430; Fraenkel 1297;
Vries AME1 I t 1 94; Onions 1019; Bammes-
berger Mom. 243; Heidermanns 240;
Kluge-Seebold 309.
*3ennanan str.vb.: Goth du-ginnan 'to
begin', OE be-^hman id., OFris bi-ginna
id., OS be-ginnan id., OHG bi-ginnan id.
Despite the anlaut with no traces of
*3iv-, to be compared with Skt hánti 'to
strike', Gk Geívco 'to kilT, Slav *gbnati 'to
drive' . Wiedemann BB XXVII 1 93-1 96
(to Alb ze 'to seize'); Bugge PBB XII 405
(to Lat re-cěns 'fresh, young, recenť);
Torp-Falk 125 (to Slav *četi 'to begin' or
from *gen-u-)\ Holthausen IF XXX 47
(to Gk xav8ávco 'to seize'), AEE]V 131;
Feist 128; Pokorný I 437-438, 491-494;
Onions 85-86; Seebold 224-225 (to
MLG ent-ginnen 'to cuť, OHG an-ginnan
id.); Lehmann GED 97; Kluge- Seebold
91 (to Lat pre-hendo 'to lay hold of, to
grasp, to snatch').
*3eraz adj.: Burg *girs 'greedy', ON gerr
id., OHG ger, giri id. Related to Toch A
kar(y)-, B ker(y)- 'to laugh', Skt háryati 'to
yearn for, to like', Av zeira- 'striving (?)'
Gk %áp\q 'favor', Lat honor 'to admonish'
Karsten MB I 24; Zupitza Gutt. 200
Bartholomae 1670; Torp-Falk 128
Walde-Hofmann I 657-658; Feist 186
Kluge 68; Mayrhofer III 583; Pokorný
I 440-441; Vries AMEW 164; Frisk II
1062-1064; Onions 1019; Lehmann GED
140; Kobler 710; Heidermanns 241-
242; Adams TB 197.
*3erdo sb.f: Goth gairda 'belt, girdle',
ON gjqrd id. (pardy *3erdiz), MDu gherde
'girdle'. Connected with *3urdjanan.
Torp-Falk 129; Feist 185-186; Porzig
Gliederung 137; Jóhannesson IE] I' 363—
364; Pokorný I 444; Vries AMEW
164, 171; Zalizniak II 193; Onions
399; Seebold 225; Lehmann GED 140;
Bammesberger Nom. 110.
*3erín sb.f: OESc giri 'greeď, Norw dial.
gir id., OS fehu-giri 'rapacity', OHG giri
'rapacity, greeď. Derived from *3eraz.
Cf. also Goth faihu-geiro 'greeď with an
unexpected *-i- probably explained by
the influence of *3Íenan. Feist 16—17;
Lehmann GED 103—104; Heidermanns
241.
*3ernaz adj.: Goth faihu-gairns 'covetous,
avaricious', ON gjarn 'eager, willing', OE
3eorn 'eager, ardent, careful', OFris adv.
gerne 'gladly', OS gem 'desiring', OHG
gem 'eager'. Derived from *3eraz. Torp-
Falk 128; Feist 186; Holthausen AEE] V
127; Karsten NB II 43; Pokorný I 440-
441; Vries AMEW 170; Onions 1019;
Benveniste IEL 161; Bammesberger
Mom. 246; Heidermanns 242; Kluge-
Seebold 316.
*3ernín sb.f: Goth gairnei 'desire, wish,
longing', ON á-girni 'ambition, cupidity',
OHG gerní 'zeal, care'. Derived from
* 3 ernaz. Hirt PBB XXIII 291; Feist
186; Vries AMEW 168; Benveniste IEL
161; Lehmann GED 140; Heidermanns
242.
*3ernjanan wk.vb.: Goth gaimjan 'to lust,
to desire, to wish', ON girnask id., OE
3Íeman 'to yearn', OS girnian id. Derived
from *3emaz. Zupitza Gutt. 200; Torp-
Falk 128; Holthausen AEE] V 129; Feist
186; Vries AMEW 168; Onions 1019;
Benveniste IEL 161; Heidermanns 242.
*3erst5n sb.f: OS gersta 'barley', OHG
gersta id. If the full grade in Gmc is sec-
ondary, it is particularly close to Gk Kpí,
Kpi9r| id., Alb drithe id. < *ghrzdha. Cf.
also Lat hordeum id. (probably also with
*-r-). Further cf. *j;o«n««. Hoops ]Vald-
báume 364-371; Torp-Falk 130; Jokl
Festschr. Kretschmer 89-91 (adds Gk «x E P~
8o? 'wild pear'); Walde-Hofmann I
656-657; Pokorný I 446; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 88; Frisk II 18-19; Hamp iT~
XCVIII 11-12; Kluge-Seebold 316-
317; Orelz1£Z) 75.
*3estraz adj.: Goth gistra-dagis 'tomorrow',
OE adj. 3eostra 'of yesterday', OHG gestre
id. Related to the Indo-European word
for 'yesterday': Skt hyás, Gk %8É<;, Alb dje,
Lat hen. IE *ghies is direcdy attested in
ON adv. gtcr id. < *jžj. A direct equiva-
lent of *3estraz is W neithiwyr 'last nighť <
3estraz
133
3enan
*nok"ti-ghestro- (Fiok II 195). Cf. also
Lat hestemus < *hestrinos, a derivative of
hen with the samé suffix *-stro-. Kret-
schmer KZ XXXI 436-437; Torp-Falk
133; Walde-Hofmann I 642-643; Feist
215-216; Specht KZ LXVIII 201-205;
Mayrhofer III 614; Pokorný I 416;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 86; Vries AMEW
197; Frisk II 1097-1098; Chantraine
1258; Otrebski KZ LXXXrV 85-87;
Schindler Sprache XXIII 32—34; Leh-
mann GED 156; Puhvel Festschr. Hoenigs-
wald 315—318 (IE *ghies as loc. of a form
continued in *da3azj; Keuge-Seebold
320; Orel AED 68.
*3etalaz ~ *3etulaz adj.: ON sann-getall
'guessing true', OE ofer-^itol 'forgetful',
MLG vor-getel id., OHG a-gezzal id.
Derived from *3etanan. Karsten MB II
278; Seebold 226; Heidermanns 243-
244.
*3etanan str.vb.: Goth bi-gitan 'to find, to
discover', ON geta 'to geť, OE bi-^itan
'to gain, to obtain, to seize', OS bi-getan
id., OHG bi-gezznn id. Related to Gk
%av8áv(o 'to hold', Lat pre-hendo 'to lay
hold of. Zupitza Gutt. 173 (to Lith goda
'honor'); Rooth II 'ortst. 63; Torp-Falk
123; Feist 90; Holthausen AEEW 130;
Walde-Hofmann II 359; Jóhannesson
IEW 344-345; Pokorný I 437-438;
Vries AMEW 165; Frisk II 1071-1072;
Onions 85, 396; Seebold 226-227 (to
Slav *gadati 'to guess, to telí fortunes');
Lehmann GED 69; Kluge-Seebold 856.
*3et5n ~ *3etan sb.f./n.: ON geta 'guess',
OE and-jiet 'understanding, knowledge',
MLG vorget 'forgetfulness', OHG a-gez id.
Derived from *3etanan. Holthausen
AEEW 130; Vries ANEW 165; Seebold
226; Bammesberger Mom. 59.
*3eusanan str.vb.: ON gjósa 'to gush, to
break ouť. A morphological variant of
*3eutanan. On the other hand, cf. Toch B
kus- 'to shoot upward, to gush', Mír gus
'strength, wildness', W gwst 'strengúY <
*ghus-tu- similar to ON gustr 'gust, blasť <
*ghus-ti-. Torp-Falk 137; Jóhannesson
IEW 315-318; Pokorný I 447-448;
Vries ANEW 170-171; Lerchner 91;
Seebold 227-228; Bammesberger Mom.
65; Adams TB 186.
*3eutanan str.vb.: Goth giutan 'to pour',
ON gjóta 'to drop, to uhrow', OE 3eótan
'to pour', OFris bi-jata 'to water', OS
giotan 'to pour', OHG giozan id. Close to
Toch AB kutk- 'to cast in a moulď, Lat
fundo 'to pour', perf. fúdi. Probably, an
extension of *gheu- id.: Toch AB ku- 'to
pour', Skt juhóti 'to pour in the fire', Gk
xéa> 'to pour' (Aufrecht KZ I 119).
Zupitza Gutt. 203; Torp-Falk 136; Holt-
hausen AEEW 128; Walde-Hofmann I
563-564; Feist 216; Jóhannesson IEW
315-318; Pokorný I 447-448; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 91; Vries ANEW 170;
Onions 373; Benveniste IEL 476, 482;
Seebold 228-229; Lehmann GED 156-
157; Kluge-Seebold 324; Adams 77?
179-180, 183.
*3eutaz ~ *3eu{)az sb.m.: ON gjóSr
'Falco haliaetus', OE earnseát 'goat-
eagle, vulture', OHG erin-grioz 'a kind of
eagle' (for *-3Íoz?). Of uncertain origin.
Johansson BB XIII 117-118 (*'fisher',
related to Gk í/Sút; 'fish'); Vries ANEW
170 (to *3aujanan).
*3ěbiz adj.: ON gefi 'meek, quieť, OFris
jeve 'passable', MLG gěve 'available',
MHG gicbe 'pleasanť. Derived from
*3ebanan. Rooth Wwtst. 22-23; Kar-
sten MB I 98; Torp-Falk 126; Vries
ANEW 197; Seebold 217-219; Matzel
Festschr. Schroder 102, KZ CV 112; Hei-
dermanns 236-237; Kluge-Seebold 294.
*3ěbo(n) sb.f: Burg *giba 'gifť, latě ON
gáfa id., MHG gabe id. Derived from
*3ebanan. Torp-Falk 126; Kóbler 710.
*3ěnan athem.: Crim Goth geen 'to go',
OSwed gá id., OE 3án id., OFris gan id.,
OS gan id., MHG gan, gen id. Connected
with Skt jáháti 'to leave, to abandon', Av
zazaiti 'to retům, to give birtíi (?)'.
Osthoff Suppl. 57-58; Grienberger Got.
82-83; Helten PBB XXXV 285-287;
Meillet MSL XX 104; Bartholomae
1687; Torp-Falk 120; Feist 181-182,
213; Holthausen AEEW 123; Mayr-
3enan
134
3inanan
hofer I 426; Pokorný I 418-419;
Onions 403; Seebold 216-217 (to Gk
ohavní 'to reach, to hiť, Skt med. jíhite);
Lehmann GED 138; Kluge-Seebold
307.
*3ětiz adj.: ON á-gattr 'famous, excellenť,
OE or-^íete 'plausible'. Derived fom *3eta-
nan. Karsten MB I 100; Holthausen
AEEW 130; Vries ANEW 198; Seebold
227; Matzel Festschr. Schroder 102, R'Z
CV 112; Heidermanns 243.
*3ětjanan wk.vb.: ON gteta 'to watch,
to tenď, OFris gěta, gata 'to observe'.
Derived from *3itiz. Noreen ANF III
16 (from * 3 a-axtjan); Kock ANF XIII 164
(follows Noreen); Falk-Torp ND 321
(directíy from *3etanan); Torp-Falk 121
(reconstruct *3awatjanan, to *3awěnan)\
Vries ANEW 197-198.
*3Íěnan wk.vb.: OHG giěn 'to strive, to
aspire'. Related to Toch B kay- 'to open
wide', Lat hio 'to open, to be open, to
gape', Lith žióju, žióti 'to open mouth',
Slav *zějq, *zějati id. Persson Beitráge
318 (OE 3Íscian 'to sob' compared to
Lat hlsco 'to open, to gape, to yawn');
Torp-Faek 133; Trautmann BS] V 368;
Walde-Hofmann I 647-648; Pokorný I
419-422; Fraenkel 1312; Seebold 220;
Vasmer-Trubachev II 98; Lehmann
GED 104; Adams TB 153.
*3Ílan ~ *3Í16 sb.n./f: ON gil 'deep nar-
row glen widr a stream at bottom', MDu
giel 'open mouth', OHG gil 'hernia'.
Derived from *3Íěnan. Zupltza Gutt.
203; Vries ANEW 166.
*3Ímiz sb.f: ON gymbr 'ewe lamb of a year
olď, OFrank in-gimus 'one winter old ani-
mal'. From the zero grade of the word
for 'winter', cf. Skt himá- 'winter, colď,
Gk bva-xmoq 'stormy, wintery', Lat bimus
'two years olď < *bi-himus. See *3omz.
Zetterholm apud Vries (secondary
ON -ji-); Torp-Falk 127; Walde-
Hofmann I 106; Pokorný I 425; Vries
ANEW 196.
*3Ínan sb.n.: ON gin 'mouth (of beasts)',
OE sin 'gap, opening, abyss', OHG voltům
'vasto ore'. Derived from *ginanan.
ZuprrzA Gutt. 203; Holthausen AEEW
131; Vries ANEW 167; Seebold 219;
Bammesberger Nom. 73.
*3Ípójanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. gipa 'to
gape', OE part. jjipi^end 'yawning'.
Related to *3Íenaiií Zupitza Gutt. 203;
Torp-Falk 134; Vries ANEW 161 (to
*ghei- 'to yawn').
*3ičtaz sb.m.: OHG glt 'voracity'. Con-
tinues IE *gheidh-\ Lith geidžiú, gásti 'to
desire', Slav *zbdaú 'to wait, to expecť
(Zupitza Gutt. 173). Derivationally similar
to Lith gaídas 'violent desire'. Further
related to *3Íenan. Schmidt Vok. I 73;
Meillet MSL XIV 349; Torp-Falk 134;
Trautmann BS]V 82; Pedersen K£
XXXVIII 390; Pokorný I 426-428;
Vasmer-Trubachev II 39; Lehmann
GED 104.
*3Ífraz adj.: ON hap. leg. gífr 'greedy', OE
3Ífre 'greedy, covetous'. An alternativě
reconstruction is *3ibraz. Derived from
*3Íěnan. Cf. *3iraz. Zupitza Gutt. 203;
Torp-Falk 134; Holthausen AEEW
130; Wissmann jVP 41-42; Pokorný I
421; Vries ANEU T 166 (to Lat hippitare
'oscitare'); Heidermanns 237-238 (based
on *3\fez-).
*3Í3ěnan ~ *3Ín3ěnan wk.vb.: Goth ga-
geigan 'to gain, to acquire', OHG gingěn,
gingon 'to yearn'. A reduplicated deriva-
tive of *3Íěnan (Grienberger Got. 82) sim-
ilar to *3an3anan < *3inan. Uhlenbeck
PBB XXX 283 (reduplication); Zupitza
Gutt. 173, 203 (samé as Grienberger);
Torp-Falk 134, 565; Wissmann NP 156;
Feist 181; Pokorný I 424 (to *ghěi- 'to
yawn'); Lehmann GED 137.
*3Ílan sb.n.: Norw dial. gil 'beer in a keg',
Du gijl id. Of unknown origin. Torp-
Falk 120 (to *3ailaz)\ Pokorný I 452;
Vries ANEW 166.
*3im6n sb.f: ON gíma 'vast opening', G
dial. gim id. Derived from *3Íenan.
Zupitza Gutt. 203; Pokorný I 420; Vries
ANEW 167.
*3Ínanan str.vb.: ON gína 'to yawn, to
gape', OE 3Ínan 'to yawn', OS glnan 'to
yawn' (mainly wk.), OHG ginanto 'hian-
3inanan
135
3laumaz
ter'. Derived from *3Íenan. Zupitza
Gutt. 203; Torp-Falk 133; Holthausen
AEEW 123-124, 131; Jóhannesson IEW
300-305; Pokorný I 419-420; Vries
ANEW 167; Onions 1018; Seebold 219-
221; Kluge-Seebold 295.
*3Íraz sb.m.: Norw dial. gir 'lust, passion',
OHG gir 'vulture'. Derived from *3Íenan.
Torp-Falk 133; Pokorný I 420.
*3Íslaz sb.m.: Goth prop. Gisla-mundus,
ON gísl 'hostage', OE 3Ísel 'pledge,
hostage', OFris jěsel, gísel id., OS gisal id.,
OHG gisal id. Continues IE *gheidh-tlo-s
together with Gaul -geistlus (in prop.),
Olr gell id., W gwystl id., OCorn guistel
id., Bret goestl 'gage, caution' or *gheis-
(o)lo- together with Olr gíall 'hostage'.
Zupitza Gutt. 217; Torp-Falk 135;
Holthausen AEE\ V 131; Pokorný I 426;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 97; Vries ANE1\'
168; Zalizniak I 131; Bammesberger
Nom. 88; Kluge-Seebold 308.
*3Íslaz ~ *3izlaz sb.m.: Icel gill 'parhe-
lion, mock-sun', Langob gisil 'arrow'.
Related to *3aizaz. Torp-Falk 121.
*3Ísl5janan wk.vb.: ON gísla 'to give as
hostage', OE 3Íslian id., MDu giselen 'to
také hostage', MHG ver-gíseln 'to give as a
hostage'. Derived from *3islaz. Vries
ANEW 168.
*3lada-líkaz adj.: ON glad-ligr 'glad,
bright, cheerful', OE ^led-líc 'bright,
pleasant, kinď. Derived from *3ladaz.
Heidermanns 244.
*3ladaz adj.: Burg *glads 'glad, shining',
ON gladr 'glad, bright', OE j/íSí/ 'shining,
bright', OFris gled 'smooth', MLG glat
'shining', OHG glat 'clear, lighť. Related
to Lat glaber 'smooth', Lith glodús 'tender',
Slav *gladbkb 'smooth'. Diefenbach KZ
XVI 222; Karsten NB I 57; Zupitza
Gutt. 174; Walde /FXLX 104 (to Lat lae-
tus 'luxurianť); Ernout MSL XIII 339;
Torp-Falk 147; Holthausen AEE1\'
132; Walde-Hofmann I 603; Schwarz
Festschr. Trier 445-449; Pokorný I 432;
Fraenkel 158; Vries ANEW 171; Meid
KZ LXXIX 292-293; Onions 399;
Trubachev ESSJa VI 115-116; Kobler
710; Heidermanns 244-245 (to *3loanan);
Kluge-Seebold 326.
*3lad5janan wk.vb.: ON glaia 'to glad-
den', OE 3Íadian 'to be glad, to make
glaď. Derived from *3ladaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 132; Vries ANEW 171;
Heidermanns 244.
*3laimiz ~ *3laimón sb.m.: OE 3lém
'brightness, splendor, radiance', OHG
gleimo 'glow-worm'. Derived from *3lima-
nan. Close to Latv glairna 'fun, joke'.
Torp-Falk 148; Holthausen AEEW
132; Onions 400.
*3laipjanan wk.vb.: ON gleipa 'to mock',
OHG part. gi-gleifit 'oblique, crookeď.
Derived from *3lipanan. Wood MP IV
492-493; Vries ANE]V 172.
*3lanaz I sb.m.: Norw glan 'skylighť,
MHG glan 'shine'. Substantivized *3lanaz
II. Heidermanns 246.
*3lanaz II adj.: OHG glan 'soft, sweeť.
Identical with Olr glan 'shining, clean', W
glan id. Pokorný I 429; Heidermanns
246 (reconstructs OHG superl. *glamsta;
to *3loanan).
*3lasan ~ *3lazan sb.n.: ON gler 'glass',
OE j/iřj id., 3lier 'amber', OFris gles
'glass', OS glas id., MLG glar 'resin',
OHG glas 'glass, amber'. Substantivized
*3Íason. Borrowed to Lat glěsum, glaesum
'amber'. Zupitza KZ XXXVII 398
(to Slav *glazb 'stone, pebble'); Torp-
Falk 147-148; Walde-Hofmann I
604; Holthausen AEEh 7 132; Pokorný
I 432; Vries ANEW 172; Zalizniak
I 140; Onions 400; Kluge-Seebold
326.
*3las5n adj.: ON verd-glasi 'shining from
lightnings', OS glasa 'grey-blue'. Further
connected with *3ladaz and *3Íastaz.
Heidermanns 247.
*3lastaz sb.m.: MHG glast 'shine'.
Identical with Olr glas 'light green, light
blue' < *ghbs-to- (Meto KZ LXXLX 292-
293). Furuher connected with *3lason.
Zupitza Gutt. 174; Heidermanns 247.
*3laumaz sb.m.: ON glaumr 'merry noise',
OE 3Íeám joyous noise, jubilation'. Iden-
tical with Slav *glunrb 'joke' (Berneker I
3laumaz
136
3liwan
308). Zupitza Gutt. 174; Torp-Falk
149; Holthausen AEE)V 132; Pokorný I
451; Vries AMEW 171; Stang LS 22-23;
Trubachev ESSJa VI 147-148.
*3lawwaz adj.: Goth adv. glaggwaba, :
wuba 'meticulously, diligendy', ON
'clear-sighted, clear, clever', OE sléaw
'clear-sighted, wise, prudenť, OS glau
'clever, intelligenť, MHG glau 'attentíve,
intelligenť. If the originál meaning is
'clear', to be compared with Gk ykoo^
'greenish-yellow'. Uhlenbeck Got. Wb.
65 (to *3lóanan); Persson Beitráge 794—795
(close to Uhlenbeck); Brugmann IF XVI
500 (to Lith žveígti 'to look'); Torp-Falk
149; Feist 216; Holthausen AEEW 132;
Pokorný I 433; Trubachev Slav. jaz. V
172 (to Slav *gluzdb 'mind, brain'); Vrles
AMEW 177; Henry KZ LXXVII 140-
145; Llndeman Verscháifung 150; Seebold
/FLXXVI 328; Lehmann GED 157 (fol-
lows Uhlenbeck); Heidermanns 247-
248.
*3lentěnan wk.vb.: Norw dial. gletta 'to
look', ME glenten 'to appear, to look'.
Identical with Latv glendet 'to look, to
look for', Slav *gle\děti, *glgdati 'to look'
(Schmidt Vok. I 57). Further cf. Olr
inglennat 'investiganť (Pedersen Kelt. Gr.
II 539). Zupitza KZ XXXVI 66;
Torp-Falk 147; Trautmann BSW 92;
Pokorný I 431; Vasmer-Trubachev I
418.
*3lěsjanan wk.vb.: ON glcesa 'to make
shining, to embellish', MLG glaren 'to
shine'. Derived from *3lason. Vries
AME1V 177.
*3lid5n sb.f.: ON gleda 'kite, Milvus
regalis', OE 3Íida id., MLG glede id.
Derived from *3Íidanan. Charpentier
KZ XL 434 (to Gk xe^Sróv 'swallow');
Holthausen AEEW 132; Vrtes AMEW
172; Onions 400.
*3limm5janan wk.vb.: Swed glimma 'to
shine', Du glimmen id. Of imitative origin.
Vries AMEW 175.
*3lis5janan wk.vb.: Norw dial. glisa 'to
glimmer', OE jlisian 'to shine, to glisten',
OFris glisa id., MLG glisen 'to shine, to
glisten'. Cf. *3limmojanan. Torp-Falk
149; Pokorný I 433.
*3lit(a)rójanan wk.vb.: ON glitra 'to
glitter', MHG glitzern id. Derived from
*3&>. Torp-Falk 148; Vries AMEW
174.
*3lídanan str.vb.: OSwed glida 'to glide'
(if not from WGmc), OE slídan id., OFris
glida id., OS glidan 'to slip', OHG glitan
'to glide'. A voiced variant of the root
attested in *klipón. Torp-Falk 148;
Holthausen AEEW 133; Jóhannesson
IEW 375-382; Pokorný I 433 (to
*3litanan); Onions 401; Seebold 230-231
(to Latv glaidit 'to stroke' or IE *ghlei- 'to
shine'); Kluge-Seebold 327.
*3límanan str.vb.: Norw gllma 'to smol-
der', MHG glímen 'to shine'. Related to
*3liqjanan. Torp-Falk 148.
*3lím5n sb.m.: OS glimo 'brightness',
OHG glím, glimo 'glow-worm'. Related
to *3llmanan. Torp-Falk 148; Onions
400.
*3líojanan wk.vb.: ON gljá 'to glitter',
OFris glla id. Related to Gk %k\(a 'to lux-
uriate, to revel' (Persson Beitráge II 793-
794). Torp-Falk 148; Pokorný I 432;
Vrtes AMEW 175; Frisk II 1103-1104.
*3lípanan str.vb.: Norw dial. gllpa 'to
stay open', MHG glífen 'to slanť. An
emphatic derivative of *3liojanan. Torp-
Falk 148-149.
*3lítanan str.vb.: OS glitan 'to shine',
OHG glízan id. Zero grade is attested in
ON wk. glita 'to shine, to glitter' <
*3litqjan. Maybe related to Gk %X,i8t|
'voluptuousness, luxury'. On the other
hand, cf. *3Íiojan. Torp-Falk 148; Feist
216-217; Jóhannesson IEW 375-382;
Pokorný I 433; Frisk II 1103-1104;
Onions 401; Seebold 231-232 (to Mír
glé 'clear'); Lehmann GED 157; Kluge-
Seebold 327.
*3lítiz sb.m.: ON glit 'glitter', OHG gliz
'brightness'. Related to *3Íitanan. Vries
AMEW 174; Seebold 231; Lehmann GED
157.
*3líwan sb.n.: ON glý 'glee, gladness', OE
3IÍW 'glee, joy'. Cf. Olr glé 'shining,
3liwan
137
3na3anan
brighť < *gleiuo-. Further related to
* 3 llqjanan. Fick I 419, III 149 (to Gk
xA.eíiti 'joke, jest'); Torp-Falk 148;
Holthausen AE7ÍT I 7 133; Pokorný I 432,
451; Vries ANEW 176; Onions 400.
*3l6anan str.vb.: OE slówan 'to glow'.
Continucs *ghlo(u)- distantly related to
*ghel- 'to shine', cf. *3lawwaz. Torp-
Falk 149; Holthausen AEE1V 133;
Jóhannesson IEW 375-376; Pokorný I
430, 433; Vries ANEW 175; Onions 402;
Seebold 233.
*3lóčtiz sb.f.: ON glób 'red-hot embers'
(root stem), OE 3léd 'burning coal,
ember, fire, fláme', OFris glěd 'ember,
hot coal', MLG glód id., OHG gluot id.
Derived from *^loanan. Stolz Lat. (to
Lat flamma 'fláme' < *fladma); Zupitza
Gutt. 174; Torp-Falk 149; Holthausen
AEEW 133; Pokorný I 430, 433; Vries
ANEW 175; Zalizniak II 207; Onions
400; Seebold 233; Kluge- Seebold 329.
*3l6ďjanan wk.vb.: ON glceSa 'to sparkle',
OE 3«-j/éř/«n 'to kindle'. Derived from
*3l5diz. Vries ANEW 177.
*3lófo(n) sb.m./f.: ON glófi 'glove', OE 3 lóf
id. Of unknown origin. Wadstein IF V
23 (from *3a-lof-, to *ldfon); Torp-Falk
119; Holthausen AEEW 133; Vries
ANEW 175; Onions 402.
*3lómaz sb.m.: Norw glóm 'transparent
membráně', OE 3IÓ171 'twilight, gloom'.
Derived from *3Í5anan. Torp-Falk 149.
*3ló5janan wk.vb.: ON glóa 'to shine, to
glitter', OFris part. gliand 'to glow', OS
gloian id., OHG gluoen 'to glow, to burn'.
Derived from *3Ídanan. Torp-Falk 149;
Seebold 233; Kluge-Seebold 329.
*3l5raz adj.: EFris sbst. glor 'bright
embers'. Identical with Gk yXmpíiq
'greenish-yellow'. Torp-Falk 149; Po-
korný I 430; Frisk II 1109-1110; Vries
ANEW 175 (adds ON fagr-glór 'shining'
but -glóz < *3Íd(w)az).
*3l6rójanan wk.vb.: Norw glora 'to staré',
ME 3Íóren id., OFris gloren 'to glow'.
Derived from *3laraz. Torp-Falk 149;
Vries ANEW 175.
*3lum5janan wk.vb.: Norw gluma 'to
become dark', ME gloume, gloumbe 'to look
sullen'. Derived from *3lumaz. Pokorný
I 433; Onions 401; Vries ANEW 176.
*3lupn5janan wk.vb.: ON glúpna 'to look
downcasť, ME 3Íopnen 'to be surpriseď.
Related to *3lúpanan. Torp-Falk 150.
*3luppó(n) ~ *3luppan sb.f./n.: Icel
gloppa 'spliť, EFris glopp id., Du glop 'nar-
row passage'. Maybe related to Slav
*glybb 'depth' unless the latter is a
secondary variant of *glqbb id. Torp-
Falk 150; Vries ANEW 175; Vasmer-
Trubachev I 417-418.
*3lúmaz adj.: ON sbst. glúmr 'bear', EFris
glum 'dark look', LG gliím id. Probably
from *ghlu-mo- related to Gk yXóoq,
y\ox>^ 'greenish-yellow', cf. *3lawwaz.
Pokorný I 433; Vries ANEW 1 76.
*3lúmjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. glyma
'to staré sullenly', EFris glúmen 'to look
secretly'. Derived from *3lúmaz. Po-
korný I 433.
*3lúpan sb.n.: Norw dial. glúp 'gulleť,
EFris glúpe 'rift, crevice'. See *3luppo(n) ~
*3Íuppan. Torp-Falk 150.
*3lúpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. glúpa 'to
gape', OFris glúpa 'to look' (wk.), MLG
glúpen 'to cast a secret look with half-
opened eyes' (wk.). Originally, a strong
verb. Related to Slav *gluprb 'latě (of
night), stupid, dumb', despite the irregu-
lar correspondence of labials. Torp-
Falk 150 (to *3lúpan).
*3lúrjanan wk.vb.: Norw glýra 'to cast a
pierce side glance', MHG glúren 'to lurk'.
Cf. *3lumjanan. Torp-Falk 149-150;
Vries ANE]V 176 (to ON glys 'finery').
*3nadďan sb.n.: ON gnadd 'grumbling,
muttering'. Of imitative origin. Vries
ANEW lil.
*3naddr5janan wk.vb.: Norw gnadra
'grumble', G gndttem id. Derived from
*3naddan. Vries ANE] L 177.
*3na3anan str.vb.: ON gnaga 'to gnaw',
OE 3na3an id., MLG gnagen id., OHG
gnagan id. Related to Toch B nask- 'to
eat, to gnaw', Av aiwi-ynixta 'gnaweď
(Persson IVurzelerw. 136; Siebs K~
XXXVII 321). Bartholomae 89; Torp-
3na3anan
138
3oljanan
Falk 137; Holthausen AEEl\ r 133;
Jóhannesson IEW 337-341; Pokorný I
436-437; Vries ANEW 177-178 (to IE
*ghen- 'to gnaw'); Onions 403; Seebold
233-234; Rluge-Seebold 581; Adams
TB 334.
*3naist5n sb.m./f.: ON gneisti 'spark', OE
Snást id. (< *3naistaž), OHG gneista id.
Closely related to OPrus knaistis 'fire'
(Johansson PBB XrV 355). Fiok KZ
XXI 1 (from *3a-xnaista-)\ Zupitza Gutt.
120; Torp-Falk 96 (follow Fick);
Johansson IF XrX 136 (from *san-aista-,
to *ghen- 'to grate, to rub' and *aidh- 'to
burn'); Holthausen AEE]\ t 133; Vries
ANE1V 178.
*3najjójanan ~ *xnajjójanan wk.vb.:
ON gneggja 'to neigh', OE hniésan id., OS
hněgian id., MHG negen, nyhen id. Of imi-
tative origin (Walde-Pokorny I 394).
Siebs KZ XXXVII 321 (to * 3 na3anan);
Holthausen AEEW 165; Vries ANEW
178.
*3narr5janan wk.vb.: Norw gnarra
'to blow (of cold wind)', E dial. gnarr 'to
growl', OFris gnarren 'to crunch, to
gnash', LG gnamn id. Of imitative origin.
Vries ANEW 179 (to ON gnarr 'sea').
*3nastjanan wk.vb.: ON gnesta 'to crack',
G dial. gnasten 'to pelt down, to patter'.
Of imitative origin. Noreen Gr. § 91;
Vries AMW 178.
*3natr5janan wk.vb.: ON gnqtra 'to clat-
ter', E dial. gnatter 'to growl', EFris gnatern
id., LG gnetern 'to make a noise'. Of imi-
tative origin. Vries ANEW 181.
*3nattaz sb.m.: Swed dial. gnatt 'mote',
OE smet 'gnať, LG gnatte id., G dial.
Gnatze id. Connected with *jnito? Torp-
Falk 137; Holthausen AEEl\ r 133;
Pokorný I 436; Onions 403.
*3nitó sb.f: ON gnit 'niť. Closely related
to Slav *gnida id., Lith glinda id. (<
*gmnda), Latv gríida id. (Persson Beitrage
94-96, 202). Can be further connected to
such phonetically diverging forms as Gk
kovÍc; id., Alb theri ~ theni < PAlb *tsanid(i.
See *xnitz. Zupitza Gutt. 120; Wadsteln
IF V 16 (from *sa-xnit-); Wood IF
XVIII 24-26; Meillet MSL XXII 143;
Pokorný I 437; Fraenkel 157-158;
Vries ANEW 179; Frisk I 912-913;
Orel AED 476.
*3nídanan wk.vb.: Swed gnida 'to rub', OE
^nídan 'to rub, to break', MLG gniden 'to
rub', OHG gnitan id. Continues *ghnei-t-
or *ghnei-dh- related to Toch B nitt-
'to break, to crush', Gk %víe.i- \|/aK<i^ei,
OptmxEi, Slav gniti 'to roť. Persson Bei-
trage II 811; Torp-Falk 138; Holthausen
AEEW 133; Jóhannesson IEW 337-341;
Pokorný I 436-437; Vries ANElť 179;
Frisk II 1106; Seebold 234; Trubachev
ESSJa VI 176-177; Adams TB 337-338.
*3oáa-líkaz adj.: ON jqfh-gói-ligr 'equally
cosdy' (uncertain reading), OE sádlíc
'gooď, OS gód-lik id., OHG guot-líh 'glo-
rious'. Derived from *sódaz. Hetder-
MANNS 251.
*3Ďáaz adj.: Goth gops 'gooď, ON góor id.,
OE 3Ód id., OFris gód id., OS god id.,
OHG guot id. Related to Lith guodas
'honor', goda id., Latv gúods id., Slav
*goditi 'to please, to fiť, *godbrn> 'fitting'.
Legerlotz KZ VIII 416 (to Gk áya6ó<;
'gooď); Grassmann KZ XII 129; Schmidt
l^XXV 150 (hesitandy follows Leger-
lotz); Torp-Falk 124; Feist 218; Hol-
thausen AEEW 134; Bartoli AGU
XXXII 97-114; Pokorný I 423-424;
Fraenkel 159-160; Vries ANEW 181;
Onions 405; Stang LS 23-24; Lehmann
GED 158; Trubachev ESSJa VI 188-
190; Heidermanns 250-252; Beekes KZ
CIX 227-230 (non-IE loan); Kluge-
Seebold 343.
*3Ódín sb.f: Goth godei 'virtue, goodness',
OS godi 'goodness', OHG guoti 'goodness,
virtue'. Derived from *sódaz. Feist 217;
Heidermanns 251.
*3Čdjanan wk.vb.: ON gceda 'to endow, to
enrich', MDu ver-goeden 'to reimburse',
MHG gúeten 'to expiate, to make up for'.
Derived from *sódaz. Structurally close to
Slav *gaditi 'to indulge, to gratify', *gadjati
'to hiť. Vrdís ANEW 198; Trubachev
ESSJa VI 80; Heidermanns 251.
*3Óljanan wk.vb.: Goth goljan 'to greeť,
3oljanan
139
3ramaz
ON gala 'to comfort, to soothe'. Con-
nected with *^alanan. Structurally close to
the isolated Slav *galiti 'to jump, to tri-
umph, to laugh' (Berneker I 293).
Zupitza Gutt. 172; Torp-Falk 130; Feist
217; Vries ANEW 198 (to * 3 ellanan);
Seebold 212; Lehmann GED 157; Tru-
bachev ESSJa VI 92-94 (Slav *galiti to
Gk $á\\(ů 'to throw').
*3omaz ~ *3Óm6n sb.m.: ON gómr
'palatě', OE sóma id., MHG guome id.
Related to Lith gomurys 'throat, gulleť
(Schueze KZ XXVII 29). Zupitza Gutt.
175; Torp-Falk 135 (to Gk ^t|ij.ti 'yawn-
ing, gaping'); Trautmann BS]V 77;
Holthausen AEEW 134; Pokorný I 449
(to *3aujanan); Chemodanov SGGJa I 73;
Vries AMEW 182; Zalizniak I 153;
Onions 419; Fvluge-Seebold 302.
*3Ďmz sb.f.: Norw dial. go 'period of
February— March'. Cf. also ON fem. gói
'month from the middle of February to
the middle of March'. Continues nom.
*ghiom. Related to Skt himá- 'cold, win-
ter', héman- 'winter', Gk xxíov 'snow', Arm
jiwn id., Lat hiems 'winter', Olr gaim id.,
Lith ziema id., Slav *zima id. Pedersen
Kelt. Gr. I 66; Trautmann BSW 367-368;
Walde-Hofmann I 645-646; Specht KZ
LXII 115; Pokorný I 425; Fraenkel
1306; FriskII 1079-1081.
*3rabanan str.vb.: Godr graban 'to dig',
ON gráfa id., OE 3rafan id., OFris grěna,
griova id., OS gravan id., OHG graban id.
Related to Lith grebiu, grebti 'to rake', Slav
*grebq, *grebti 'to rake, to dig' (Sohleicher
KZ I 142), Alb kreh ~ kref 'to comb' <
PAlb *grebska. Zupitza Gutt. 175; Torp-
Falk 140-141; Feist 218-219; Holt-
hausen AEEl\ r 136; Pokorný I 456;
Fraenkel 165-166; Vries ANEW 184;
Onions 411; Stang LS 24; Seebold 235-
237; Trubachev ESSJa VII 109-110;
Lehmann GED 158-159; Orel AED 195.
*3rabilaz sb.m.: ON grefill 'little hoe',
OHG grebil 'peg'. Derived from *jraba-
nan. Structurally similar to Slav *greb(~b)lo
'rake, spade, shověl'. Vrtes ANEW 185;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 110-111.
*3rabjaz ~ *3rabjan sb.m./n.: ON grefr
'hoe', OE jriefe 'graving instrument'.
Derived from *^rabanan. Identical with
Slav *grobja 'heap of stones, pit, mountain
ridge' (from old neut.?). Torp-Falk
141; Vries ANEW 185; Seebold 236;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 132.
*3rabó ~ *3raban sb.f./n.: Goth graba
'trench, ditch', ON graf 'hole, pit' (pardy
< *jrabiz), OE sref 'grave, trench', OS
graf 'grave', OHG grab id. Derived from
*jrabanan. Structurally close to Slav
*grob'b 'grave'. Torp-Falk 141; Holt-
hausen AEEW 135; Feist 218-219;
Pokorný I 456; Vries ANEW 193;
Zalizniak II 196; Onions 411; Seebold
235; Trubachev ESSJa VII 133-134;
Lehmann GED 158-159.
*3raftuz ~ *3raftiz sb.m./f: ON groptr
'digging, burial', OE jrieft 'carving', OFris
greft 'digging', MLG graft 'pit, tomb',
OHG sraft 'chiseling, anaglyph'. De-
rived from *3rabanan. Torp-Falk 141
Holthausen AEE]V 135; Pokorný I 456
Vries ANE]\ r 193; Zalizniak II 199
Seebold 236.
*3raipiz adj.: ON hard-greipr 'hard-
clutcheď, OE tet-^répe 'grasping, seizing'.
Derived from *3ňpanan. Holthausen
AEEW 135; Seebold 237; Matzel
Festschr. Schroder 94-95, KZ CV 96;
Hetdermanns 253.
*3raipo sb.f: ON greip 'space between the
thumb and the other íingers' (traces of a
root stem in pl.), OE jráp 'grasp, clutch',
MDu grepe 'fisť, OHG greifa 'fork, tri-
denť. Derived from *^rípanan. Torp-
Falk 144; Holthausen AEE]V 136;
Pokorný I 457-458; Vries ANEW
186-187; Zalizniak II 208; Seebold
237; Lehmann GED 160; Bammesberger
Nom. 1 06.
*3ramaz adj.: ON gramr 'furious', OE $ram
id., OS gram 'hostile', OHG gremi 'grim,
wilď (j«-stem). Related to Av gen. pl.
grammtam 'angry', and further to Gk
Xpónoi; 'noise, neighing', Slav *gromb
'thunder', a deverbative formation based
on IE *ghrem-. Torp-Falk 142; Wood
3ramaz
140
3raupiz
IF XXII 163; Holthausen AEEW 136
Karsten NB II 452; Pokorný I 458-459
Vries ANEW 184; Frisk II 1116-1117
Onions 414; Trubachev ESSJa VII 138
Lehmann GED 159; Heidermanns 253-
254; Kluge-Seebold 333.
*3ramitjanan ~ *3rumitjanan wk.vb.:
Norw grymta 'to grunt', OE 3re?nettan,
Srymettan 'to roar, to rage'. Cf. also OHG
gremizzon 'to grumble' < *3ramitojanan.
Close to Gk xP e ^exí^co 'to neigh, to
whinny', pres. *xpe|rí^(0. Further cf.
*jramjanan. Torp-Falk 142; Pokorný I
458; Frisk II 1116-1117.
*3ramín sb.f.: ON gremi 'anger, wrath',
OS gremi id., OHG gremi id Derived from
*3ramjanan. Torp-Falk 142; Vries
ANEW 187; Heidermanns 254.
*3ramjanan wk.vb.: Goth gramjan 'to
anger, to provoke', ON gremja 'to anger',
OE sremian 'to provoke, to irritate', OHG
gremmen 'to anger, to irritate'. Derived
from *3ramaz. Structurally identical with
Slav *gromiti 'to thunder, to destroy'.
Zupitza Gutt. 175 (to Gk ^peiií^co 'to
neigh', Lat fremo 'to roar, to resounď,
but see *irem(m)anan); Torp-Falk 142
Holthausen AEEW 136; Feist 219
Pokorný I 458; Vries ANEW 187
Onions 414; Trubachev ESSJa VII
137; Lehmann GED 159; Heidermanns
254.
*3randó(n) sb.m./f: ON grandi 'isthrnus',
LG grand 'rough sanď. Derived from
*3rendanan. Structurally close to Slav
*grqdb ~ *grqda 'heap, lump'. Torp-
Falk 140 (to Gk ^óv8po<; 'granule, lump'
< ? *xpóv8po(;); Pokorný I 459; Vries
ANEW 184; Trubachev ESSJa VII
146-148.
*3ranj5janan wk.vb.: ON grenja 'to howl,
to bellow', OE srennian 'to grin', OHG
grennan 'to show the teeth', OHG grennon
'to whimper'. A descriptive stem, cf. OE
Sránian 'to groan, to lamenť < *jrainó-
janan, OHG grinnen 'to show the teeth' <
*3rennanan. Torp-Falk 140; Holthau-
sen AEE]\ T 137; Sturtevant JEGP
XXXV 216 (from *3a-xranjanan); Vries
ANEW 187 (to Skt hnuté 'to be angry');
Onions 414; Seebold 240-241.
*3rannaz adj.: ON grannr 'thin, slim, slen-
der', LG grann 'mean, sharp'. Related to
*3ranó. Karsten NB II 320-321, 335-
336 (reconstructs *3ranpaz); Torp-Falk
139; Vries ANEW 185; Heidermanns
254-255.
*3ranó sb.f: Goth-Lat acc. pl. granos 'pig-
tail', ON grqn 'moustache' (pl. granir
reflects *3raniz), OE sránu id., OHG
grana, gian id. Related to Slav *grono ~
*grona 'grape', *granb, *grana 'branch,
edge, tip'. Zupitza Gutt. 203; Torp-
Falk 138-139 (to Gk xpaívro 'to touch
lightly, to smear, to painť); Holthausen
AEEW 136; Feist 220; Pokorný I 440;
Dybo VSJa 25 (pretonic shortening in
Gmc); Chemodanov SGGJa I 99; Vries
ANEW 193; Zalizniak II 193; Truba-
chev ESSJa VII 104-106, 139-140; Leh-
mann GED 159; Kluge-Seebold 334 (to
Mír grend 'beard').
*3rasa-3roniz adj.: ON gras-grann 'grass-
green', OE 3ď,rs-3réne id., MDu gras-groene
id., MHG grase-gruene id. Compound of
*3rasan and *3roniz. Carr Mom. comp. 60.
*3rasan sb.n.: Goth gras 'grass', ON gros
id., OE 3Tes, 3ters id., OFris gers, gres id.,
OS gras id., OHG g)'as id. Related to Lat
gramen 'grass, stalk' < *ghns-men (Brug-
mann Morph. Unt. I 50-51) and Slav
*grozdb 'cluster, bunch (of grapes)' (Ber-
neker I 355) from IE *ghras-dho-.
Schmidt K£ XXV 133; Zupitza Gutt.
203; Wood KZ XLV 63; Holthausen IF
XVII 294-295, AEEW 135; Torp-Falk
143; Walde-Hofmann I 616-617; Feist
220; Kjíahe SuV 75; Pokorný I 454;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 89; Vries ANEW
185; Zalizniak I 140; Onions 410-411;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 142; Lehmann
GED 159-160; Kluge-Seebold 335 (to
*3roanan).
*3raupiz adj.: ON arin-greypr 'encompass-
ing uhe hearth'. Derived from str. *3reu-
panan > Swed dial. griopa 'to cut ouť. The
latter is of uncertain origin. Pokorný I
462; Heidermanns 256.
3raupjanan
141
3reutan
*3raupjanan wk.vb.: ON greypa 'to
groove', MLG gropen 'to hollow up'.
Derived from *3raupiz. Torp-Falk 146;
Vries AMEW 188 (to *3rep5janan); Hei-
DERMANNS 256.
*3rautaz adj.: ON sbst. grautr 'porridge',
OE jreáž 'great, large, thick', OFris grat
'large, heavy', OS grot 'large, large-scale',
OHG groz 'great, large'. Derived from
*3reutanan. Structurally close to Lith
graudus 'sprittle, brittle', Latv grauds 'corn,
grain', Slav *gruda 'heap'. Schmidt Voc.
I 170 (to Lat grandis 'great, large'); Bersu
Gutt. 130 (samé as Schmidt); Torp-Falk
145; Holthausen AEEW 136; Pokorný I
461; Chemodanov SGGJa I 77; Fraenkel
170; Vries AMEW 185; Onions 412 (to
*3rútan); Seebold 242 (to OHG gi-grozzan
broth 'panis cretinus', cf. *3reutanan)\
Bammesberger Nom. 237; Heidermanns
256; Hoad WGE 124-131; Kluge-
Seebold 340.
*3rawjan sb.n.: ON grey 'greyhounď, OE
3rÍ3-hund id. Of unknown origin. Holt-
hausen AEEW 137; Vries AMW 188 (to
*3Těwaz).
*3remma-líkaz adj.: ON grimm-ligr
'fierce, fearful', OE 3Úm-lk 'grim, fierce',
OS adv. grim-liko 'grimly', OHG adv.
grim-líhho id. Derived from *3remmaz.
Heidermanns 258.
*3remmaz adj.: Burg *grimms 'grim', ON
gnmmr 'grim, stern', OE 3Úm 'sharp, bit-
ter, fierce, grim', OFris grim 'grim, stern',
OS giim id., OHG grim id. Connected
with *3ramaz. Zupitza Gutt. 175; Torp-
Falk 142; Holthausen AEEW 137;
Pokorný I 458-459; Vries AMEW 189;
Onions 414; Lehmann GED 159; Kobler
710; Heidermanns 258-259; Kluge-
Seebold 338.
*3remmibo sb.f.: ON grimd 'grim-
ness, fierceness', OHG grimmida 'cruelty'.
Derived from *3remmaz. Heidermanns
258.
*3remmjanan wk.vb.: ON grimmask 'to
chafe, to be furious, OE 3rimman 'to run
with haste, to rage', OS grimman 'to rage',
OHG gnmmen id. Derived from *3remmaz.
Holthausen AEEW
258.
137; Heidermanns
*3renčtan sb.n.: Goth grinda-frapjis 'faint-
hearted, 6Xiyó\]fV>xo%' , OE 3e-7/ňnd 'grind-
ing, rubbing together, noise, commotion',
OHG grint 'impetigo, scab' (mase.).
Derived from *3rendanan. Feist 222; See-
bold 240.
*3rendanan str.vb.: OE 3Úndan 'to grinď.
Identical with Lat ýrendo 'to rub away,
to gnash' (Froehde KZ XVIII 313),
Lith gréndžiu, grpti 'to rub, to serape'
(Zupitza Gutt. lil). Persson Wwzelerw.
72-73 (folio ws Froehde); Torp-Falk
140; Sommer HL 187; Trautmann BSW
96-97; Holthausen AEEW 137-138;
Walde-Hofmann I 545—546; Pokorný I
459; Chemodanov SGGJa 171; Fraenkel
167; Onions 414; Seebold 240; Lehmann
GED 160.
*3renďiz sb.f: ON grind 'lattice-door,
gate'. Close to Slav *g)\da 'beam', cf. also
Lith grindá 'floor board, plank' (Lager-
krantz KZ XXXVII 182-184; Walde IF
XLX 99). Zupitza Gutt. 176; Pedersen
KZ XXXVIII 394; Torp-Falk 140;
Trautmann BSW 98; Trier MGWG NF
III/4 93 (to *3runiaz); Pokorný I 459;
Fraenkel 170-171; Vries AMEW 189;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 120-122.
*3reunan sb.n.: ON grjón 'groats', OE 3ríen
'sanď, MLG grěn 'grain of sand, sea
sand', MHG grien 'sanď. Probably rela-
ted to Gk aor. év-expaúe 'to serape', W
gro 'sanď. Torp-Falk 145; Holthausen
AEEW 137; Pokorný I 460; Vries
AMEW 190; Frisk II 1115-1116.
*3reutan sb.n.: ON grjót 'stone, gravel',
OE 3reót 'sand, dusť, OFris gi'et 'sand,
gravel', OS giiot id. (mase.), OHG giioz id.
(mase.). Derived from *3reutanan. Related
to Latv grauds 'grain', Lith grúodas 'frost,
frozen street dirť, Slav *gruda ~ *grud~b
'lump, heap' reflecting IE *ghroud(h)o-.
Cf. also *3rautaz. Zeuss Deutsch. 407
(derived the tribal name Greotingi from
here); Streitberg GE 1 (follows Zeuss);
Zupitza Gutt. 176; Torp-Falk 145; Buga
RFV LXXI 468; Feist 221; Holthausen
3reutan
142
3npiz
AEE]V 137; Pokorný I 461; Fraenkel
173; Vries ANEW 190; Zalizniak II 168;
Onions 415; Stang LS 24-25; Seebold
242; Trubachev ESSJa VII 146-148;
Lehmann GED 160; Kluge-Seebold 338;
Dybo BSA 25.
*3reutanan str.vb.: OHG part. griozan
c Kpí6woc;'. Related to Lidi grúdžiu, grústi
'to grind barley to make groats'. See
*3reutan. Pokorný I 461 ; Fraenkel 173-
174; Dybo BSA 25.
*3reutin3az sb.m.: ON prop. Grýtingr, OE
pl. Greotin^as 'Greuting, East Gothic
tribal name', OHG Griuzing id. Cf. also
Lat-Goth ethn. Greotingi. Derived from
*3reutan (Zeuss Deutsch. 407). Feist 221;
Svensson jVB V 128-132; Schwarz Germ.
87, 206 (preserved in OPrus *Graudingis >
G Graudenz); Vries ANEW 192.
*3rědu3az ~ *3rěda3az adj.: Goth
gredags 'hungry', ON grádugr 'greedy', OE
3rédÍ3 id., OS grddag id., OHG gratag id.
Derived from *3rěiuz ~ *3ňiaz. Torp-
Falk 140; Holthausen AEE]V 135; Feist
220; Vries ANEW 184; Onions 412;
Lehmann GED 160.
*3rěčtuz ~ *3rědaz sb.m.: Goth gredus
'hunger', ON gráSr 'gluttony, greeď, OE
3réd 'greed, rapacity'. Continues *ghrě-tú-
~ *ghre-tó-, a derivative of *gher-\ Skt hár-
yati ! to yearn for, to like', Gk xaíp") 'to
rejoice' (Bremer PBB XI 280). Struc-
turally similar to Gk jp.ptóq 'causing de-
light, welcome'. Hirt PBB XXIII 291;
Grienberger Got. 99; Zupitza Gutt. 176
(to Skt gfdhyati 'to desire, to be eager');
Grassmann KZ XII 130; Persson Beitrdge
728; Torp-Falk 140; Holthausen
AEEW 135; Feist 220; Pokorný I 441
(reconstructs *ghre-dh-)\ Vries ANEW
183-184 (to Slav *golďb 'hunger'); Zaliz-
niak II 199; Frisk II 1062-1064;
Lehmann GED 160.
*3rěpójanan wk.vb.: ON grápa 'to pilfer',
OE 3rápian 'to grope, to touch', MDu
grapen 'to grope', MHG grapen id. Related
to Lith grebti 'to rake, to grasp', Slav
*grebq, *grebti 'to rake, to dig' (Zupitza
Gutt. 171). The unvoiced *-p- is difncult
to explain. See *3rabanan. Holthausen
AEE]V 135; Pokorný I 456; Fraenkel
165-166; Vries ANEW 185.
*3rětanan str.vb.: Goth gretan 'to weep',
ON gráta id., OE 3rétan, 3rétan 'to bewail'
(wk. part.), OS pret. sg. griat 'to weep'. Of
unknown origin. Meillet MSL X 280
(to Skt hrádate 'to sounď); Zupitza Gutt.
204; Torp-Falk 139; Holthausen K^
XLVIII 239, AEE1\ T 135; Feist 221;
Jóhannesson IEW 403; Pokorný I 439
(to Slav *gt,rkati 'to coo'); Vries ANE]V
185; Onions 413; Seebold 241; Lehmann
GED 160-161.
*3rětaz sb.m.: Goth grets 'weeping', ON
grátr id. Derived from *3ritanan. Feist
221-222; Vries ANEW 185; Seebold
241.
*3rěwaz adj.: ON grár 'grey', OE 3^3 id.,
OFris grě id., MDu grau id., OHG grao id.
Identical widi Lat ravus 'grey' (Vaniček
98). Uhlenbeck PBB XXVI 298 (to
Lith žeriú, žereti 'to shine'); Schwentner
FB 76-79; Horn EngS LIV 74-75; Torp-
Falk 142-143; Holthausen AEEW 135;
Karsten NB II 419-421; Pokorný I
5441-442; Chemodanov SGGJa I 91;
Vries ANEW 185; Onions 413; Bammes-
berger Nom. 244; Heidermanns 259;
Ktuge-Seebold 336.
*3ridiz sb.f: Goth grips 'step, páce, stand-
ing', MHG grit 'step, stride'. Related to
Lith gristi 'to carry, to bring', gridyti 'to
go' (Siebs KZ XXXVII 321). Persson
Beitrdge 850; Torp-Falk 143-144 (to
*3fínan); Búga KS 219 (samé as Siebs);
Feist 222; Pokorný I 456-457; Fraen-
kel 171 (follows Siebs); Vries ANEW 503;
Lehmann GED 161.
*3ripan sb.n.: ON grip 'grip, grasp', OE
3e-3Úp 'gripe, seizing', OFris grip 'grip',
MHG grif id. Derived from *3fípanan.
Holthausen AEEW 138; Vries ANEW
189.
*3ripiz sb.m.: ON gripr 'property, value',
OE 3rípe 'grip, possession', OFris bi-grip
'statute, rule', OHG ubar-grif 'break-
ing, violation'. Derived from *3ňpanan.
Torp-Falk 144; Holthausen AEEW
3npiz
143
3ronjanan
138; Vries AJíEW 189; Onions 414;
Seebold 238; Lehmann GED 160.
*3rid5 sb.f.: ON gríd Trantic eagerness',
MHG grit 'desire'. Cannot be separated
from *3reduz ~ *jrědaz but the vocalism
presents difficulties. Falk-Torp 144 (to
*3?idiz); Wadstein IF V 18 (from *ja-
xňdo); Wood MP I 240 (to Lith greitas
'quick, nimble').
*3rim6n sb.m.: ON gríma 'hood, poitrail',
OE 3ríma 'mask, visor, helmeť, EFris
grime id. (fem.), OS gríma 'mask' (fem.),
OHG grimo id. Close to Gk XP 1 ! 101
'unguent, oil', Lith gréimas 'cream, slimy
sediment in water', further connected
with Lith griejú, grilů 'to skim off milk',
Gk xpíco 'to smear'. Zupitza Gutt.
204; Torp-Falk 143-144; Holthausen
AEEJV 137; Pokorný I 457; Fraenkel
168; Dybo VSJa 26; Vries AMEW 188;
Frisk II 1120; Lerchner 89-91.
*3rinanan str.vb.: ON grína 'to pout, to
whine', MLG giinen 'to grin', OHG gňnan
'to bark'. Of imitative origin. Torp-
Falk 143.
*3ripanan str.vb.: Goth greipan 'to seize, to
grasp', ON grípa id., OE jripan id., OFris
gripa id., OS grípan 'to touch, to také hold
of, OHG grifem id. Related to Lith^netóž,
griěbti 'to seize'. Kuhn K£l 139 (to Skt
grbhnati 'to seize'), 142 (to Slav *grabiti 'to
rob'); Reiohelt KZ XXXLX 2 1 ; Zupitza
Gutt. 176; Torp-Faek 144; Feist 220-
221; Holthausen AEEW 138; Jóhan-
nesson IEW 392; Pokorný I 457-458;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 72; Fraenkel
168; Vries ANEW 189; Onions 414;
Stang LS 24; Seebold 237-239; Leh-
mann GED 160 (follows Kuhn); Kluge-
Seebold 336—337.
*3risanan str.vb.: OE srísan 'to shudder,
to be frighteneď, MDu grisen 'to shud-
der'. Identical with Gk xpí™ to rub, to
anoint, to graze'. Wood MP V 265;
Torp-Falk 144; Holthausen AEE]V 138
(to Skt jihréti 'to be ashameď); Pokorný I
457; Frisk II 1 120; Onions 415; Seebold
239.
*3risaz sb.m.: ON sbst. griss 'young pig'
(? < *'grey'), OFris gris 'grey', OS gris
id., OHG gris id. Related to *3físanan.
Torp-Falk 144; Pokorný I 457; Frisk II
1120-1121.
*3r5anan str.vb.: ON gróa 'to grow', OE
3rówan id. Of unknown origin. Torp-
Falk 144; Holthausen AEFW 139;
Jóhannesson IE\V 390-391; Pokorný I
454; Vries ANEW 190 (to prašan);
Onions 417; Seebold 242-243 (phonetic
variant of *krě- > Lat crěsco 'to grow').
*3robo sb.f: Goth groba 'dugout, hole',
ON gráf 'pit', OHG gruoba id. Derived
from *3raíanan. Zupitza Gutt. 175;
Torp-Falk 141; Feist 222; Pokorný I
456; Vries AMEW 190; Zalizniak I 146;
Onions 415; Seebold 236; Kluge-
Seebold 340.
*3r5diz ~ *3róduz sb.f./m.: ON gródi,
gróór 'growth', OFris grěd 'meadow', MLG
grode 'growth'. Derived from *3roanan.
Torp-Falk 144; Vries ANEW 190.
*3r5maz ~ *3r5man sb.m./n.: ON grómr
'grime, dirť, EFris grum 'sediment', MDu
groom 'dirť. Derived from *3r5anan.
Vries AME]V 190 (to Lith grémžiu, grémžti
'to serape').
*3r5niz adj.: Burg *gronis 'green', ON
greenn id., OE 3réne id., OFris grene id.,
OS groni id., OHG gruoni id. Cf. also
*en-3róniz: ON sbst. ígreen 'bright green'
(fem.), MDu ingroene id., MHG ingruene id.
Derived from *3roanan. Structurally close
with Slav *granb 'branch' < *ghroni-.
Schwentner FB 62-66; Zupitza Gutt.
203; Torp-Falk 144; Sommer Krit. 61 (to
Lat grámen 'grass, stalk', Jřons 'foliage');
Johanisson MASO V 41 (directly from a
corresponding verb); Holthausen AEE]f
138; Karsten NB II 182; Pokorný I
454; Vries AJWW 192, 284; Onions
413; Seebold 242; Trubaghev ESSJa
VII 104-106; Bammesberger OE 18-19;
Heidermanns 260-261; Kluge-Seebold
341.
*3r5njanan wk.vb.: ON grand 'to paint
green', OHG gruonen 'to green'. Derived
from *3roniz. Structurally identical with
Slav *graniti 'to grow branches, to demar-
3ronjanan
144
3ud(a)-xusan
cate'. Trubachev ESSJa VII 107; Hei-
DERMANNS 260.
*3rotjanan wk.vb.: ON grata 'to make
weep', OE jrétan 'to bewail, to deplore',
OFris greta 'to accuse', OS grotian 'to
excite', OHG gruozen 'to excite'. Causa-
tive of *3retanan. Torp-Falk 139; Hol-
thausen AEEW 138; Vries AMEW 192;
Onions 413; Seebold 241; Lehmann
GED 160; Kluge-Seebold 342 (semantic
influence of Lat gratus 'beloved, dear,
acceptable, gratefuF in OHG).
*3rubaz adj.: MHG grob 'strong, fat, big'.
Close to Lith gnibůs 'rough, stiff, rigiď,
Slav *grqb'b ~ *grub~t> 'crude, coarse' (with
nasalization). Torp-Falk 146; Pokorný
I 461-462; Fraenkel 172-173; Stang LS
24; Trubachev ESSJa VII 145-146.
*3rubil5janan wk.vb.: ON grufla 'to
grovel on all fours', OHG grubilon 'to dig
through'. A denominative closely related
to Lith grublas 'unevenness, mounď, Latv
grubulis 'shard, fragment'. Cf. also Lith
grumbú, grúbti 'to stiffen', grubineti 'to stum-
ble'. Further see *3rubaz. Torp-Falk
141 (to *3rabanan); Fraenkel 172; Vrles
ANEW 191.
*3runaz sb.m.: ON grunr 'suspicion'. Goes
back to a root stem *g*hrn- close to Gk
cppiív 'midriff, hearť (Fick BB XVIII
142). Fick I 417 (adds Lat rěn 'kidney')
WADSTErN /F V 28 (from *3a-runaz)
Wiedemann BB XXVII 239 (to *3rěwaz)
Zupitza Gutt. 97; Torp-Falk 146
Pokorný I 496; Chemodanov SGGJa I
109; Vries AMEl\ r 191; Frisk II 1041
1043.
*3rundu-fastaz adj.: ON grunn-fastr 'fast
aground (of a ship)', MLG grunt-vast 'fixed
in the grounď. Compound of *3runduz ~
*3runpuz and *fastaz. Garr Mom. comp.
90 (parallel formations).
*3rundu-lausaz adj.: ON grunn-lauss
'boundless', OE grund-leás 'groundless,
bottomless', MLG grunt-los 'boundless'.
Compound of *3runiuz ~ *3runpuz and
Hausaz. Carr Mom. comp. 89 (parallel
formations).
*3runďuz ~ *3runbuz sb.m.: Goth
grundu-waddjus 'foundation-wall', ON
grunnr 'bottom', grudr (< *3runpaz), grund
'fielď (< fem. *3rundi£), grunn 'shallow,
shoal' (< *gnmpari), OE srund 'ground,
bottom', OFris grund id., OS grund id.,
OHG grunt id. Continues *ghrn-tu- based
on *ghren-\ Gk %paív<a 'to touch slighdy,
to smear', cf. in particular Lidr pa-grindas
'lake bottom'. Siebs KZ XXXVII 322
(to Litír grindis 'floor-board'); Hůbner Kí?
LI 18; Uhlenbeck PBB XXVII 121 (to
Gk xÉpo? 'gravel'); Torp-Falk 146 (to
Lith giimsti 'to sink'); Holthausen AEE]f
139; Feist 222-223; Pokorný I 459;
Vries ANEIV 191 (to *3reniiz); Zalizniak
II 200; Frisk II 1115; Onions 416; Leh-
mann GED 161 (to *3rendanan); Bammes-
berger Mom. 158; Fvluge- Seebold 341.
*3rustaz sb.m.: OE jrojř 'grisde'. Glose to
Lith grauzdús 'huge and shapeless'. Cf.
WGmc derivative *3rustilaz ~ *3rustilo >
OE jmfe/ 'grisde', OFris gristel id., MLG
gristel id., OHG grustila id. Holthausen
AEEW 137, 139; Pokorný I 461;
Fraenkel 170; Onions 415.
*3rúběnan wk.vb.: ON gnifa 'to grovel, to
crouch', G dial. grúben 'to crouch of colď.
Related to *3rubaz, *3ruiil6janan. Vries
AME]\ T 191 (to Gk ypraóq 'hook-noseď).
*3rútan sb.n.: Norw dial. grut 'sediment',
OE 3rút 'fine meal', EFris grut 'sed-
iment', MLG grut 'a kind of fermenť.
Related to *3rautaz. Torp-Falk 145;
Holthausen AEEJ\ t 139; Vries AMEh r
185.
*3učt(a)-furxtaz adj.: Goth guda-faurhts
'God-fearing', OE god-Jyrht id., OS god-
foroht id. Cf. MHG gote-vorhtec id. Com-
pound of *3uiz ~ *3udaz and *furxtaz.
Feist 223; Carr Mom. comp. 88 (parallel
formations); Lehmann GED 111, 165.
*3uď(a)-xúsan sb.n.: Godr gud-hus 'tem-
ple', ON goůa-hús id. If not a calque of
Lat domus Dei (Kretschmer K^ XXXLX
542), a compound of *3uiz ~ *3uiaz and
*xusan. MikkolaMSJVVII 271; Streit-
berg IF XXLX 181, XXVII 156-157;
Feist 223; Carr Mom. comp. 69 (parallel
formations); Lehmann GED 161.
3ud(a)-lausaz
145
3iill)an
*3ud(a)-lausaz adj.: Goth guda-laus 'god-
less', ON gud-lauss id. Compound of
*3uiz ~ *3uiaz and Hausaz. Probably, a
calque of Gk aQeoq. Feist 223; Carr
Nom. comp. 95 (parallel formations); Leh-
mann GED 165, 229.
*3uď(a)-wafojaz ~ *3učt(a)-watajan
sb.m./n.; Goth *godawabi 'silk' (recon-
structed from Slav *godovabjb 'silk'), ON
gud-vefr 'good weaving', OE 3od-web 'pre-
cious fabric', OS godo-webbi id., OHG
gota-webbi id. Compound of *3udz ~
*3udaz and *wabjaz ~ *wabjan. Štrekelj
apud Peisker 88; Berneker I 316; Carr
Nom. comp. 48; Vasmer-Trubachev I 426.
*3udaz adj.: Goth af-giips 'godless', Norw
dial. av-gud 'godless person', OFris sbst.
aj-god 'idol', OS sbst. af-god 'idol', OHG
sbst. ab-got 'idol'. Derivative of *3udz ~
*3uiaz (Lehmann GED 4). Uhlenbeck
BB XXX 253-254; Feist 5; Lloyd-
Springer I 24; Keuge-Seebold 5.
*3učt(j)ón sb.m.: Goth gudja 'priesť, ON
godi id. Derived from *3udz ~ *3udaz.
Osthoff BB XXIV 197-200 (semantic
analysis); Torp-Faek 136; FEIST 224,
ANFXXXV 264-265; Vries^UVEIT 181;
Lehmann GED 161.
*3ud(z) ~ *3udaz sb.n./m.: Goth gup
'Goď, ON god, gud id. (traces of í-stem in
pl.), OE 3od id., OFris god id., OS god id.,
OHG mase. got id. (traces of j-stem in
pl.). Mase. forms are secondary. From
*ghu-t(ó)- 'libated one' derived from *gheu-
'to pour' (Pictet Origines 659—661; Bury
BB VII 79). The alternativě connection
with *gheu- 'to call, to invoke' (Osthoff
Morph. Unt. IV 84-85, BB XXIV 191-
194) and derivation from *ghut(ó)- (<
*ghút(ó)- according to Dybo's law) might
be supported by the comparison with
Toch A ňkat, B ňakte 'god' < *ni-ghůto-
'one called down' (Normier K£ XCIV
267-269). Cf. furdier Olr guth 'voice' <
*ghutu-. PvAumer Einwirk. 338 (to *3odaz
or to Gk kěiSSco 'to hide' or from Pers
xudaý); Schweizer K£ 1157; Ebel KZ V
236 (to Keúeto); Meyer A"^ VII 12-18
(to Skt jyuti- 'lighť); Lidén BB XXI 97;
Aufrecht BB XX 256 (to *3eutanan);
Wood Mi/V XVI 310 (to Slav *gověti 'to
worship, to fasť); Merfnger /FXVI 158;
Schrader-Krahe Idg. 126 (follows
Osthoff); Sohroder BBB LI 30; Torp-
Falk 136; Holthausen AEE1 V 1 34; Feist
227-228; Pokorný I 413; Vries AMEW
181, 193; Zalizniak II 186; Onions
404; Watktns Gedenkschr. Gúntert 102 (fol-
lows Pictet); Lehmann GED 165-166;
Bammesberger Nom. 79; Kiajge-Seebold
332; Adams TB 264.
*3ulban sb.n.: ON golf 'floor', EFris
gulj 'section in a barn'. May be related
to Slav *želb~b 'gutter, trough' (ZuprrzA
Gutt. 175). Wadstein IF V 17 (from
*3a-xulfan); Hirt BB XXIV 258 (to
Gk hzkqvc, 'womb'); Torp-Faek 137;
Walde-Pokorny I 630 (to Olr gulban
'prick'); Mladenov 167; Porzig Gliede-
rung 119; Vrtes ANE]V 181; Vasmer-
Trubachev II 61.
*3ultiz sb.f: ON gyltr 'young sow', OE adj.
3ylte id. Cf. also MLG gelte 'castrated pig',
OHG galza, gelza id. <*3altj5n. Derived
from *3altaz ~ 3altuz. Torp-Falk 131;
Holthausen AEEW 129; Vries ANEW
196; Kxuge-Seebold 310-311.
*3ulba-bandan sb.n.: ON gull-band 'gold-
en head-band', MDu goud-bant 'diadem',
OHG gold-bant 'golden head-band'.
Compound of *3ulpan and *bantan.
Carr Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*3ulba-berxtaz adj.: ON gull-bjartr 'bright
as gold', OE gold-beorht 'bright with gold'.
Compound of *3ulfran and *berxtaz.
Carr Nom. comp. 61.
*3ulpa-xrudenaz adj.: ON goll-rodinn
'ornamented with gold' (< *goll-hrodinn),
OE gold-hroden id. Compound of *3ul-
pan and part. *xrudenaz (see *xrmdanan).
Carr Nom. comp. 61.
*3ulban sb.n.: Goth gulp 'gold', ON gull,
goll id., OE 30U id., OFris gold id., OS gold
id., OHG gold id. Closely related
to Thrac pln. ZáA.8-a7toc, ELith želtas
'golden', Latv zclts 'gold; golden', Slav
*Zolto 'gold' with different vowel grades.
Further connected with Indo-European
3ulban
146
3iirčtaz
color adjectives belonging to IE *ghel-.
Zupitza Gutt. 204; Torp-Falk 131;
Trautmann BSW 368; Holthausen
AEEW 134; Feist 224-225; Detschew
Thr. 173; Porzig Gliederung 142; Pokorný
I 430; Chemodanov SGGJa I 84;
Fraenkel 1296-1297; Vries ANEW 194;
Zalizniak I 140; Onions 405; Vasmer-
Trubachev II 103-104; Stang LS 64;
Lehmann GED 162; Bammesberger Nom.
77; Keuge-Seebold 331.
*3ulba-smibaz sb.m.: ON gull-smior 'gold-
smith', OE gold-smii id., OFris gold-smith
id., MLG golt-smit id., OHG gold-smid.
Compound of *julpan and *smipaz.
Carr Nom. comp. 72 (parallel formations).
*3ulbínaz adj.: Goth gulpeins 'golden', ON
gullinn id., OE 3ylden id., OFris gulden,
golden, gelden id., OS guldin id., OHG
guldln id. Derived from *3ulpan. Hol-
thausen AEEW 140; Feist 225; Vries
ANEW 194; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*3ulbjanan wk.vb.: ON gylla 'to guilď,
OE 3yldan id., MDu ver-gouden, ver-gulden
id., OHG ubar-gulden id. Derived from
*3ulpan. Holthausen AEEW 140;
Vries ANEW 196.
*3umon sb.m.: Goth guma 'man', ON gumi
id., OE 3uma id., OFris breid-gomo
'groom', OS gumo 'man', OHG gomo
'hero, a famous man'. Etymologically
related to Toch B šaumo id., Lat horná id.,
Lith žmuo, žmogiis id. describing 'man' as
'earthly', further — to IE *dheghom 'earth'
(Osthoff Etym. 220-221; Brugmann
Grundúfi 11/ 1 135). Zupitza Gutt. 204;
Torp-Falk 126; Holthausen AEEW
140; Walde-Hofmann I 654-655; Feist
225-226; Benveniste BSL XXXVIII
143; Porzig Gliederung 80, 208; Pokorný
I 414-415; Chemodanov SGGJa I 60-
61; Fraenkel 1320; Vries ANE]\ t 194;
Zalizniak I 153; Lehmann GED 162;
Peeters K'Z LXXXIX 8-9; Bammes-
berger Nom. 1 84.
*3umpaz sb.m.: ON gumpr 'buttock,
podex'. Identical with Lith gumbas
'bump, excrescence', cf. further Slav
*goba 'lip, sponge'. Torp-Falk 137;
Fraenkel 176; Vries ANEW 194-195;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 78-80.
*3unďan ~ *3unčtaz sb.n./m.: Goth gund
'gangrene', Norw dial. gund 'scurf, OE
3und 'matter, corruption', OS gund 'pus',
OHG gunt id. Probably connected with
*3unpz. Torp-Falk 136; Holthausen
KZ XXVIII 282 (to Gk Kav9ú?ir| 'abscess,
tumor'), AEEW 140; Trautmann ^dl\J
VII 268 (to Av gunda- 'small, round
breaď); Scheftelowitz £DMG LIX
695—696 (to NPers gundeh 'round objecť);
Feist 1 1 6; Pokorný I 438; Lehmann
GED 163.
*3unb(a)-burdan sb.n.: ON gunn-bord
'shielď, OE 31'td-bord id. Compound of
*3unpz and *burdan. Carr Nom. comp. 54.
*3unp(a)-fan5n sb.m.: ON gunn-fani Var
banner', OE 3Úo-fana id., OS gud-Jano
id., OHG gund-fano id. Compound of
*3unpi and *fanón. Carr Nom. comp. 48;
Vries ANEW 111, 195.
*3unp(a)-xwataz adj.: ON gunn-hvatr
'fierce in battle', OE 3Úd-hwďt 'active, vig-
orous in war'. Compound of *3unpz and
*xwataz. Carr Nom. comp. 61.
*3unpz sb.f: Burg *gunps 'fighť, ON gunnr,
gudr 'war, battíe', OE 3ÚS id. Cf. also OS
gúthea id. Related to Hitt kuen- 'to smite,
to raze, to kill', Skt hánti 'to strike, to kilT,
Avjainti 'to strike', Gk Geívto 'to kill', Lat
defendo 'to defenď, Olr gonim 'to wound,
to kill'. Zupitza Gutt. 97; Bartholomae
490-493; Torp-Falk 124; Holthausen
AEEW 140; Walde-Hofmann I 332-
333; Mayrhofer III 575-576; Pokorný
I 437; Vries ANEW 195; Frisk I 657-
658; Kobler 710; Puhvel IV 206-212.
*3uran sb.n.: ON gor 'cuď, OE 3or 'dung,
dirť, MLG gor 'filťh', OHG gor 'dung,
dirť. Related to Olr gur 'matter, pus'.
Froehde BB XXI 327 (to Lat firia 'flux,
a disease of swine'); Torp-Falk 129;
Pokorný I 494 (to *g'-'her- 'to burn');
Wood JEGP XIII 502 (to Gk X vXóq
'juice'); Holthausen AEE]V 134; Vries
ANEW 183; Zalizniak II 168; Onions
406.
*3urdaz sb.m.: OHG gurt 'girdle'. Zero
3urclaz
147
xabÍ3az
grade of the stem attested in
and Goth bi-gairdan 'to girď < *3erdanan.
Further connections are not clear.
Torp-Falk 129; Pokorný I 444 (to
*3ardaz); Onions 399; Lehmann GED 68.
*3urdilaz sb.m.: ON gyrSill 'girdle', OE
3jrdel id., OFris gerdel id., MDu gurdel id.,
OHG gurtil id. Derived from *3urďjanan or
*3urdaz. Torp-Falk 129; Holthausen
AEEW 140; Vries AJVEW 197; Onions
399; Seebold 225.
*3urďjanan wk.vb.: ON gyrSa 'to begirď,
OE syrdan id., OFris un-e-gert 'unbe-
girdeď, OHG gurten 'to begirď. Derived
from *3urdaz. Torp-Falk 129; Holt-
hausen ^££11' 140; Vries AMW 197;
Onions 399; Seebold 225; Lehmann
GED 68; Keuge-Seebold 343.
*3urstaz sb.m.: OE sorst 'gorse, furze,
bramble, Ulex europčeus'. Continues
*ghrst- close to Alb drithe 'grain', Lat
hordeum 'barley' < *ghrzd- (Lehmann K^
XLI 391). See *3erstim. Schmidt Plur.
117, 362; Holthausen .4££rr 135;
Walde-Hofmann I 656-657; Frisk II
18-19; Onions 407; Bammesberger Nom.
77; Orel AED 75.
*3utaz ~ *3utón sb.m.: Goth Gut-piuda
'Gothic people', ON Goti 'Goth', OSwed
pl. Gutar, Gotar 'people', OE pl. Gotan
'Goths'. Probably, H-stem reflected also in
gen. pl. gutani of the Pietroassa inscrip-
tion. Cf. also Germ-Lat Gutones, Gotones.
Borrowed to Lith gúdas 'Bielorussian'
and OPrus *gud- (in pln.) before the
Lautverschiebung (Karsten 7DADL LXVII
253-255). Furdier connections are un-
clear, see *3autaz ~ *3auton. Grien-
berger Got. 101-103 (from Goth *gut
'sea, bay', to *3eutanan)\ Lendroth MB II
75-77 (to the name of Gotland); Holt-
hausen AEEW 135; Feist 226-227;
Krause Run. I 227-235 (adduces the ON
parallel), HG 5 (to *3eutanan); Fraenkel
1 74 {-d- in Baltic infiuenced by OPrus
gudde 'bush').
*xaban I sb.n.: ON Á«/"'sea', OE heafsea,
water', OFris hef 'sea', MLG haj id.,
MHG hab 'sea, haven'. Derived from
*xajjanan. Historically identical with
*xaban II. Strachan BB XX 13 (to Olr
cúan 'haven, sea' < *kopno-)\ Torp-Falk
72; Holthausen AEEW 144; Pokorný I
528; Vries ^JVEII' 201; Zalizniak I 140.
*xaban II sb.n.: ON upp-haf 'beginning',
OHG ur-hab 'cause, reason'. Derived
from *xajjanan. Seebold 244.
*xaban III adj.: ON hand-hafi 'having
in hand', OHG un-gi-hab 'poor, insig-
nificanť. Derived from *xaběnan. Holt-
hausen AEElť 147; Kluge 69;
Heidermanns 263.
*xabanó sb.f: ON hqfn 'haven', OE hďfen
id., MLG hávem id., MHG habene id.
Based on *xaban I. Derivationally close
to Olr cúan 'curve, bend, recess, bay' <
*kopno-. Torp-Falk 72; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 98; Vries ^UVETI' 279; Onions
431; Kluge-Seebold 347.
*xaběnan wk.vb.: Goth kahan 'to háve',
ON hajá id., OE habban id., OFris hebba,
habba id., OS hebbian id., OHG haben id.
Durative of *xajjanan (Lottner K^ XI
192). Collitz Prát. 86-88 (amalgama-
tion of *ghabh- and *kap); Meyer IF
XXXV 224-237; Vendryes MSL XVIII
310; Prokosch MP XXVI 464; Zupitza
Cřutt. 206; Torp-Falk 72; Holthausen
^££II 7 143; Feist 229; Porzig Gliederung
107-108 (on IE *kap-: *ghabh-), 115;
Pokorný I 528; Vries ANEW 201;
Onions 431; Seebold 244; Lehmann
GED 167; Kluge-Seebold 345.
*xabÍ3az ~ *xabu3az adj.: ON hqfugr,
xabÍ3az
148
xačt(i)non
'heavy', OE hefiš id., OS hebig id.,
MHG hebec id. Based on *xabiz > OE hefe
'weighť derived from *xajjanan. Torp-
Falk 72; Holthausen AEEW 153-154;
Vries ANEW 280; Onions 434.
*xabib5 sb.f.: ON hefi 'loss or gain of
claim', MHG hebede 'property'. Derived
from *xabenan. Falk-Torp ND 450;
Vries .4JVEIK 215.
*xabraz sb.m.: ON hafr 'he-goať, OE hefer
id. Etymologically related to Gk Kanpoc,
'boar', Lat caper 'he-goať. Further may
be connected with Skt káprth- 'penis'.
ScHEFTELOwrrz IF XXXIII 142 (oriental
Wanderwort); Petersson PBB XL 105
107; Zupitza Gutt. 114; Torp-Falk
73; Holthausen AEEW 144; Walde-
Hofmann I 157-158; Mayrhofer I 157;
Porzig Gliederung 114; Pokorný I 529;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 90; Vries ANEW
201; Frisk I 782-783; Zalizniak I 131;
Kluge-Seebold 345.
*xabrón sb.m.: ON pl. hafrar 'oats', OS
havoro id., OHG habaro id. Derived from
*xabraz (Falk-Torp ND 387), cf. Slav
*ovbyb 'oats' < *auiko-, to *aui- 'ewe'.
Charpentier KZ XL 436 (to Skt netit.
šáspa- 'young grass'); Petersson LUA
1918/31 19 (to Norw hagr 'tail hair of
ťhe horše'); Wood MP XVII 568 (to Slav
*kopn-> 'dill'); Zupitza Gutt. 31; Torp-
Falk 73; Speoht 27 (to *xobd); Pokorný
I 529; Vries ANEW 202; Zalizniak I
153; Onions 619; Kluge-Seebold 347.
*xabuďa-bainan sb.n.: ON hofud-bein
'skuli, head-bone', OE heáfod-bán id.
Compound of *xaiudan and *bainan.
Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xabuďa-bau3az sb.m.: ON hofud-baugr
'chief ring in the wergilď, OE heáfod-
beá3 'crown'. Compound of *xabudan and
*bau3az. Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel
formations).
*xabucta-lausaz ~ *xaubuda-lausaz
adj.: ON hqfud-lauss 'headless', OE heáfod-
leás id., OFris haved-las id., MLG hovet-los
id., MHG houbet-los id. Compound of
*xabudan, *xaubudan and Hausaz. Carr
Nom. comp. 89 (parallel formations).
*xabuďan sb.n.: ON hofud 'heaď, OE
heáfod id. Identical with Lat caput 'heaď
and, probably, Skt *kaput- in neut. kapúc-
chala- 'tuft of hair on the back of the
heaď < *kaput-šala- (Kuhn K% I 136).
Torp-Falk 73; Holthausen AEEW
150; Walde-Hofmann I 163-164; Mayr-
hofer I 156-157; Pokorný I 529-530;
Vries ANEW 279; Zalizniak I 141;
Mayrhofer I 156-157; Lehmann GED
178-179; Beekes R'Z CLX 218-220 (from
non-IE).
*xabuďa-swím5n sb.m.: ON hqfud-svími
'dizziness', OE heáfod-swíma id. Com-
pound of *xabudan and *swimon. Carr
Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xabuďa-wardaz sb.m.: ON hofui-vqrir
'body-guarď (u-stem), OE heáfod-weard
'chief guardian'. Compound of *xaiudan
and *wardaz II. Carr Nom. comp. 54.
*xabukaz sb.m.: ON haukr 'hawk', OE
hafoc id., OFris havek id., OS havuk id.,
OHG habuh, hábech id. Identical with Slav
*kob~bzTi ~ *kobuzt> 'hawk, kite' (ZuprrzA
Gutt. 15, 102), from IE *kobugo-. Further
connections are not clear. Pogodin
RFV XXXIII 328-329; Berneker I 535;
SuOLAHTi Z) K/V' 360 (to Lat capys, capus <
Etr); Torp-Falk 73; Petersson PBB XL
96; Holthausen AEE]V 147; Suolahti
ANT 360 (from *xajjanan\ Slav < Gmc);
Pokorný I 528; Vries ANEW 214;
Zalizniak I 131; Onions 431; Tru-
bachev ESSJa X 92-93; Kxuge-Seebold
345.
*xaďinaz sb.m.: ON hédinn 'jacket of fur
or skin', OE heden 'hooď. A substan-
tivized adjective close to Slav *kotbn~b
'pregnant (of animals)' further derived
from *kotiti s( 'to give birth (of animals)',
cf. also Lat catulus 'cub' (Osthoff Etym. I
250). Zupitza Gutt. 207; Torp-Falk 90
(from Thrac *kiton, cf. Gk %it<bv 'tunic,
garment worn next to skin', Ion kÍScov
id.); Loewenthal P55XLIX 72; Jónsson
ANO 1926 190; Holthausen AEEW 153;
Vries ANEW 215.
*xad(i)nón sb.f: ON ha&na 'young
she-goať. Cf. also MHG hatele 'she-goať
xad(i)non
149
xa3az
close to Lat catulus 'cub'. See *xaiinaz.
Zupitza Gutt. 206; Torp-Falk 69;
Walde-Hofmann I 183; Pokorný I 534;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 58; Vries ANEW
200; Trubachev ESSJa XI 204-205,
219-220.
*xafilaz sb.m.: ON hefill 'clew-lines of a
saiT, OHG lefi-hefil 'yeasť. Derived from
*xajjanan. Torp-Falk 72; Vries ANE]V
215; Seebold 244.
*xafjanan str.vb.: Goth hajan 'to hold
up, to bear up, to lift', ON hejja id., OE
hebban id., OFris heva id., OS hebbian
id., OHG heffen id. Related to *xabenan.
Etymologically close to Lat capio 'to
seize', Gk Kájtxto 'to gulp down', Lat capio
'to také', Alb kap 'to seize, to grasp', Latv
kámpju, kampt 'to seize', and other con-
tinuants of IE *kap-. Meyer IF XXXV
224-237; Zupitza Gutt, 103; Torp-Falk
71; Feist 229-230; Holthausen AEEW
153; Walde-Hofmann I 159-160; Por-
zig Gliederung 127; Jóhannesson IEW
186-189; Pokorný I 528; Vries ANEW
215; Frisk I 783; Onions 433; Seebold
244-245; Lehmann GED 167; Orel AED
169; Kluge-Seebold 362.
*xafnčjanan wk.vb.: Goth ufar-hafnan 'to
be (excessively) exalteď, ON hajná 'to for-
sake, to abandon'. Derived from *xaf-
janan. Feist 230; Vries ANE]V 201 (to
*xamjanan); Seebold 245.
*xaftan ~ *xaftaz sb.n./m.: ON hapt,
hajt 'bonď, OE hicft id. See *xaftaz II.
Holthausen AEE]\ 7 144; Vries ANEW
209; Seebold 245; Heidermanns 263;
Kluge-Seebold 347.
*xaftaz I sb.m.: ON haptr, haftr 'captive',
OE hteft id., MHG kafi id. Substantivized
*xqftaz II. Holthausen AEEW 144;
Porzig Gliederung 126; Heidermanns 263;
Kluge-Seebold 347.
*xaftaz II adj.: Goth hafts 'bound, joineď,
OS hajt id., OHG hqft id. Identical with
Lat captus 'captureď, W caeth 'slavě',
OCorn caid 'captureď (Lané Language
LX 246). From *kap-to-, a participial form
of *kap- (see *xajjanan). Torp-Falk 72;
Meillet RG XXI 40 (from Celtic);
Krahe SuV 80; Mohr ZDADL LXXVI
169; Holthausen AEEW 144; Walde-
Hofmann I 159; Feist 230; Karsten
NB II 306; Pokorný I 527-528; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 102; Vries ANEW
209; Seebold 245; Lehmann GED 168;
Bammesberger Nom. 251; Heidermanns
263-264; Kluge-Seebold 347.
*xaftiz sb.f: Goth anda-hafts 'answer',
MHG hafl 'detention'. Structurally simi-
lar with Lat captio 'deceit, harm' . Derived
from *xajjanan. Walde-Hofmann I 159;
Feist 46; Lehmann GED 34; Kluge-
Seebold 347.
*xaftjan sb.n.: ON hepti 'hafť, OE heft,
hefte id., MLG hechte id., OHG hefti
id. Derived from *xafljanan. Torp-Falk
72; Holthausen AEE]V 144; Onions
423; Kluge-Seebold 363.
*xaftjanan wk.vb.: Goth haftjan 'to hold
fast to, to adhere', ON hepta, hefla 'to
bind, to fetter', OE hďftan 'to seize, to
bind', OFris hefta 'to fortify, to secure',
OS heftian id., OHG heflen 'to fortify, to
bind'. Derived from *xaftaz, *xajjanan.
Torp-Falk 72; Holthausen AEEW 144;
Feist 230; Vries ANEW 222; Lehmann
GED 167-168; Kluge-Seebold 363.
*xaftnójanan ~ *xaftenójanan wk.vb.:
Goth ga-haflnan 'to stick, to adhere', OE
hďflnian 'to seize, to capture'. Derived
from *xaflaz, *xaftjanan. Feist 183; Hei-
dermanns 264.
*xa3anan str.vb.: OHG hagan 'to feeď.
Related to Skt šaknóti 'to be able', Av sak-
'to agree on smth.'. See *xa^az, *xa^on.
Bartholomae 1552-1553; Wissmann
NP 72; Torp-Falk 67-68; Holthausen
AEEW 147; Mayrhofer III 288-289;
Pokorný I 522; Vries ANEW 202;
Seebold 245-246.
*xa3a-burnaz sb.m.: ON hag-porn 'haw-
thorn', OE hie^-dorn id., MLG hage-dorn
id., OHG hagan-dorn id. Compound of
*xa3on and *purnuz ~ *purnaz. See
*xa3(i)naz. Torp-Falk 68; Holthausen
AEEW 146-147; Carr Nom. camp. 48;
Onions 431; Kluge-Seebold 348.
*xa3az adj.: ON hagr 'handy, skilful',
xa3az
150
xaičtaz
MHG be-hac 'of pleasure'. Related to Skt
šaknóti 'to be able', Av sak- 'to agree on
smth.'. See *xa^anan. WGmc words for
'witch' belong here: OE hď^tesse, hie^tes,
MDu haghetisse. Bartholomae 1552-
1553; Torp-Falk 67-68; Karsten MB
I 10; Holthausen AEEW 144; May-
rhofer III 288-289; Pokorný I 522;
Vries AMEW 203; Onions 423; Heider-
manns 264-265.
*xa3(i)naz sb.m.: Norw hegn 'fencing,
fence', OS hagin 'fence', OHG hagan
'hawthorn'. Derived from *xa3ón. Vries
AMEW2W>.
*xa3(i)njanan wk.vb.: ON hegna 'to
hedge, to fence', MLG hegenen id., MHG
heinen 'to surround widr a hedge'. Derived
from *xa3(i)naz. Vries AMEW 216.
*xa3Jaz sb.m.: ON heggr 'bird-cherry', OE
he^e 'hedge'. Cf. also EFris hegge id., MDu
hegge id., OHG hegga id. Identical with
W cae 'enclosure' < *kagios. See *xa3on.
Torp-Falk 68; Holthausen AEEW 153;
Onions 434; Vries ANEW 215-216;
Kluge-Seebold 362.
*xa3la-stainaz sb.m.: ON hagl-steinn 'hail-
stone', OE ha^ol-stán id., MLG hagel-stěn
id., MHG hagel-stein id. Compound of
*xajlan ~ *xa^laz and *stainaz. Carr
Mom. comp. 48.
*xa3lan ~ *xa3laz sb.m./n.: ON hagl
'hail', OE hď3(e)l, ha^ol id., OFris heil id.,
OS hagal id., OHG hagal id. From IE
*kokló-, reduplication of *kel- 'colď simi-
lar to (but not identical with) Skt šíšira-
'cool, colď. Cf. also *xexlon. Uhlenbeck
PBB XXVI 208 (to Gk K á x X^ 'pebble');
Zupltza Gutt. 207-208 (samé as Uhlen-
beck); Torp-Falk 68; Holthausen
AEEW 147; Mayrhofer III 345-346;
Pokorný I 551; Frisk I 805; Chantraine
I 507 (Gk ráčili; to Kax^ré^co 'to splash,
to bubble'); Pokorný I 518, 551;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 108; Vries AMEW
202-203; Zalizniak II 168; Onions 423;
Lehmann GED 167; Kluge-Seebold 348.
*xa35janan wk.vb.: ON haga 'to manage,
to arrange', OE on-ha^ian 'to be within
smb.'s powers', OFris hagia 'to please',
OHG bi-hagon 'to make comfortable'. De-
rived from *xci3anan (Wissmann MP 72).
Torp-Falk 67; Holthausen AEEW 147;
Vries AMEW 202; Seebold 245; Kluge-
Seebold 91-92.
*xa35n sb.m.: ON hagi 'pasture', OE hajá
'enclosure', OS hago 'pasture', OHG hag,
hac 'fence, enclosure' (< *xa3az). Derived
from *xa3anan. Zupltza Gutt. 111;
Uhlenbeck PBB XXLX 332-333 (to Slav
*košb 'basket'); Torp-Falk 68; Herbig
Philologus LXXIII 452 (to Lat caulae
'opening, hole, enclosure', dim. of *caua
< *kaghá); Holthausen AEEW 147;
Pokorný I 518; Chemodanov SGGJa I
101; Vries AMEW 202; Onions 432;
ICluge-Seebold 348.
*xa3u-staldaz sb.m.: ON hauk-staldr
'young man' (with an irreg. hauk- instead
of *hog-), OE ha3o-steald 'bachelor, young
man, young warrior', OS hagu-stald id.,
OHG hagu-stalt 'hired worker'. Com-
pound of *xa3uz (see *xa3az) and *staldaz
(see *staldan). Torp-Falk 489; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 147; Falk Festschr. Bugge
Kr. 16 (on ON hauk-); Carr Mom. comp.
48; Vries AMF LVIII 93-104, AMEW
214; Seebold 462; Lehmann GED 37;
ICluge-Seebold 348.
*xaxsón sb.f: MHG hahse 'back of knee'.
Identical with Skt káksa- 'armpiť, Olr coss
'fooť, Lat coxa 'hip'. Meringer f VuS III
47; Torp-Falk 67; Walde-Hofmann I
283; Pokorný 1611; Adams TB 136-137
(adds Toch B kakse 'body part').
*xaxtuz sb.m.: ON háttr 'mode, way'.
Closely related to Olr cucht 'colour'
(Zupitza Gutt. 207). Hlrt BB XXIV
231 (to ON hagr 'statě, condition'); Sper-
ber }VuS VI 18 (samé as Hirt); Vries
AVEir213.
*xaidaz adj.: ON heidr 'bright, cloudless'.
Cf. also sbst. heid 'brightness of ťhe sky'.
Identical with Skt keta- 'mark, sign', cf.
also kehí- 'brightness, lighť. Further re-
lated to *xaiiuz ~ *xaidiz. Torp-Falk
64; Karsten MB II 259, 449; Mayrhofer
I 265; Pokorný I 916-917; Vries AMEW
217; Heidermanns 265.
xaidraz
151
xailaz
*xaiťfraz adj.: OE hádor 'clear, bright,
serene', OS hědar 'clear, lighť, OHG
heitar id. Derived from *xaidaz. Struc-
turally similar with Skt citrá- 'excellent,
brighť, Av čiOró 'visible, clear'. Gf. also
Lith skaidrús 'light, clear'. Zupitza Gutt.
105; Bartholomae 586-587; Torp-Falk
64; Holthausen AEEW 143; Karsten
M II 259, 449; Mayrhofer I 387;
Pokorný I 916-917; Fraenkel 791;
Vries ANEW 217; Onions 443; Bammes-
berger JVom. 247; Heidermanns 265-
266; Keuge-Seebold 367.
*xaiduz ~ *xaičtiz sb.m.: Godr haidus
'way, manner', ON heiór 'honor', OE hád
'person, degree, rank', OFris -hed, OS hěd
id., OHG heit id. Identícal with Skt ketú-
'brightness, form' < *kú-tu- (Gůntert
Kalypso 49), further related to *(s)kai- 'to
be bright, to shine', see *xaidaz. Helten
PBB XVII 288; Zupitza Gutt. 105; Torp-
Falk 64; Holthausen AEE]V 143; Feist
231; Mayrhofer I 265; Pokorný I
916; Zalizniak II 200; Lehmann GED
168; Bammesberger Jíom. 159; Kluge-
Seebold 367.
*xaifstiz sb.f.: Goth haifsts 'conflict, com-
petition', OE hrést 'violence, fůry', OFris
hast 'haste', MLG heist 'vehemence'. Cf.
also WGmc *xaifstaz 'violenť: OE htést(e),
OFris hast, OHG heisti 'loud'. Related to
Lith kaipstu, kaipti 'to be dizzy, to ail, to
be sickly'. ZuprrzA Gutt. 182; Grienber-
ger Got. 104 (to Lith šaipaús, šaipýtis 'to
mock, to show one's teeth'); Uhlenbeck
PBB XXX 286 (against Grienberger);
Torp-Falk 65; Holthausen AEEW 146,
427; Feist 231; Pokorný I 542-543;
Ohmann /^í/TIjfXVI 166-167; Fraenkel
203; Vries ANE]V 218; Lehmann GED
169; Kluge-Seebold 359.
*xaixaz adj.: Goth haihs 'one-eyeď, ON
theon. Hárr 'one-eyed god (Odin)'.
Identical with Lat caecus 'blind', Olr caech
'one-eyeď. Furdier cf. Skt kekara- 'squint-
eyeď and probably Dac koiko-W8<x
'nightshade'. Saussure Festschr. Thomsen
202; Zupitza Gutt. 206, 209; Torp-Falk
64; Walde-Hofmann I 129; Feist 232;
Detschew Thr. 551; Mayrhofer I
264; Pokorný I 519-520; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 100; Vries ANEW 210; Leh-
mann GED 169; Heidermanns 267.
*xaila3az adj.: Godr hailags 'holý' (on dre
Petroassa ring), ON heilagr id., OE hális
id., OFris hělich id., OS helag id., OHG
heilag id. Derived from *xailaz II. Ochs
PBB XLV 102-112; Zupitza Gutt. 105;
Torp-Falk 65; Holthausen AEEW 148;
Feist 232; Pokorný I 520; Vries ANEW
218; Onions 445; Scardigli Goten 219
223; Benveniste IEL 452; Lehmann GED
169; Heidermanns 268; Ktuge-Seebold
365.
*xaila3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON helga 'to make
holý', OE hálgian id., OFris heligia id., OS
helagon id., OHG heiligon id. Derived
from *xaila^az. Holthausen AEEW
148; Vries ANElť 221; Onions 424.
*xaila-wandjaz adj.: ON sbst. heil-indi
'health', OE hál-wende 'conducive to
health, healing', OHG sbst. heil-ant
'savior'. Compound of *xailaz II and
*wandjaz (see *wandjanan). Holthausen
AEE]V 148; Carr Nom. comp. 60; Vries
AmW2\&.
*xailaz I sb.n.: Crim.-Goth iel 'good,
health', ON heill 'good luck, omen', OE
htél 'omen, auspice', OS heil 'health,
luck', OHG heil id. Substantivized
*xailaz II. Close to W coel 'sign, omen'.
Zupitza Gutt. 105; Holthausen AEEh'
144; Feist 290; Pokorný I 520;
Zalizniak II 223; Vries ANEW 218;
Lehmann GED 169; Heidermanns 267.
*xailaz II adj.: Goth hails 'healthy', ON
heill 'whole, healeď, OE hal 'whole, well,
sound', OFris hěl 'unhurt, whole, un-
harmed', OS hěl 'unhurt, unharmed',
OHG heil 'whole, healthy, unscathed'.
Related to W coel 'sign, omen', OPrus
kails 'healthy', Slav *cětb 'whole'. The
words for 'health' derived from here (OE
híélu id., OS hěli id., OHG heila, heill id.)
probably explain the further derivation of
the noun for 'brain': ON heili 'brain',
OFris hěli, hal, heila id. Pictet K£ V
37-38; Zupitza Gutt. 105; Karsten MB II
xailaz
152
xaimjanan
266; Gray BB XXVII (to Ose kaíla 'tem-
ple'); Torp-Falk 65; Wood MLN XXIX
7 1 (ON heili to Skt šíkha 'tuft of hair');
Specht KZ LXIV 2 1 ; Marstrander NTS
XI 288; Feist 232; Holthausen AEEW
145, 148; Baetke HG 68-79; Porzig
Gliedemng 141-142; Pokorný I 520;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 68; Vries ANEW
218 (ON heili to Mír coelán 'intestine');
Zalizniak II 223; Onions 1005; Beck
Festschr. Eggers 21-25; Stang LS 25, 81;
Benveniste IEL 451-452, 468; Toporov
PJa III 136-143; Lehmann GED 169-
170; Trubachev ESSJa III 179-180;
Bammesberger Nom. 249; Heidermanns
267-268.
*xailesójanan wk.vb.: ON heilsa 'to
greeť, OE hélsian 'to foretell', OHG hei-
lison id. Cf. also ON heilla 'to bewitch' <
*xailzojanan. Derived from *xaileso based
on *xailaz. ZuprrzA Gutt. 105; Holt-
hausen AEEW 145; Jóhannesson IEW
176; Pokorný I 520; Vries ANEW
218; Benveniste IEL 451; Lehmann
GED 170.
*xailibo sb.f.: OGutn haildir 'damages',
OHG heilida 'health'. Derived from *xail-
janan or *xailaz. Heidermanns 268.
•xailjaiian wk.vb.: Goth hailjan 'to heal',
OSwed hela id., OE hďlan id., OFris hela
id., OS hělian id., OHG heilen id. Derived
from *xailaz. Structurally close to Slav
*cěliti id. Holthausen AEE1V 144;
Feist 232; Porzig Gliedemng 141; Vries
ANEW 218; Onions 432; Trubachev
ESSJa III 178; Lehmann GED 169-
170; Heidermanns 268; Kluge-Seebold
365.
*xailnojanan wk.vb. g: Goth ga-hailnan 'to
be healed, to recover', OGutn hailna 'to
heal'. Derived from *xailaz. Feist 183;
Heidermanns 268.
*xaima-faró sb.f: ON heim-fqr 'return
home', OE hám-faru 'forcible entry into a
house'. Compound of *xaimaz ~ *xaimo
and *faro. Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel
formations).
*xaimai ~ *xaimot adv.: ON heima 'at
home, home', OS hone id., OHG heim id.
Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. Vries
ANEW 218-219; Lehmann GED 170;
Fvluge-Seebold 365.
*xaimaně adv.: ON heiman 'from home',
OHG heimina id. Derived from *xaimaz ~
*xainaz. Vries ANE] V 2 1 9.
*xaima-5bljan sb.n.: Goth haimopli 'patri-
monial lanď. Cf. also OHG heimodilis
'laribus'. Compound of *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz
and *opljan. ON heimild, heimold 'tide,
righť does not belong here (despite
Schwarz GNA 266) and is better to be
explained from *xaimilipó (Hesselman
apud Vries). Feist 233; Carr Nom.
comp. 44; Vries ANE] V 219; Lehmann
GED 1 70; Kluge-Seebold 365.
*xaimatjanan wk.vb.: ON heimta 'to
get back, to bring home the sheep',
OE hámettan 'to provide with a home'.
Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. Holt-
hausen AEE]V 148; Vries ANEW 220;
Onions 430.
*xaimaz ~ *xaimiz sb.m./f: Goth haims
'village' (pl. < *xaimo), ON heimr 'abode,
land, village', OE hátn 'home, house,
dwelling', OFris ham, hěm id., OS han
id., OHG heima id. Related to Gk kmijti
'village', Lith káimas 'village', šeimii
'family', Slav *slmbja id. May also be
connected with Olr cóim 'kind, gooď.
Zupitza Gutt. 49, 185; Torp-Falk 87-88;
Trautmann BSW 300-301; Holthausen
AEEW 148; Feist 233-234; Pokorný I
540; Chemodanov SGGJa I 65; Fraenkel
251, 970; Trubachev Rod. 165; Vries
ANEW 219; Zalizniak II 196; Frisk II
61-62; Onions 445-446; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 600; Lehmann GED 170;
Bammesberger Nom. 72; Kxuge-Seebold
365; Vine Festschr. Watkins 685-702
(rejects comparison with Gk K(ó|jr|
'village').
*xaimiskaz adj.: ON heimskr 'foolish,
silly', OHG heimisc 'native'. Derived
from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. Vrtes ANEW
219.
*xaimjanan wk.vb.: ON heima 'to také
one in', OE héman 'to háve intercourse
with, to marry', MHG heimen 'to drive
xaimjanan
153
xaipňna-čtomaz
home'. Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz.
Torp-Falk 88; Holthausen AEEW 145;
Vries AMEW 218; Frisk I 809 (derived
from KEÍnai 'to lie' which is itself related
to *xaimaz).
*xainó sb.f.: ON hein 'hone, whetstone',
OE han 'boundary stone'. Close to Av
sami- 'top'. Cf. furťher Gk KÓJvoq 'pine-
cone' < *ko(i)-no- (Hirt BB XXIV 234).
Zupitza Gutt. 184; Torp-Falk 64;
Holthausen AEEW 149; Pokorný I 542;
Vries AMEW 220; Onions 446.
*xairaz sb.m.: ON hárr 'hoary', OE hár
'hoary, grey, olď, OFris her 'high, sub-
lime', OS her 'high, noble', OHG her
'great, sublime'. Identical with Slav
*sén> 'grey', furťher cf. Mír dar 'dark' <
*keiro-. Sohwentner FB 80-82; Meil-
let Etudes 321-322, 403 (Slav < Gmc);
Pedersen KZ XXXVIII 392-393, XL
176-177; Torp-Falk 65, 88; Holt-
hausen AEEW 149; Karsten NB II
258-259; Porzig Gliederung 166; Pokorný
I 519, 540; Chemodanov SGGJa I
68; Vries AMEW 212-213; Onions
442-443; Vasmer-Trubachev III 611—
612; Bammesberger .Nom. 248; Hei-
dermanns 269-270; Kluge-Seebold
363.
*xaisaz adj.: OE has 'hoarse', OFris has
id., MDu hees id., OHG heis id. Of uncer-
tain origin. Cf. *xairaz. Torp-Falk 65;
Holthausen AEEW 149; Pokorný 1519
(to *xaja Z ); Vries AMEW 213; Onions
443; Heidermanns 270; Kluge-Seebold
366.
*xaisraz adj.: ON háss 'hoarse', ME hoors
id., MLG hesch id., OHG heisar 'rough,
hoarse'. Derivative of *xaisaz or a com-
promise form combining *xaisaz and
*xairaz. Zupitza Gutt. 52; Torp-Falk
65; Karsten NB II 205, 381-382;
Pokorný I 519; Vries AMEW 213;
Heidermanns 270-271.
*xaitan sb.n.: Goth anda-hait 'confession,
acknowledgmenť, ON heit 'solemn prom-
ise, vow', OE hát 'vow, promise', OS
mase. bi-hět 'calling', OHG mase. bi-heiz
'promise'. Derived from *xaitanan. Holt-
hausen AEE]V 149; Feist 46; Seebold
246-247; Lehmann GED 172.
*xaitanan str.vb.: Goth haitan 'to call (by
name), to address', ON heita id., OE hátan
'to bid, to call, to name', OFris hěta 'to
call (by name), OS hltan id., OHG heizan
id. If the originál meaning is 'to name' <
*'to identify' rather uran 'to call, to sum-
mon', probably based on neut. *xit (see
*xt). Brugmann IF VI 89-90 (to Gk
kÍco 'to go, to drive'); Wood MIM XVI
310 (samé as Brugmann); Hoffmann
Festschr. Fick 40-41 (to Gk kTveco 'to set in
motion'); Zupitza Gutt. 105 (to Slav
*cěditi 'to strain, to filter'); Petersson
PBB XLIV 173 (to Osset sidyn ~ se dun
'to call'); Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II 490-491
(to Ir cisse 'carried in'); Torp-Falk 64:
Holthausen AEEW 150; Feist 236-237
Prokosch CGG 176-178 (from *kei-d-)
Jóhannesson IEW 198; Pokorný I 538
Vries AMEW 220; Onions 440; Seebold
246-248; Abaev III 105-106 (samé as
Petersson); Lehmann GED 171-172;
Kluge-Seebold 367.
*xaitaz adj.: ON heitr 'hoť, OE hát
id., OFris hět id., OS hit id., OHG heíz
id. Related to *xajaz. Zupitza Gutt.
112; Zupitza Gutt. 112; Torp-Falk 89;
Holthausen AEE]V 149-150; Karsten
MB I 18, 59; Pokorný I 519; Vries
AMEW 220; Onions 449; Stang LS 25;
Heidermanns 271-272; Kluge-Seebold
366-367.
*xaitjanan wk.vb.: ON heita 'to brew, to
heať, OE hdtan 'to heať, OS hetian id.,
OHG heizen 'to light up'. Derived from
*xaitaz. Holthausen AEEW 146; Vries
AME]V 220; Onions 433; Heidermanns
271; Kluge-Seebold 367.
*xaitj5n sb.m.: Goth bi-haitja 'boaster',
OE scyld-hete 'enemy, woe', OS scult-hětio
'bailiff'. Derived from *xaitanan. Feist
90; Seebold 247.
*xaij)ina-d5maz sb.m.: ON heidin-dómr
'headiendom', OE héden-dóm id., MLG
heiden-dom id., OHG heidan-tuom id. De-
rived from *xaipinaz. Carr Mom. comp.
73 (parallel formations).
xaijmiaz
154
xalbaz
*xaibinaz adj.: Goth haipns 'heathen' (with
syncope), ON heidinn id., OE hréden id.,
OFris hěthin id., OS hěthin id., OHG hei-
dan id. Derived from *xaipiz with the
originál meaning 'living on the heath,
wilď. In individual Germanic languages,
the word might háve been influenced by
Lat pdgánus (Grienberger Got. 106, but
see Vries ANEW 216-217). Attested as
XouSeivoí (Ptol.), people of Western
Scandinavia. Simon ~dPh LIII 46-49
(ON and WGmc from Goth); Jellinek
GGS 165, 190, Z DADL LXVI 134
(against Simon); Torp-Falk 64; Holt-
hausen IF XXX 48 (to *skaiianan ~
*skaipanan), AEE]V 146; Wessén ANF
XLIV 86-91; Schulze Kl. Schr. 519-527
(Goth haipns as an adaptation of Gk
Ě9vri); Feist 237-238; Vries ANEW 216;
Onions 433; Lehmann GED 172-173;
FCluge-Seebold 364.
*xaibiz sb.f: Goth haipi 'fielď, ON heiSr
'heath', OE mase, neut. hied id., OS
hětha, heitha id. (in pln.), OHG heida id.
Related to OW coit 'woods', OCorn cuit
id., Bret coet id. (Fick KZ I 368-
369). Fick II 76 (to Lat bu-cetum 'pas-
ture for cattle'); Solmsen K^XXXW 14
(follows Fick); Braune PBB XLIII
430-431; Torp-Falk 64; Kxuge Z dw
XI 26; Holthausen AEEJ\ 7 146; Feist
237; Pokorný I 521; Vries ANEW 217;
Zalizniak II 213; Schulze Kl. Schr. 521—
524; Onions 433; Lehmann GED 172;
Kluge-Seebold 363.
*xajaz sb.n.: Goth hais 'torch', OHG hei
'heať. Probably related to Lith kaistú,
kaísti 'to become hoť < *kai-t-. Zupitza
Gutt. 112; Feist 235-236; Pokorný 1519;
Fraenkel 204; Lehmann GED 171;
Heidermanns 272.
*xakón sb.m.: ON haki 'hook', OE haca
'bolť, OS hako 'bolt, hook', OHG fem.
hacka id. Identical with Hitt kaká- 'tooth'
(Puhvel IV 14-15). From here WGmc
*xakudaz ~ *xakiiaz 'pike' > OE hacod,
OS hakth, OHG hehhit derivationally sim-
ilar to Slav *kogbtb 'claw' (Brugmann
GrundriJ] 11/ 1 427). Cf. also *xdka Z > OE
hóc 'hook', OFris hok id., MLG hok
'corner, angle'. Zupitza Gutt. 111;
Torp-Falk 66; Lewy IF XXXII 160;
Trautmann BSW 112; Holthausen
AEEW 143, 167; Pokorný I 537-538;
Vries ANEW 203 (to Latv kegis 'crutch');
Onions 447; Stang LS 30; Vasmer-
Trubachev II 275; Kluge-Seebold
349-350.
*xakulaz ~ *xakuló(n) sb.m./f: Goth
hakuls 'cloak, mantle', ON hqku.ll 'priesťs
cope', OE hacele 'cloak, mantle', hada id.,
OFris hezil id., OHG hahhul id. Derived
from *xakon, lit. a cloak buttoned with
fibulae (Diefenbach PTKII 513). Hirt
BB XXIV 277 (from *xoko 'goať related
to Slav *koza id.); Grienberger Got. 107
(to ON haka 'chin'); Meillet Etudes 172
(agrees with Hirt); Uhlenbeck PBB
XXX 287 (follows Diefenbach); Sperber
WuS VI 20; Trautmann ~dl\'f VII
171 (to Slovené kozól 'woven vessel');
Wiedemann PBB XXLX 314 (to Latv
sagša 'cover'); Zupitza Gutt. 106; Torp-
Falk 67; Holthausen AEE]V 143; Feist
238-239; Pokorný I 517; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 80; Vries ANEW 280; Zalizniak
II 182; Lehmann GED 173; Golab Origins
143; Fvluge-Seebold 385—386.
*xalba-brunnanaz ~ *xalfoa-forun-
nenaz adj.: ON hálf-brunnin 'half-burnť,
OHG halb-brunnan id. Compound of *xal-
taz and participle of *brennanan. Carr
Nom. comp. 92 (parallel formations).
*xalba-daudaz adj.: ON hálf-dauSr
'half-deaď, OE healf-deád id., OHG
halb-tot id. Compound of *xalbaz and
*daudaz. Carr Nom. comp. 92 (parallel
formations).
*xalbaz adj.: Goth halbs 'half, ON hálfr
id., OE healf id., OFris half id., OS half
id., OHG halb id. A difficult word.
Probably related to Skt kálpate 'to suc-
ceed, to fit, to be partaken by'. Grien-
berger Got. 107-108 (to Lith šalis 'side');
Gůntert TlaSXI 137-138 (to Gk KÓXjtoq
'pudenda'); Uhlenbeck PBB XXX 287
(< IE *skel-p- 'to cuť); Pedersen K£
XXXVIII 373 (to Slav *xolpb 'slavě,
xalbaz
155
xalja-runo(n)
serf'); Zupitza Gutt. 106; Torp-Falk 85
(to OE helfe 'handle', MLG hehe id.,
OHG halb id.); Feist 239; Holthausen
AEEW 151; Karsten NB I 48; Mayr-
hofer I 183-184; Pokorný I 926; Vries
ANEW 204; Lehmann GED 173; Heider-
manns 272-273; Kluge-Seebold 350.
*xalbibo sb.f.: ON helft 'half, OFris help,
halfte id., MLG heljte id. Derived from
*xaliaz. Torp-Falk 85; Vries ANEW
221; Keuge-Seebold 350.
*xalbó sb.f.: Goth halba 'half, OE healfiá.,
OS halba id., OHG halb id. Related to
*xalbaz. Torp-Falk 85; Holthausen
AEEWlbl; Feist 239; Vries ANEW 204;
Zalizniak II 180; Onions 424; Lehmann
GED 173; Heidermanns 273; Kluge-
Seebold 350.
*xalbón sb.f.: ON hálfa 'region, quarter',
OFris halve 'side', OS halba id., OHG
halba id. Derived from *xalbaz. Torp-
Falk 85; Heidermanns 273.
*xaldan sb.n.: ON hald 'hold, fastening,
support, custody', OE heald 'guardian-
ship, protection', OHG mase. burg-halto
'city advocate'. Derived from *xalianan.
Holthausen AEE]V 150-151; Vries
ANEW 204; Seebold 248.
*xaldanan str.vb.: Goth haldan 'to tend,
to herd, to graze cattie', ON halda 'to
hold', OE healdan id., OFris halda 'to
capture', OS haldan 'to hold', OHG
haltan id. Related to Toch B kal(t)s- 'to
goad, to drive', Lat prae-celló 'to surpass,
to excel' < *keld-, celsus 'soaring, high'.
Meringer IF XVIII 236; Zupitza Gutt.
106 (to Gk fScm-KÓkx; 'shepherď), BB
XXV 99 (to Lat aus-culto 'to listen');
Brugmann IF XXXII 1 8 1 (on the vocal-
ism); Torp-Falk 84; Walde-Hofmann I
197; Holthausen AEEW 151; Feist
239-240; Jóhannesson IEW 246-247;
Pokorný I 548; Onions 444; Vries
AAEJK204; Seebold 248-249; Lehmann
Language XVIII 129 (to *kel- 'to drive', cf.
Skt kaláyati 'to impel, to bear, to carry, to
do'), GED 173-174; Kluge-Seebold
351-352; Adams TB 174.
*xaldaz adj.: Goth comp. ni pe haldis
'none, by no means', ON adv. heldr
'rather, more', OS comp. than hald ni 'just
as', OHG comp. halt 'sooner', adv. halto
'quickly, swifdy'. A variant of *xalpaz.
Dtefenbach F7KII 517-518; Fick III 85;
Grienberger Got. 108—109 (direedy to
*xalianan 'to hold'); Kroes GRM XXXVI
345-347; Torp-Falk 85; Uhlenbeck
PBB XXX 287; Feist 240; Pokorný I
552; Vries ANEW 221; Lehmann GED
174; Heidermanns 274; Kluge-Seebold
351.
*xalinz ~ *xalubz sb.m.: ON hqlSr 'a
kind of higher yeoman', halr 'man',
OSwed hdlith 'man, soldier', OE helefd)
'man, hero' (root stem *xalěps), OS helith
'soldier, hero', OHG helid id. Probably
related to Skt kalya- 'healthy, prepared
for, clever', Gk naXóq 'beautiful', kcxAXi-
(in compounds) (Specht K£ LXII 257-
258). Zupitza Gutt. 107; Johansson
WZKM XLX 237 (to Gk KÍ\y\q 'courser,
riding horše' < *kelet-); Meillet MSL
XVII 114 (samé as Johansson); Torp-
Falk 84 (follow Johansson); Holthausen
AEEW 144; Specht 128, 195 (direedy to
Gk koiA.ó<; 'beautiful'); Johansson SF 307
(from *'man from Hallanď); Mayrhofer
I 184-185; Pokorný I 524; Vries ANEW
206; Frisk I 766-767; Zalizniak II 208;
Frisk I 766—767 (against Specht on
semantic grounds); Bammesberger Nom.
215 (to IE *kel- 'to raise'); Kluge-
Seebold 368; Adams TB 155 (to Toch B
kaly-ške 'boy, youth').
*xaliz adj.: Goth adv. halis-aiw 'hardly
ever', MHG hel 'weak'. Probably, histori-
cally connected with *xalipz ~ *xalupz.
On the other hand, cf. Latv kalst 'to
dry' and probably Slav *kolěti 'to freeze'
(Zubatý AfslPh XVI 395). Holthausen
IF XIV 340 (to Gk KÓXoq mutílateď),
XXXLX 70; Feist 240; Lehmann GED
174.
*xalja-runó(n) sb.f: Goth- Lat pl. haliurun-
nae 'witches' (Jord.), OE helle-rúne 'sor-
ceress, neeromancer', OHG helli-rúna
'magie'. Compound of *xaljo and *rúno.
Carr Nom. comp. 44.
xalja-witjan
156
xalsaz
*xalja-wítjan sb.n.: ON hel-víti 'hell',
OE helle-wíte 'hell-torment, hell', OS helli-
witi 'helF, MHG fem. helle-wíze id.
Compound of *xaljo and *wltjan. Vries
AMEW 222.
*xaljó sb.f.: Goth halja 'hell', ON hel
'abode of the deaď, theon. Hel, the god-
dess of death, OE hell 'hell', OFris helle
id., OS hellia id., OHG helia id. Derived
from *xelanan thus probably repeating the
semantíc motivation of Gk "Ai8r|<; < *n-
uid-. Notě Mír luid ar cel 'went to hell'
(Gůntert Kalypso 34—35), cel 'death'.
Szadrowsky PBB LXXII 221-223 (to
*xalluz ~ *xallaz); Zupitza Gutt. 185;
Torp-Falk 80; Holthausen AEEW
1454; Feist 240-241; Trier Lehm 52-
61 ('hell' < 'lattice work'); Pokorný I
554; Vries AMEW 220-221; Frisk I
33-34; Zalizniak II 213; Onions 435;
Lehmann GED 1 74, 1 94; Bammesberger
Mom. 112; Kluge-Seebold 380-381.
*xallaz adj.: ON sbst. hall-ieri 'bad season',
NFris halí 'dry', MHG hel 'weak'. Cf. also
MDu hael 'dried up' < *xelaz (Matzel K^
CV 110). Related to Lat caleo 'to be
warm', W clyd 'warm' < *klto-, Lith šylú,
šilti 'to become warm'. Torp-Falk 83;
Walde-Hofmann I 137; Pokorný I
551-552; Heidermanns 275.
*xalló sb.f: ON hqll 'halí' (pardy from
*xalliz), OE heall id., OS halla id., OHG
halla id. From *xal-n-o based on *xelanan.
Torp-Falk 80; Holthausen AEEW 151;
Pokorný I 554; Vries AMEW 280-281;
Zalizniak II 193; Onions 424; Kluge-
Seebold 350.
*xalluz ~ *xallaz sb.m.: Goth hallus
'stone slab, rock', ON hallr 'big stone,
boulder', OE heall 'rock'. Related to
Mír coll 'head, leader', Lat collis 'hill' <
*kolnis (or *klnis), Lith kálnas 'mountain',
Latv kalus id. Zupitza Gutt. 47, 106;
Torp-Falk 86; Bugge BB XXXII 24 (to
Skt šila 'stone, rock, crag'); Hirt BB
XXIV 278 (to OPrus kalso 'flat cake');
Brugmann IF XVII 487, XXLX 233;
Holthausen AEEW 151; Walde-
Hofmann I 245; Feist 241; Pokorný I
544, 925; Fraenkel 209-210; Vries
AMEW 205; Zalizniak II 200; Lerchner
112; Wagner R'Z XCVII 281-283 (to
Lat callum 'callous', Olr calath 'hard');
Hamp IF LXXXI 36-38; Lehmann GED
174-175.
*xalmaz sb.m.: ON háhnr 'straw', OE
neut. healm 'stalk, straw', MLG halm
id., OHG halm id. Identical with Hitt
kalam(m)a- 'broom, rake', Gk Ká^anoq
'reeď, Lat culmus 'stalk', OPrus šalme
'straw', Latv salms id., Slav *solma id.
Zupitza Gutt. 182; Torp-Falk 85;
Trautmann BSW 298; Holthausen
AEEW 151, AMIV 104; Walde-Hofmann
I 303-304; Pokorný I 612; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 62-63; Frisk I 760-761; Vries
AMEW 206; Zalizniak II 227; Onions
430; Vasmer-Trubachev III 7 1 3; Puhvel
IV 18; Kluge-Seebold 351.
*xalojanan wk.vb.: OFris halia 'to calT,
OS halon id., OHG halon id. Identical
with Lat calo 'to call', further related
to Hitt kaleš- id., Gk Kareto id. Torp-
Falk 83; Walde-Hofmann I 141-142;
Pokorný I 548-549; Frisk I 763-764;
Onions 424; Seebold 253-254; Kluge-
Seebold 380.
*xalón sb.m.: ON hali 'tail'. Closely re-
lated to Skt šala- 'staff', Mír cail 'spear'.
Zupitza Gutt. 182; Torp-Falk 82;
Mayrhofer III 313-314; Pokorný I
552; Vries AMEW 204.
*xalsa-bainan sb.n.: ON fem. háls-beina
'neckbone', MLG hals-ben id., OHG hals-
bein id. Compound of *xalsaz and *bainan.
Carr Mom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*xalsa-fan3an sb.n.: ON háls-fang 'em-
bracing', OE heals-fan^ 'compensation
paid by one sentenced to the pillory',
OFris hals-fang 'rape'. Compound of *xal-
saz and *jan^an ~ *fanxan. Carr Mom.
comp. 72 (parallel formations).
*xalsa-manjan sb.n.: ON háls-men 'neck-
lace', OE mase. heals-mene id., OLG
hals-meni id. Compound of *xalsaz and
*manjan. Carr Mom. comp. 48.
*xalsaz sb.m.: Goth hals 'neck', ON háls
id., OE heals id., OFris hals id., OS hals
xalsaz
157
xamalojanan
id., OHG hals id. Together with Lat col-
lus, collum id. and Mír coll 'head, chief'
continues IE *k"olso- (Falk ANF XLI
120). No traces of the initial *k"- in Gmc
(Noreen IF IV 320-321). Solmsen K'Z
XXXIV 547 (follows Noreen); Stokes IF
XII 187 (on the Irish form); Tor-
bjórnsson Festschr. Noreen 257; Zupitza
Gutt. 50, 106; Torp-Faek 82; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 151; Walde-Hofmann I
245; Feist 241-242; Krahe SuV 75;
Porzig Gliederung 1 1 3; Pokorný I 639-
640; Chemodanov SGGJa I 88; Vries
ANEW 206; Zalizniak I 132; Lehmann
GED 175; Keuge-Seebold 351.
*xalsjan sb.n.: ON helsi 'collar', MHG
helse id. Derived from *xalsaz. Vries
ANEW 221.
*xals5janan vvk.vb.: ON hálsa 'to em-
brace', OS helsian id., OHG halson, halsen
id. Derived from *xahaz. Vries ANEW
206.
*xaltaz adj.: Goth halts 'crippled, lamě',
ON haltr id., OE healt id., OFris halt
id., OS halt id., OHG halz id. Related to
Arm kat lamě', Gk keXXÓv axpepXóv,
jtXáyiov (Hes.), Olr co// 'destruction,
ruin'. ZuprrzA Gutt. 107; Torp-Falk
84; Feist 242-243; Holthausen AEEW
152; Karsten MB I 41; Sutterlfn IF
XXV 67 (to Lat claudus 'lamě'); Walde-
Hoffmann I 231 (to Skt khoda- 'limping,
lamě', Lat claudus); Speoht 130 (to Russ
koldyka 'lamě person'); Trier Holz 49 (to
*xultaň)\ Pokorný I 547; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 85; Vries ANEW 206; Onions
425; Lehmann GED 175 (from *M-,
*klád- 'to strike'; originál meaning in
Gmc: *'broken bones'); Heidermanns
275-276.
*xaltín sb.f: ON helti 'lameness', OFris
strump-helte 'lameness cause by mutila-
tion', OS spuri-helti 'limping', OHG sěr-
halzi 'disability caused by injury'. Derived
from *xaltaz. Heidermanns 276.
*xaltjanan wk.vb.: ON heltask 'to become
halť, OHG ir-helzen 'to lamě'. Derived
from *xaltaz. Heidermanns 276.
*xaljíaz adj.: ON hallr 'sloping, leaning to
one side', OE heald 'bent, inclineď, OFris
north-hald 'directed northwards', OS hold
'inclined, merciful', OHG hald 'bent
down'. Related to *xaldanan (cf. also *xal-
panan > OSwed halla 'to hold'). Torp-
Falk 82-83; Holthausen AWN 104 (to
Skt kátaka- 'bracelet, ring', Lith at-kalte
'back'), AEEW 151; Pokorný I 552 (to
Lith šalis 'side'); Vries ANEW 205;
Onions 434; Lehmann GED 403; Hei-
dermanns 276-277; Kluge-Seebold 350;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*xalj)ín sb.f: Goth wilja-halpei 'partisan-
ship, partiality', OHG uo-haldi 'steep
pláce'. Derived from *xalpaz. Feist 563;
Vries ANEW 205; Onions 434; Heider-
manns 276.
*xalj)janan wk.vb.: ON helia 'to pour ouť,
OE hyldan 'to incline, to benď, OS af-hel-
dian 'to cease', OHG gi-helden 'to incline,
to tilť. Derived from *xalpaz. Zupitza
Gutt. 1 1 3; Torp-Falk 83; Holthausen
AEEW 158; Vries ANEW 221; Heider-
manns 277.
*xalj5ojanan wk.vb.: ON halla 'to lean
sideways', OHG haldon 'to be tilted, to
benď. Derived from *xalpaz. Torp-Falk
82-83; Heidermanns 277.
*xamalaz I sb.m.: ON prop. Hamali,
MLG hamel 'wether', MHG hamal id.
Substantivized *xamalaz II. Torp-Falk
73; Holthausen AWN 105 (to Skt neut.
sámala- 'stain, spot, faulť), AEEW 152;
Pokorný I 929; Vries ANEW 206-207
(to IE *skep- 'to cuť); Heidermanns 277;
Fvluge-Seebold 353.
*xamalaz II adj.: ON hamal-kyrni 'a
kind of seeď, OHG hamal 'mutilateď.
Identical with Slav *komoh> 'hornless'
(Schulze K^ XL 259), further connected
with *kom~b 'lump'. Karsten NB II 233;
Berneker I 554 (against Schulze); Torp-
Falk 73; Meillet MSL XIV 376; Wiss-
mann AWNP 97-98 (secondary derivative
of *xamalojari); Pokorný I 929; Tru-
bachev ESSJa X 174—175; Heidermanns
277; Kluge-Seebold 353.
*xamal5janan wk.vb.: ON hamla 'to
mutilate', OE hamelian id., OFris homelia
xamalojanan
158
xam(u)laz
id., OHG bi-hamalon 'to cut, to strike'.
Derived from *xamalaz II. Torp-Falk
73; Holthausen AEE]\' 148; Heider-
manns 277; Kluge-Seebold 353.
*xam(a)15n sb.f.: ON hamla 'oar-loop',
OHG hamila 'satyrion, orchis'. Related to
Lith kamblys 'leafless stock', Slav *komblb
'butt-end (of a tree)'. Further cf. *xamalaz
II. Fraenkel 213; Vries AME1 V 2 7 (to
Gk Kiinetí; id.).
*xamaraz sb.m.: ON hamán 'hammer',
OE hamor, hamer id., OFris hamer, homer
id., OS hamar, hamur id., OHG hamar id.
With a metathesis of the anlaut similar to
that of slav *kamy, continues a thematic
derivative of IE *ak-men- 'stone': *akmoros
identical with Skt ašmará- 'stony' (Streit-
berg IF II 419). Thus, the originál mean-
ing of the Germanic word was 'stone
hammer'. Pedersen KZ XXXII 247;
Detter ZPADL XLII 57 (to *xamala Z II,
cf. Lat saxum 'large stone, rock' ~ seco 'to
cuť); Zupitza Gutt. 108; Torp-Falk 74;
Gůntert WitS XI 140 (to *xamalaz II
with a secondary attraction to *ak-men-),
Labyrinth 21 (to pre-Gk Kanápa 'covered
carriage, vaulted chamber'); Holthausen
AEE1T 149; Fraenkel KZ LXIII
183-184; Mayrhofer I 60; Pokorný I
19; Vries ANEW 207; Zalizniak I 132;
Onions 425; Stang LS 25; Schelesniker
Festschr. Olberg 23-26; Maher JIES I
441-442; Kluge-Seebold 352-353.
*xamaz sb.m.: ON hamr 'skin, shape', OE
ham 'covering, garment, shirť, hamá 'cov-
ering', MLG ham id., OHG hamo 'fishing-
neť. Probably related to Skt šarm
'Prosopis spicigera' (Zupitza BB XXIV
182) and further to *kem- 'to cover'.
Zupitza Gutt. 182; Torp-Falk 74;
Holthausen AEE\V 148; Mayrhofer
IE 299; Pokorný I 556; Vries ANEW
208.
*xam(e)stró sb.f: OS hamustra 'curculio,
corn-weevil', OHG hamustra 'hamster'.
Probably borrowed from Lat comestor
'glutton' (Murianov Etim. 1983 105).
However, the obvious connection with
Slav *xoměstor~b 'hamster' remains un-
clear. Fick BB II 266 (to Lat cumera
'chest, box' < *komeso-); Berneker I 395
(< Slav); Fraenkel 896; Onions 425.
*xamfaz adj.: Goth hamfs 'mutilated,
maimeď, OS haf 'witír crippled hands',
OHG hamf 'mutilated'. Related to Olr
camm 'crooked, benť and further to Gk
Kaunri 'benď, Lat campus 'fielď < *'bend-
ing', Lith kařhpas 'corner, edge', Slav
*kqp~b 'hill, island' (Saussure Recueil 598).
Dtefenbach V1V II 529-531 (to Gk
kojitq) 'to strike'); Schroder lig. Anz.
XXVI 59 (to ON hnafa 'to cut off');
Aufderhaar Líhnw. 21-22 (WGmc <
Goth); Zupitza Gutt. 1 08; Torp-Falk 74-
75; Walde-Hofmann I 148-149; Feist
243; Pokorný I 525; Fraenkel 213-214;
Frisk I 774-775; Trubachev ESSJa XII
56-57; Lehmann GED 175-176; Puh\t;l
IV 61-63 (adds Hitt kappi- 'small, littíe'
<? *kampi-); Heidermanns 278.
*xam(m)in3az sb.m.: ON hemingr 'skin of
the hide shanks', prop. Hemingr; OE
hemrnins 'a kind of shoe', OFris hemminge
'leather wear, shoe', OHG prop. Haming.
Derivedfrom *xam(m)o. YmjíMVA 1919,
133; Holthausen AEESY 155; Vries
ANEW2TI.
*xam(m)janan wk.vb.: ON hemja 'to
restrain, to hold back', OE hemman id.,
OFris hemma 'to mutilate', MDu hemmen
'to slow down', OHG gi-hemmen 'to
humiliate'. Derived from *xam(m)ó.
Zupitza Gutt. 108; Lowenthal KZ
XLVII 146 (to Gk kiÍhoq 'a kind of
planť, Slav *konb 'horše'); Torp-Falk 74;
Holthausen AEE]V 155; Pokorný I 555;
Vries AJÍE]V 222; Kluge-Seebold 369.
*xam(m)5 sb.f: ON hqm 'ham', OE ham
id., MLG ham(m)e id., MHG hamme id.
From *xanmo < *komma, an ablaut vari-
ant of *knama: Gk kviÍhti 'leg, shank', Olr
cnáim 'bone' (Fick KZ I 368-369).
Torp-Falk 74; Holthausen AEEW 148;
Pokorný I 613-614; Frisk I 883; Vries
ANEW 279; Zalizniak II 225; Onions
425.
*xam(u)laz sb.m.: Norw dial. humul 'bar',
MHG hamel 'bar, roď. Related to
xam(u)laz
159
xanctuz
*xam(a)lb~n. Torp-Falk 74 (to Gk ícánai;
'vine-pole, pole, shafť).
*xan(a)paz sb.m.: ON hampr 'hemp', OE
hienep id., OS hanup id., OHG hanaf, hanif
id. An early borrowing from Lat cannabis
id. < Gk KíivvapK; id. Hoops ]Vald~
bdume 472—473 (from Scythian or Thra-
cian); Lewy IF LIII 122; Torp-Falk 70;
Holthausen AEEW 145; Vries AMEW
208; Zalizniak II 187; Onions 436
(related to Lat cannabis); Kluge-Seebold
354.
*xanda3az ~ *xanctÍ3az ~ *xan<iu3az
adj.: Goth handugs 'wise', Norw hendig
'deft, adroit, quick', OE list-hendi^ 'having
skilful hands', OHG hantag, hantig 'wise'.
Derived from *xanduz (Meillet MSL LX
49). Kern TMTL XX 245-246; Grien-
berger Got. 110 (to Lidi kandiis 'snappy,
acrimonious'); Blankenstein IF XXI
115; Zupitza Gutt. 206; Zupitza Gutt.
206; Torp-Faek 71; Feist 244; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 155; Kluge Mom. Stamm
100 (to Gk kevtÉco 'to prick'); Feist
244; Pokorný I 567; Meid Wortbild. 192;
Lehmann GED 176 (follows Kluge);
Heidermanns 278-279.
*xanda3Ín ~ *xandu3in sb.f: Goth han-
dugei 'wisdom', OHG hantagi 'sharpness,
agony, pain'. Derived from *xanda^az ~
*xandi$az ~ *xanduyiz. Feist 244; Hei-
dermanns 279.
*xandjanan wk.vb.: ON henda 'to catch,
to piek up', OE 3e-hendan 'to hold', OFris
henda, handa 'to catch'. Derived from *xan-
duz. Holthausen AEE1V 155; Vries
AMEW 222; Seebold 255.
*xandlan ~ *xandló sb.n./f: OE handle
'handle', MLG hantel id., OHG hantilla
'towel'. Derived from *xanduz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 149; Onions 426.
*xandl5janan wk.vb.: ON hqndla 'to han-
dle, to manage', OE handlian 'to feel, to
handle', OFris handelia, hondelia 'to han-
dle', OS handlon 'to act, to deal', OHG
hantalon 'to handle, to feel'. Derived from
*xandlan ~ *xandlo. Holthausen AEE1 1 '
149; Vries ANEU t 208; Onions 426;
Kluge-Seebold 353.
*xandu-banón sb.m.: ON hand-bani
'homicide', OE hand-bana id., OS hand-
bano id. Compound of *xanduz and
*banon. Carr Mom. comp. 48.
*xandu-lamaz adj.: ON hand-lami 'with
a lamě hanď (rastem), OHG hant-lam
id. Compound of *xanduz and Hamaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 90 (parallel formations).
*xandu-lausaz adj.: ON hand-lauss 'with-
out hands', OFris hand-las id., MHG
hande-los id. Compound of *xanduz and
Hausaz. Carr Mom. comp. 89 (parallel
formations).
*xandu-ma3enan sb.n.: ON hand-megin
'strength of hand, strength', OE hand-
m&sen id., OS hand-magan id. Compound
of *xaniuz and *masenan. Carr Mom.
comp. 48.
*xandu-saxsan sb.n.: ON hand-sax 'short
sworď, OE hand-seax id., OHG *hand-sahs
id. (> Fr hansart). Carr Mom. comp. 49.
*xandu-werkan sb.n.: ON hand-verk
'handiwork', OE hand-weorc id., OS hand-
werk id., OHG hant-werc id. Compound of
*xanduz and *werkan. Carr Mom. comp.
72 (parallel formations).
*xandu-wurxtaz adj.: Goth handu-waurhts
'handmade', OE hand-worht id. Com-
pound of *xanduz and *wurxtaz. Feist
245; Carr Mom. comp. 88 (calque of Gk
X£ip07toir|TÓi; in Godi and of Lat manufac-
tum in OE); Velten JEGP XXLX 349
(calque on Greek); Lehmann GED 177.
*xančtuz sb.f: Goth handus 'hanď, ON
hqnd id. (root stem), OE hand id., OFris
hand, hond id., OS hand 'side', OHG hant
'hanď. Derived from *xenpanan (Grimm
DG 35), cf. Lidi ranka 'hanď ~ renkú,
riňkti 'to gather'. Loewenthal AMF
XXXIII 123-124 (to Slav *č í ú 'to
begin'); Zupitza Gutt. 183; Torp-Falk
71; Holthausen AEEW 149; Feist
244-245; Fraenkel 736; Vries AMEW
281; Zalizniak II 208; Onions 425;
Wagner ZfceltPh XXXII 76-77; Seebold
255; Markey JIES XII 261-292; Huld
120 (to Alb thua ~ thue 'nail'); Lehmann
GED 176-177; Bammesberger Mom.
155-156; Kluge-Seebold 353.
xari3janan
160
xanxuz
*xan3Janan wk.vb.: ON hengja 'to hang
up, to suspenď, OFris hingia id., OHG
ir-henken id. Causative of *xanxanan ~
*xan3anan. Vries AMEW 222; Seebold
250; Lehmann GED 168.
*xanxan sb.n.: Goth faura-hah 'curtain',
OHG bruoh-hah 'belt, girdle'. Derived
from *xanxanan ~ *xan^anan. Feist 145;
Seebold 250.
*xanxanan ~ *xan3anan str.vb.: Goth
hahan 'to hang, to make hang', ON hanga
id., OE han id., OFris hua id., OS hahan
id., OHG hahan id. Related to Hitt
kaňka-, kankiya- id. (Sturtevant Language
VII 172). Probably further connected with
Skt šáňkate 'to doubt, to fear', Lat cúnctor
'to hesitate', cf. with a similar metaphoric
usage Goth saiwala unsare hahis (John 10:
24). Meillet MSL XV 351-352 (pho-
netics of Goth); Torp-Falk 70; Feist
230-231; Holthausen AEEW 169;
Walde-Hofmann I 307; Jóhannesson
IEW 207-208; Mayrhofer III 290;
Pokorný I 566; Vries AMEW 208 (to
*xakon); Kammenhuber KZ LXXVII 63
(on Hitt); Onions 426; Seebold 249-250;
Lehmann GED 168; Puhvel IV 48-51;
Kluge-Seebold 354-355.
*xanxa-sin(a)w6 sb.f.: ON há-sin
'Achilles' tendon, hamstring', OE hóh-sinu
id., OFris hoxene id., MDu haes-sene id.,
OHG hah-sina. Compound of *xanxaz
II and *sin(a)wó. Torp-Falk 67; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 168; Carr Mom. comp. 49;
Vries AMEW 213; Lehmann GED 168;
Kluge-Seebold 346.
*xanxaz I sb.m.: Run dat. sg. hahai
'courser', OHG háh-, hang- (in prop.).
Related to Gk kt|kÍco 'to gush, to bub-
ble forth', Lith šoku, šókti 'to spring, to
dance' < *(s)kek-. Or samé as *xanxaz II?
Pokorný I 522; Fraenkel 1021-1022;
Frisk I 838.
*xanxaz II sb.m.: ON há-mót 'ankle-joinť,
OE hóh 'heef. Related to Lith kinka
'leg, thigh, knee-cap' (Zupitza Gutt.
115). Torp-Falk 67 (to Lat coxa 'hip');
Petersson IF XXXV 271-272; Holt-
hausen AEEW 168; Pokorný I 566;
Fraenkel 239; Vries AMEW 199;
Onions 434; Stang LS 27-28; Kluge-
Seebold 346; Dybo BSA 20.
*xanxěnan ~ *xan3ěnan wk.vb.: Goth
hahan 'to hang', ON hanga id. (part of
forms), OE hanjian id., OFris hangia id.,
OS hangon id., OHG hangěn id. Derived
from *xanxanan ~ *xan^anan. ON há 'to
wear (by sickness or work), to make
depenď < *xanxenan belongs here rather
than to Lith kaňka 'pain' (despite Zupitza
Gutt. 111, 132). Zupitza Gutt. 133;
Torp-Falk 70; Holthausen AEEW 149;
Feist 230-231; Vries AMEW 200;
Seebold 250.
*xanxilaz ~ *xanxilon sb.m.: ON htell
'heel', OE héla id., OFris hěla id., MDu
hiel, hiele id. Derived from *xanxaz II.
Cf. similar forms in Skt kaňkala- 'scrag,
shelf, Lith kenkle 'knee-cap'. Meringer
IF XVII 121 (ON fusll to OHG huohill
'small plow'); Zupitza Gutt. 115; Torp-
Falk 67, 70; Holthausen AEEW 167;
Mayrhofer I 137; Fraenkel 239; Vrles
AMEW 209-210, 276; Onions 434;
Lehmann GED 189; Kluge-Seebold 346;
Dybo BSA 20.
*xanxistaz ~ *xan3Ístaz sb.m.: ON
hestr 'stallion', OE hen^est 'horše, steeď,
OFris hanxt, hengst, hingst id., MDu henxt
id., OHG hengist 'gelding'. Cf. Celt
*kankstiká 'maře': W caseg, Bret pl. kezeg,
OCorn cassec (from Gmc?). Superlative
of *xanxaz I. Sperber WuS VI 21 (to
MHG hagen 'draught animal'); Schrader-
Nehring I 626 (to Lat cant(h)erius 'geld-
ing, ass, mule' < *canctirius); Torp-Falk
70; Holthausen AEEW 155; Pokorný I
522 (to Lith šankús 'quick, fasť); Vries
AMEW 226; Zalizniak II 227; Onions
436; Rasmussen APIIKU rV 140; Kluge-
Seebold 369.
*xanxuz sb.m.: ON hár 'thole'. Identical
with Skt šankú- 'peg, spike', cf. also Slav
*sqkb 'branch'. Zupitza Gutt. 798;
Torp-Falk 70; Sperber ]\'uS VI 20 (to
ON hagr 'handy, skilful'); Zupitza Gutt.
133, 184; Mayrhofer III 290; Pokorný
I 523; Vries AMEW 209 (to *xoxon);
xanxuz
161
xarčtm
Vasmer-Trubachev III 798; Lehmann
GED 189.
*xank5 sb.f.: ON hqnk 'hank, coil', mase.
hanki 'hasp, clasp', MLG hank 'handle'.
See *xakBn. Torp-Falk 67 (to Lith kéngé
'hook'); Fraenkel 255 (Lith kéngé <
Gmc).
*xanon sb.m.: Gouh hana 'cock, rooster',
ON hani id., OE hana id., OFris hana, hona
id., OS hano id., OHG hano id. Cf. also
WGmc *xan(n)jo > OE han, hen 'hen',
OFris henne id., MLG henne id., OHG
henna id. Originally, a 'singer', cf. Gk
ř|i-Kavó<; 'rooster'. Further connected
with Lat cano 'to sing', Olr canim id.
Unwerth PBB XXXVI 23; Mar-
strander NTS III 247, VII 335-
337; Zupitza Guit. 108; Brugmann IF
XXXVII 249-253; Suolahti DVN 228-
242; Torp-Falk 69; Holthausen AEEW
149, 155; Walde-Hofmann I 154-155;
Feist 243-244; Porzig Gliederung 200;
Pokorný I 525-526; Frisk I 626; Vries
ANEW 208; Zalizniak I 153; Onions
436; Lehmann GED 176; Bammesberger
Nom. 176-177; Kluge-Seebold 348.
*xanso sb.f.: Goth hansa 'troop, cohort,
crowď, OE hós 'company, band', MLG
hanse 'company', OHG hansa 'cohort,
company'. May be compared with Skt
šámsati 'to praise, to declare, to vow', Lat
cénseo 'to tax, to assess' (Zupitza Gutt.
109). Bugge PBB XII 418-419 (from
IE *kom-sed- 'to sit together'); Osthoff
PBB XIII 425-426 (from *kon-d-td, to
*dS- 'to give'); Wiedemann BB XXVII
212 (to *xenpanari); Zupitza Gutt. 109;
Torp-Falk 71; Meissner apud Feist (to
*xunslan); Helm PBB XXLX 194-196;
Kaufmann Z dph XXXVIII 238-240;
Schnetz apud Lehmann GED \11 (to Lat
scandula 'shingle', from IE *(s)kend- 'to
split up, to strew'); Rooth ]\ T ortst. 168
(follows Meissner); Holthausen AEEW
171; Walde-Hofmann I 198-200; Feist
245-246; Mayrhofer III 284-285 (sepa-
rates Skt from Lat); Pokorný I 566;
Zalizniak I 147; Onions 427; Ben-
veniste IEL 63—65; Lehmann GED 177;
Bammesberger Nom. 116 (to *xenpanan);
Kluge-Seebold 355.
*xantjanan wk.vb.: ON henta 'to fiť, OE
hentan 'to pursue, to folio w'. Unclear.
Holthausen AEEJ\ t 155; Vries ANEW
222; Onions 441, 453 (to *xenpanan).
*xappan sb.n.: ON happ 'good luck'. Cf.
a derivative in OE htsp-líc 'equal'.
Compared with Olr cob Victory', Lith
kabus 'tenacious, prehensile', Slav *kobb
'omen, fortuně telling', *koba 'premoni-
tion' (Schachmatov AfslPh XXXIII 90).
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 116; Torp-Falk 74
(reconstruct *xampan); Pokorný I 610;
Fraenkel 200-201; Vries ANEW 542;
Fraenkel 200; Onions 427; Trubachev
ESSJaX 101.
*xarfoistu-měnóbz ~ *xarfoustu-
měnóbz sb.m.: ON haust-mánudr
'autumn month, September', OE hierfest-
mónad id., OHG herbist-manod id. Com-
pound of *xarbistuz ~ *xarbustuz and
*ménopz. Carr Nom. comp. 72 (parallel
formations).
*xarbistuz ~ *xarfoustuz sb.m.: ON
haust 'autumn' (neut.), haustar-tími 'au-
tumn period' (reflects old mase), OE
hierjest 'harvest, autumn', OFris herjst id.,
OHG herbist id. Derived from IE *karp —
*kerp-\ Hitt karp-, karap- 'to piek, to pluck'
(Sturtevant Language VI 155—156), Lat
carpo id., Gk Kapitó^ 'fruiť (Hirt IF
XXXVII 233-234). Cf. *xarfa Z from
which *xarbistaz can be formally derived.
Brugmann IF XXVIII 373 (to Lat castro
'to emasculate, to prune' < *carp(i)stro);
Zupitza Gutt. 114; Torp-Falk 79; Holt-
hausen AEEW 145; Walde-Hofmann I
172-173; Pokorný I 944; Vries ANEW
214; Frisk I 792-793; Zalizniak II 168;
Onions 429; Puhvel IV 91-98; Kluge-
Seebold 370.
*xardin sb.f: ON herdi 'hardihooď, OHG
hertz 'rigidity'. Derived from *xarduz.
Heidermanns 281.
*xardin ~ *xardjó sb.f: ON pl. heriar
'shoulder, OHG harti id. Derived from
*xariuz (Hellouist ANF VII 29) and his-
torically identical widi *xardín. Schmidt
xarčtm
162
xari-wectiz
Vok. II 25 (to Russ pl. *kortyški 'shoul-
ders' — but this form does not exist);
Hirt PBB XXIII 351 (to Lat cartilago
'cartilage'); Zupitza Gutt. 115 (follows
Sohmidt); Torp-Falk 78 (follow
Schmidt); Lané JEGP XXXII 293 (to IE
*sker- 'to cuť); Vries AMEW 223.
*xarďjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-hardjan 'to
harden', ON herda 'to temper (of iron), to
clench, to fasten', OE hyrdan 'to make
harď, OFris herda 'to strengthen', OS her-
dian id., OHG herten 'to harden'. Derived
from *xarduz. Holthausen AEEW 159;
Feist 246; Vries AMEW 223; Onions
427; Lehmann GED 177; Heidermanns
281.
*xardót adv.: ON haria 'very', OE hearde
'severely, very much', OFris herdě 'very',
MLG herdě id., OHG harto id. Derived
from *xarduz. Lehmann GED 177.
*xardu-xertaz adj.: Goth deriv. hardu-
hairtei 'hard-heartedness', OE heard-hcort
id. Compound of *xarduz and *xerton.
Feist 246; Lehmann GED 177.
*xardu-líkaz adj.: ON harí-ligr 'hard,
severe', OE heard-líc id., OHG hart-líh
'tenacious'. Derived from *xarduz. Hei-
dermanns 281.
*xardu-rěďaz adj.: ON hard-ráSr 'hard in
counsel, tyrannical', OE heard-rtéd 'stead-
fast, firm'. Compound of *xariuz and
*rliaz. Carr Mom. comp. 95 (parallel
formations).
*xarduz adj.: Goth hardus 'hard', ON
hardr id., OE heard 'hard, austere, stern,
firm', OFris adv. herdě 'firmly, very', OS
hard 'hard', OHG hart id. Related to
Lith kartits 'bitter', Slav *kort-~t>tt> 'shorť.
Karsten MB II 361-362; Zupitza
Gutt. 109; Meillet Etudes II 325; Torp-
Falk 78; Feist 246-247; Holthausen
AEEW 152; Walde-Pokorny I 354;
Pokorný I 531; Chemodanov SGGJa
I 109; Fraenkel 225; Frisk II 9-10;
Vries AMEW 210-211; Onions 427;
Benveniste IEL 366-367; Strunk MSS
XXXrV 169-170 (on the comparison
with Gk Kparúi; 'strong'); Trubaohev
ESSJa XI 104; Lehmann GED 177;
Bammesberger JVom. 262; Heidermanns
280-282; Kluge-Seebold 358.
*xarfaz sb.m.: ON prop. Harfr, Swed harv
'harrow'. Related to Gk Kapnou 'fruiť,
Kpróniov 'sickle', Lat carpo 'to piek, to
pluck', Mír corrán 'sickle'. Torp-Falk
79; Walde-Hofmann I 172-173; Trier
Holi 70; Pokorni- I 944; Vries AMEW
211; Frisk I 792-793.
*xari-fardiz sb.f: ON her-ferd 'military
expedition', OFris here-ferd id., OS here-
vart id., OHG heri-fart id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *fardiz. Carr Mom.
comp. 73 (parallel formations).
*xari-fulkan sb.n.: ON her-fólk 'men of
war', OE here-folc 'people forming an
army', OFris hiri-folk 'men of war'. Com-
pound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *fulkan.
Carr Mom. comp. 49.
*xari-xurnan sb.n.: ON her-horn 'trum-
pet', OHG heri-hom id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *xurnan. Carr Mom.
comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*xari-mannz sb.m.: ON her-madr 'war-
rior', OE here-mann 'soldier', MDu her-
man id., OHG heri-man id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *mannz. Carr Mom.
comp. 49.
*xari-skelduz ~ *xari-skeldiz sb.m.:
ON her-skjqldr 'war-shielď (if not from
MLG), MLG her-schilt id., MHG her-
schilt 'shield as a sign of a levý'. Com-
pound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *skelduz ~
*skeldiz. Carr Mom. comp. Ti (parallel
formations).
*xari-skipan sb.n.: ON her-skip 'warship',
OHG heri-skif id. Compound of *xaúz ~
*xaijaz and *skipan. Carr Mom. comp. 83
(parallel formations).
*xari-we3az sb.m.: ON her-vegr 'war
padl', OE here-wes 'highway', OFris here-
wei 'war patíi', MLG her-wech id., MHG
her-wec id. Compound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz
and *we^az. Carr Mom. comp. 49.
*xari-wěčtiz sb.f.: ON pl. her-nádir
'armor', OE here-wéd id. Cf. also MLG
neut. here-wade id. Compound of *xaúz ~
*xarjaz and *wediz. Carr Mom. comp. 73
(parallel formations).
xan-wepnan
163
xarpon
*xari-wěpnan sb.n.: ON her-vápn 'wea-
pon', OE here-wdpen id. Gompound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *wepnan. Carr
Mom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xari-w5pan ~ *xari-wópaz sb.n./m.:
ON her-óp 'war-cry', OE here-wóp 'shout
raised by an army'. Compound of *xaúz
~ *xaijaz and *wopan ~ *wopaz. Carr
Mom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xariz ~ *xarjaz sb.m.: Goth harjis
'army', ON herr 'host, people, army', OE
here 'army', OFris here id., OS heri id.,
OHG neut. heri id. Related to Mír cuire
'crowď, Lith karias 'army, war', OPrus
kargis 'army'. Neckel KZ LX 284
(*Hari- as a deky in ancient prop. dat.
Hari-gasti); Zupitza Gutt. 109; Torp-Falk
76; Specht KZ LX 130-138; Holt-
hausen AEEW 157; Feist 247; Pokorný
I 615-616; Buga III 950-951; Fraenkel
220; Vries AMEW 224-225; Zaliznl\k II
213; Onions 429; Benveniste IEL 91, 93,
247; Toporov PJa III 221; Lehmann
GED 177-178; Kxuge-Seebold 362-363.
*xarjanaz sb.m.: ON Hetjann (Odin's epi-
thet). Identical with Gk Koípavoc; 'king,
head of the army' (Osthoff IF V
275-277; Bugge PBB XXI 422), Phryg
kuryan-eyon 'chief, king' (Lubotsky Kadmos
XXVII/1 23). Furdrer connected with
*xariz ~ *xarjaz. Torp-Falk 76; Specht
KZ LX 130; Pokorný I 615; Vries
AMEW 223-224; Frisk I 894-895; Leh-
mann GED 178; Orel Phrygian 438.
*xarjojanan wk.vb.: ON herja 'to harry, to
despoil, to waste', OE her^ian 'to pillage,
to plunder', OFris ur-heria 'to make raids',
OS herión, herrón id., OHG herión, herron 'to
plunder, to raiď. Derived from *xariz ~
*xarjaz. Torp-Falk 76; Holthausen
AEEW 157; Vries AMEW 223; Onions
429.
*xarmaz I sb.m.: ON harmr 'sorrow, grief ',
OE hearm 'harm, injury, grief, OFris herm
'sorrow, grief, OS harm id., OHG harm
id. Identical with Jšanma- 'shame', Slav
*sormb id. (Meillet Etudes 428) and, fur-
ther, with Lith šarma 'frosť (Larest Věstník
LGUXN 150-153 with other examples
of this semantic evolution). Kartsen MB
II 245-246; Zupitza Gutt. 183-184;
Meillet Etudes 428; Torp-Falk 79;
Trautmann BS][ t 303; Holthausen
AEE]V 152; Pokorný I 615; Fraenkel
965; Vries AMEW 212; Zalizniak I 132;
Onions 428; Vasmer-Trubachev III
724; Koivulehto Festschr. Alinei 133-147;
Kluge-Seebold 357.
*xarmaz II adj.: ODan harm 'angry', OE
hearm 'causing harm, grievous', OS harm
'grievous'. See *xarmaz I. Heidermanns
282.
*xarmij35 sb.f: ON hermd 'vexation,
anger', OHG harmida 'calamity'. Derived
from *xarmaz I. Vries AME]V 224.
*xarmojanan wk.vb.: ON harma 'to
bewail', OE hearmian 'to harm, to hurt, to
injure', OHG harmen 'to sadden'. Derived
from *xarmaz I. Vries AME\ V 2 1 2 .
*xarmón sb.m.: OE hearma 'shrewmouse
(?)', OS harmo 'weasel, shrewmouse',
OHG harmo id. Identical with Lith šarmuo,
šermuo id. Torp-Falk 79; Trautmann
BSW 300; Pokorný I 574; Fraenkel
965; Kluge-Seebold 371.
*xarpa-sla3Íz sb.m.: ON hqrpu-slagr 'strik-
ing the harp', OE hearp-sleje id. Com-
pound of *xarpon and *slasiz. A secondary
composition vowel in ON. Carr Mom.
comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xarpa-stren3az sb.m.: ON hqrpu-s,
'harp string' (secondary -u-), OE
střeny id. Compound of *xarpon and
*stren3az. Carr Mom. comp. 81 (parallel
formations).
*xarpón sb.f: ON harpa 'harp', OE hearpe
id., OS harpa id., OHG harpfa id. Cf. also
ON munn-harpa 'cramp in the mouth
from colď. Related to Lat corbis 'basket',
Lith kařbas id., Slav *korb'b ~ *korba id.
Sperber ]\ r uS III 68—77 (to *xarfaz);
Zupitza Gutt. 114, KZ XXXVI 65 (ON
munn-harpa to Gk Kpá|rPoq 'dry'); Torp-
Falk 78; Trautmann BS]V 1 1 7 —
118; Holthausen AEEW 152; Walde-
Hofmann I 272-273; Pokorný I 948 (to
*(s)kerb- 'to turn, to benď); Fraenkel
220; Vries AMEW 2\2 (ON munn-harpa to
xarpon
164
xatalaz
G dial. Harpf 'woman'); Zalizniak I
155; Onions 428; Trubachev ESSJa
XI 52-54; Lůhr Expr. 264-265; Kluge-
Seebold 356—357.
*xarskaz adj.: Norw dial. harsk 'with
a hard voice', MLG harsch 'harsh, rough'.
Derived from or related to *xariuz (Holt-
hausen AWN 107). Karsten MB II 450;
Torp-Falk 80; Pokorný I 532-533;
Vries AMEW 212-213 (to Lith karšiú,
kafšti 'to comb'); Puhvel IV 109 (to Hitt
karši- 'harsh'); Heidermanns 282-283.
*xaru3az sb.m.: ON hqrgr 'heathen altar of
stones', OE hearj 'temple, idol', OHG
harug 'holý grove, holý stone'. Borrowed
from Continental Celt *karrika 'stone'
(OW carrecc, OBret carrec) or, rather, from
its non-IE source (Hubschmidt Pyren.
31-32, 65-66). Noreen Abnfi 87, 829
(to Lat carcer 'prison'); Meringer WuS X
188 (samé as Noreen); Torp-Falk 77;
Specht R'Z LXIV 12; Ekwall MASO III
41 (to Swed dial. har 'stony grounď);
Holthausen AEE1 \ r 152; Pokorný I
532 (to IE *kar- 'hard'); Vries ANEl\ r
281; Zalizniak I 132; Vendryes C-31;
Friedrich Trees 150 (to OPrus karige
'rowan-tree'); Bammesberger Mom. 156
(< *xar3u£).
*xarubaz sb.m.: ON pl. Hqrdar 'Hords,
inhabitants of the Hardangerfjord in
Norway', OE pl. Hďredas id. Also attested
as Lat Harudes, Gk Xapo\>8e<;. Probably
further related to WGmc *xarupaz 'foresť
(OE harad, MHG hart). (Grienberger
ZDADL XLVI 166). Torp-Falk 76-77;
Holthausen AEE]V 145; Pokorný I
532 (to Olr caur 'hero' < *karuts)\ Vries
ANEW 29,1.
*xasla-xnuts sb.f: Swed hassel-not 'hazel-
nuť, OE htesel-hnutu id., MLG hasel-note
id., OHG hasal-nuz id. Compound of
*xaslaz and *xnutz. Garr Mom. comp. 49.
*xaslaz sb.m.: ON hasl 'házel', OE hesel
id., MDu hasel id., OHG hasal id.
Identical with Lat corulus 'hazel-shrub,
filbert-shrub' < *kosulo-, Olr coll 'házel',
OW coll id. < *koslo-. (Zupitza Gutt. 206).
Torp-Falk 76; Holthausen AEE]V 146;
Walde-Hofmann I 280; Krahe SuV 80
Porzig Gliederung 194; Pokorný I 616
Vries AMEW 213; Zalizniak II 174:
Onions 432; Kluge-Seebold 359.
*xasnaz adj.: OHG hasan 'polished, fine'.
Identical with Lat canus 'grey' < *kasno-
(Weise BB II 289). Cf. also Hitt kaši-
'shade of white'. Schwentner FB 80;
Vasmer ZfilPh II 57-58 (adds Slav '''sosna
'pine' < *'grey tree'); Walde-Hofmann
I 156; Pokorný I 533; Puhvel IV
119-120; Heidermanns 283-284.
*xas5n ~ *xaz5n sb.m.: ON heri 'hare',
OE hara id., OFris hasa id., MLG hase id.,
OHG haso id. Related to W ceinach id. <
*kasi-n-ako-, OPrus sasins, cf. also Skt šašá-
id. < *šasá- (Fórsterman KZ I 498) and
Hitt gagastiia- 'hare (?)' (Puhvel TV 17). A
taboo word based on the color adjective
preserved in *xasnaz, *xaswaz. Zupitza
Gutt. 183; Schwentner FB 79-80;
Hendriksen IF LVI 27; Torp-Falk 76;
Holthausen AEE]V 149; Porzig Glie-
derung 197; Mayrhofer III 316-317,
Sprache VII 181; Pokorný I 533; Chemo-
danov SSGJa I 58; Vrtes ANEW 223;
Zalizniak I 153; Onions 427; Kluge-
Seebold 358-359.
*xasp(j)5n sb.f: ON hespa 'hasp, fasten-
ing', OE hcepse 'hasp, clasp', MLG haspe
id. Unclear. Loewenthal ANF XXXV
233 (to Slav *kosa); Petersson AfslPh
XXXVI 137-138; Torp-Falk 71 (recon-
struct *xaps-, to Lidi kabé 'small hook');
Holthausen AEE]\ t 156; Vries ANE\V
225-226; Onions 430; Kluge-Seebold
359.
*xaswaz adj.: ON hqss 'grey', OE hasu
id., MHG heswe 'pale, duli'. Related to
*xasnaz. Schwentner FB 80; Torp-
Falk 87; Holthausen AEEW 149;
Pokorný I 533; Vries ANEW 282;
Zalizniak I 153; Bammesberger Nom.
244; Heidermanns 284; Hilmarsson Mat.
156 (to Toch B kaswo 'eruption, inflam-
mation of the skin').
*xatalaz ~ *xatulaz adj.: OESc of-hatul
'extremely pleasanť, OE hatol, hetol 'hos-
tile, evil', OS hatulo 'hate-filleď, OHG
xatalaz
165
xauxa-likaz
hazzal 'guileful, malicious'. Derived from
*xataz ~ *xatez, *xatjanan. Holthausen
AEEW 150; Heidermanns 284-285.
*xataz ~ *xatez sb.m./n.: Goth hatis
'hatred, anger', ON hatr id., OE hete id.,
OFris hat id., OS heti id., OHG haz id.
Related to Toch A kat 'destruction', Av
sádra- 'grief, sorrow', Ose cadeis 'enmity',
Gk 10)805 'sorrow', Mír caiss 'hatreď.
Zupitza Gutt. 184; Bartholomae 1570-
1571; Torp-Falk 68-69; Holthausen
AEEW 157; Feist 247-248; Ernout-
Meillet 698 (to Lat odl 'to hatě' with
a "preformant" *k); Pokorný I 517;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 87; Frisk I
836-837; Zalizniak II 223; Onions 430;
Lehmann GED 178; Bammesberger Nom.
212; Keuge-Seebold 359.
*xatjanan wk.vb.: Goth hatjan 'to hatě',
OE hettan 'to hatě', MHG hetzen 'to
pursue'. Derived from *xataz ~ *xatez.
Torp-Falk 68; Holthausen AEE1V 158;
Feist 248; Peeters K^GI 168; Lehmann
GED 178; Kluge-Seebold 372.
*xatěnan ~ *xatojanan wk.vb.: Goth
hatan 'to hatě', ON hata id., OE hatian id.,
OFris hatia id., OS haton id., OHG hazzon
id. Derived from *xataz ~ *xatez. Kuhn
K~l I 95; Torp-Falk 68; Holthausen
AEEW 150; Feist 247; Vries AMW 213;
Onions 430; Lehmann GED 178.
*xattuz sb.m.: ON hqttr 'hooď, OE hstt
'hať, OFries hath 'hooď. Cf. also WGmc
*xodaz > OE hód 'coat widr a hooď, OE
hod 'hooď, OFris hod id., OS hod id.,
OHG huot id. Of unknown origin.
Zupitza Gutt. 207; Torp-Falk 69 (to Lat
cassis 'helmeť); Holthausen AEEW 146,
167 [*xodaz to Lat cassis 'helm'); Pokorný
1516; Vries ANEW 282; Onions 430,
447; Kluge-Seebold 389-390.
*xa|5(a)r5n sb.m.: OHG hadara 'lump',
early G Hader 'quarrel'. Derived from
*xapuz. Identical with Slav *kotera ~
*kotora 'quarrel' (Bugge K~ XXXII 49).
Skt sátu- 'enemy' is derivationally less
close. Zupitza KZ XXXVII 400;
Uhlenbeck PBB XXVI 287 (to Arm kotor
'serap, fragment'); Torp-Falk 69; May-
rhofer III 294; Trubachev ESSJa XI
200-201; Kluge-Seebold 346 (separates
OHG from this etymon).
*xajíuz sb.m./f: Burg *hapus 'íighť, ON
hqd 'war, slaughter', theon. Hq&r, OE
headu-deór 'brave, stout in war', OFris -had
(in prop.), OS hathu- id. (in prop.), OHG
prop. Hadu-wig id. Identical with Hitt
kattu- 'spiteful', Olr cath id., Thrac uheon.
Kóxtu; (Fick Spracheinh. 422). Torp-Falk
69; Holthausen AEE]\ t 153; Detschew
Thr. 258-259; Pokorný I 534; Vries
ANEW 278-279; Frisk I 932; Kobler
711; Puhvel IV 138-140; Kluge-
Seebold 346; BouTKAN OFED s.v.
*xaubudan ~ *xaubiďan sb.n.: Goth
haubip 'heaď, ON haufud id., OE heáfod
id., OFris haved, had id., OS hobid id.,
OHG houbit id. Secondary (taboo?) vari-
ants of *xabuian (Noreen AJVF VI 310).
Marstrander Kl. 25 (the first syllable
influenced by the following -u-)\ Zupitza
Gutt. 103; Torp-Falk 73; Holthausen
AEEW 150; Feist 248; Pokorný I 530
(analogical influence of *xúbon); Zaliz-
niak I 141; Onions 432; Lehmann GED
178-179; Bammesberger Mom. 215-216;
Kluge-Seebold 360.
*xau3az ~ *xau3an sb.m./n.: ON haugr
'mound, cairn', OHG houg 'hilT. A vari-
ant of *xauxaz with a different stress pat-
tern. Close to Lith kaukas 'swelling, uleer',
Slav *kuka 'hook' (Wood IF XVIII 35).
Zupitza Gutt. 110; Torp-Falk 91;
Trautmann BS]\ t 121-122; Fraenkel
229-230; Vries ANEW 213-214; Tru-
bachev ESSJa XIII 86-87; Heidermanns
286; Kluge-Seebold 386.
*xauxa-foer3an ~ *xauxa-ber3az
sb.n.: ON há-bjarg 'high rock', OE
héah-beor3 'high mountain'. Compound
of *xauxaz and *ber^an ~ *ber^az. Carr
Mom. comp. 86 (parallel formations).
*xauxa-xertaz adj.: Goth hauh-hairts
'haughty, prouď, OE heáh-heort id. Com-
pound of *xauxaz and *xertaz (see *xerton).
Feist 249; Carr JVom. comp. 94 (parallel
formations); Lehmann GED 171, 179.
*xauxa-líkaz adj.: ON há-ligr 'high,
xauxa-likaz
166
xaupaz
sublime', OE heá-lic 'high', OHG hoh-lih
id. Derived from *xauxaz. Heidermanns
286.
*xauxa-saliz sb.m.: ON pl. há-salir 'high
halí', OE heáh-sele id. Compound of
ílll-Z
*salaz. Carr Mo
*xauxaz and
comp. 58.
*xauxa-stadiz sb.m.: ON há-staSr 'high
pláce', OE heáh-stede id. Compound of
*xauxaz and *stadiz. Carr Mom. comp. 58.
*xauxaz adj.: Goth hauhs 'high', ON hár
id., OE heáh id., OFris hach id., OS hoh
id., OHG hoh id. Closely related to Toch
A koc, B kauc 'high'. Further cf. Skt koca-
'desiccation', kucati 'to curve', NPers koz
'bent, crookeď, Lith kaiikas 'bump, swell-
ing', Slav *kuka 'hook' (Wood IF XVIII
35), Olr cúar 'crookeď < *kukro-. Kuhn
KZ I 137; Schweizer KZ I 558, 560;
Karsten MB I 62; Zupitza Gutt. 110,
132; Torp-Faek 91; Feist 249; Holt-
hausen AEEW 150; Mayrhofer I 269;
Pokorný I 589; Fraenkel 229-230;
Vries AVEIT 210; Onions 440; Stang LS
27; Trubachev ESSJa XIII 86-87;
Lehmann GED 179; Bammesberger Mom.
237; Heidermanns 285-286; Kluge-
Seebold 378; Adams TB 208; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*xauxibó sb.f.: Goth hauhipa 'heighť, ON
hďd id., OE hihdo id., MDu hogede id.,
OHG hohida id. Derived from *xauxaz.
Pipping SMFXIl/l 68 (ON < *xaxwipó);
Torp-Falk 91; Holthausen AEE1V 158;
Feist 249; Vries AMEW 276; Onions
435; Lehmann GED 179; Bammesberger
Mom. 117; Heidermanns 286.
*xauxin sb.f.: Goth hauhei 'heighť, OS hóhi
id., OHG holil id. Derived from *xauxaz.
Feist 249; Lehmann GED 179; Heider-
manns 286.
*xauxjanan wk.vb.: Goth hauhjan 'to
make high', OESc hoghia 'to raise', OE
héan id., OFris haa id., OLG ir-hoen id.,
OHG gi-hohen id. Derived from *xauxaz.
Structurally close to Slav *kučiti 'to touch,
to gather'. Holthausen AEE]\ r 158;
Feist 249; Trubachev ESSJa XIII 81;
Lehmann GED 179; Heidermanns 286.
*xaulaz ~ *xaulón sb.m./f: ON haull
'rupture, hernia', OE heála 'rupture',
OHG holá id. Related to Gk Kr|Xr| 'hump,
hernia' < *kauela, Lith kula 'swelling',
Slav *kyla 'hernia' (Solmsen KZ XXXI
471). Zupitza Gutt, 110; Buga RFV
LXXI 54; Torp-Faek 66; Fíretschmer
KZ XXXI 471-473 (on Gk kt|A,ti);
Trautmann BS] V 144; Holthausen
AEEW 150; Pokorný I 536-537; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 109; Fraenkel 306;
Frisk I 839-840; Vries A]\E] I' 2 1 4; Tru-
bachev ESSJa XIII 262-263.
*xaunaz adj.: Goth hauns 'low, humble',
OE heán 'low, mean, abjecť, OFris hana
'low, humble', OHG hdni 'shameful'.
Close to Gk kcxwÓí;' kokÓi;, OK^ripóí;,
kXtípoí; (Hes.), Latv kauns 'ignominy,
shame'. Zupitza Gutt. 110 (to MHG
huren 'to cower'); Torp-Falk 66; Feist
249-250; Holthausen AEEW 152;
Pisani KIL LXXVI/2 30 (to Toch A gaňi
'shame'); Pokorný I 535; Frisk I 803;
Chantraine 506; Stang LS 27; Lehmann
GED 1 79; Bammesberger Mom. 246 (from
*xawwanan); Heidermanns 286-287;
Fvluge-Seebold 380.
*xaunij}6 sb.f: Goui haunipa 'silence,
humility', OE hýnd, hýndu 'abasement,
humiliation', OFris hrnde 'injury', OS
honitha 'ignominy, shame', OHG honida
'disgrace'. Derived from *xaunaz. Holt-
hausen AEE]V 159; Feist 249; Heider-
manns 287.
*xaunjanan wk.vb.: Goth haunjan 'to
abase, to humiliate', OE hýnan 'to abuse,
to humiliate', OFris hena 'to get over', OS
gi-hónian 'to abase, to humiliate', OHG
honěn id. Derived from *xaunaz. Holt-
hausen AEE]V 159; Feist 249; Heider-
manns 287.
*xaupaz sb.m.: OE héap 'heap, pile,
crowď, OFris háp id., OS hop id., OHG
houf id. A phonetically irregular counter-
part of IE *koupo- (with Gmc *-p- < IE
*-p-?)'. Av kaofa- 'hilT, Lith kaupas id., Slav
*kupa ~ *kupij 'heap, group (of trees)'.
Zupitza Gutt. 22, 115; Bartholomae
431; Torp-Falk 94-95 (< *koupn-)\
xaupaz
167
xazwaz
Holthausen AEE1 V 152; Pokorný I
590-591 (thinks of a separate IE *keub-),
591; Fraenkel 231; Zalizniak I 132;
Onions 432; Stang LS 27 (to Lith kaúbras
'hill'); Trubaohev ESSJa XIII 107-108;
Kluge-Seebold 360.
*xausaz sb.m.: ON hauss 'skuli'. Identical
with Skt kosa- 'cupboard, treasury', Lith
káušas 'skuli, laddle, scoop' (Hirt BB
XXIV 278). Johansson IF XLX 125-
1 33; Zupitza Gutt. 111; Mayrhofer I
273; Pokorný I 953; Fraenkel 231-232;
Vries /LVETI' 214.
*xauzjanan ~ *xausjanan wk.vb.:
Goth hausjan 'to hear', ON heyra id., OE
hýran id., OFris hěra id., OS horian id.,
OHG hořen id. Related to Gk koÉco 'to
notě', (ÍkoÚco 'to hear' with unclear
á- (Delbrůgk K£ XVI 271), Lat causo
'to také heeď. See *skawwojanan. Grien-
berger Got. 111 (preposition *x- and
main stem *ausjanan)\ Zupitza Gutt. 206;
Torp-Falk 66; Holthausen AEE]V 159;
Walde-Hofmann I 186-187; Feist 251-
252; Pokorný I 587-588; Frisk I 890-
891; Vries ANEW 226; Onions 433;
Lehmann GED 180-181; Kluge-Seebold
383.
*xawjanan wk.vb.: ON heyja 'to execute,
to perform', OE híe^an 'to perform'.
Probably connected with *xawwanan.
Zupitza Gutt. 122 (to Gk okeíioí; 'vessel,
implemenť, Slav *kutiti); Torp-Falk 66;
Holthausen AEEW 158; Vries ANEh r
226; Van Windekens I 237-238 (to Toch
A ktsets 'finished, perfecť, B ktsaitse 'old').
*xawwan sb.n.: ON hqgg 'stroke, blow',
OE 3e-heáw 'striking together, gnashing'.
Derived from *xawwanan. Holthausen
AEEW 153; Vries ANEW 280; Seebold
251.
*xawwanan str.vb.: ON hqggva 'to strike,
to smite', OE heáwan 'to cut, to hew',
OFris hawa id., OS pret. ga-hio id., OHG
houwan id. Related to Toch A ko-, B kau-
'to kill', Lat cúdo 'to strike', Lith káuju,
káuti id., Slav *kujq, *kovati 'to forge'
(Bugge Á'~ XLX (1870) 414). Hirt BB
XXIV 276; Zupitza Gutt. 122; Meillet
MSL XIV 355; Torp-Falk 65-66;
Trautmann BS]V 123; Holthausen
AEEW 153; Walde-Hofmann I 300-301
Jóhannesson IEW 177; Pokorný I 535
Fraenkel 232; Vries ANEW 280
Onions 439; Seebold 251; Lindeman
Verschárfung 15.7; Lehmann GED 181;
Kluge-Seebold 360; Adams TB 208
*xawwjan sb.n.: Goth hawi 'hay', ON hey
id., OE ácj id., OFries ha, hai, hě id., OS
hói id., OHG hewi, hou id. Derived from
*xawwanan (Pott apud Feist). The origi-
nál meaning was 'cut grass'. Lidén
Festschr. Bugge 94 (reconstructs *xa3wjan);
Uhlenbeck PBB XXII 191 (to Slav
*kovylb 'feather-grass, Stipa pennata');
Zupitza Gutt. 52, 75, 122; Torp-Falk 66;
Holthausen AEEW 158; Feist 252;
Pokorný I 535; Vries ANEW 226;
Zalizniak I 145; Onions 431; Seebold
251; Lindeman Verschárfung 16.10; Leh-
mann GED 181; Bammesberger Nom.
65-66; Kluge-Seebold 372.
*xazčtaz sb.m.: ON haddr 'woman's hair'.
Cf. OE heordan 'hards of flax', MDu hede
'flax fiber, oakum', OFris hede 'oakum'.
Related to Olr cass 'curi' < *kastos, Lith
kasa 'plaiť, OPrus kexti 'plaited hair', Slav
'''kosa id. Zupitza Gutt. 103; Torp-Falk
76; Trautmann BS]V 120; Holthausen
AEE]V 156; Pokorný I 585; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 61-62; Fraenkel 226;
Vries ANEW 200; Trubachev ESSJa XI
131-133; Kluge-Seebold 362.
*xazjanan wk.vb.: Goth hazjan 'to praise',
OE herian id. Unclear. Fick I 42, 420
(to Skt šasti 'to order, to direcť, Av sasti
'to call, to learn'); Vaniček Lat. 68 (to Lat
carmen 'verse, song'); Zupitza Gutt. 184;
Torp-Falk 76; Holthausen AEE]V
157; Feist 252-253; Pokorný I 530-
531 (reconstructs *kar- 'to praise'), 533;
Vrtes ANE1V 224 (to Skt carkarti 'to make
mention of < *ker-); Lehmann GED 181
(against comparisons with *kens-).
*xazwaz sb.m.: ON hqrr 'flax', OFris her,
har id., OHG har, haro id. Substantivized
*xaswaz? Alternatively, a derivative of IE
*kes- 'to comb': Hitt kišdi- 'to comb', Slav
xazwaz
168
xelpon
*česati id. (Kluge-Seebold 345). Hirt
BB XXIV 275; Torp-Falk 79 (recon-
struct *xarwaz < *xarzwaz); Vries AMElť
281-282.
*xexlón sb.f.: ON héla 'hoar frosť. Close
to Skt šiíira- 'cool, colď, Lith šešelis
'shade, shadow' reduplicated from IE *kel-
'colď. Cf. *xa$lan ~ *xa$laz. Zupitza
Gutt. 184; Torp-Falk 84; Mayrhofer III
345-346; Pokorný I 551; Fraenkel
975-976; Fraenkel 976.
*xelanan str.vb.: OE helan 'to conceal, to
hide', OFris hela id., OS helan id., OHG
helan id. Related to Lat celo 'to hide, to
conceal', Olr celid 'to conceal' (Gůntert
Kalypso 34—35). Zupitza Gutt. 1 85; Torp-
Falk 80-81; Holthausen AEEW 154;
Walde-Hofmann I 198-199; Jóhannes-
son IEW 242-244; Pokorný I 553;
Seebold 252-253; Lehmann GED 174,
193; Kluge-Seebold 363.
*xeldiz ~ *xeldjó sb.f.: ON hildr 'battle'
(nom. sg. < *xeliiz), OE hild id., OS hildi
id., hild id., OHG hilt(i)a id. Related to
Olr coll 'destruction', Mír ceallach 'war',
W coll 'destruction', Bret koll id. (Stokes
BB LX 88). Forsterman KZ I 104;
Zupitza Gutt. 107; Torp-Falk 82; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 160; Lané Language LX
247; Trier PBB LXVI 241; Pokorný I
547; Chemodanov SGGJa I 97; Vries
AMEW 226-227; Zalizniak II 213.
*xelmaz sb.m.: Gour hilms 'helmeť, ON
hjálmr id., OE helm id., OFris helm id., OS
helió-helm id., OHG helm id. Close to Skt
neut. šárman- 'protection, shelter, cover'
(Bugge BB III 118), Thrac t^aX^óq 'hide'
(Tomaschek Thr. 11/ 1 10). See *xelanan.
Marstrander MVA 1925/1 32 (to Lat
cuhnen 'point, summit, ridge'); Torp-Falk
80; Holthausen AEE]V 154; Feist
255; Detsghew Thr. 175; Mayrhofer III
310-311; Pokorný I 553; Vries AMEW
230; Zalizniak I 132; Onions 435; See-
bold 252; Lehmann GED 183; Kluge-
Seebold 369.
*xelmón ~ *xalm5n sb.m.: OE helma
'helm, rudder', MLG helm 'oar shafť,
OHG joh-halmo 'yoke rudder'. Related to
Liťh kélmas 'tree stump', OPrus kalmus
'cane'. Zupitza Gutt. 113, 152; Persson
Beitráge 147-149; Torp-Falk 82; Traut-
mann BSW 126; Holthausen AEEW 154
Pokorný I 546, 924-925; Fraenkel 237
Vries AMEW 230-231 (from *skel-b-)
Onions 435.
*xelpa-lausaz adj.: ON hjálp-lauss 'help-
less', ME help-less id., OFris helpe-lds id.,
MHG helfe-los id. Compound of *xelpo
and *lausaz. Carr Mom. comp. 89 (paral-
lel formations).
*xelpanan str.vb.: Goth hilpan 'to help',
ON hjálpa id., OE helpan id., OFris helpa
id., OS helpan id., OHG helfan id. With
unclear differences in consonantism, con-
nected with Lith šelpiii, šelpti id. Cf.
also OLith šelbtis (Meillet BSL XXI
126, XXLX 31) which, however, seems
to háve a secondary -b- (Fraenkel 971).
Zupitza Gutt. 185; Torp-Falk 85;
Trautmann BSW 302; Feist 255-256;
Holthausen AEEW 154; Jóhannesson
IEJV 250; Trier Lehm 56; Pokorný I 554;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 76; Vries AMEW
231; Fraenkel 971-972; Zalizniak II
196; Onions 436; Seebold 254-255;
Lehmann GED 183; Kluge-Seebold 368.
*xelpó sb.f: ON hjqlp, hjálp 'help', OE
help id., OFris helpe id., OS helpa id.,
OHG helfa id. Cf. Burg *hUps id. Derived
from *xelpanan. Torp-Falk 85; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 154; Pokorný I 554;
Vries AMEW 233; Zalizniak II 196;
Onions 436; Seebold 254; Bammes-
berger Mom. 110; Kobler 711; Kluge-
Seebold 374.
*xeltan sb.n.: ON hjalt 'knob at the end of
a sworďs hilť, OE hilt 'handle', OS helta
id. (fem.), OHG helza id. (fem.). Con-
nected with *xultan. Torp-Falk 84;
Falk MVA 1914/6 24; Holthausen
AEEW 160; Pokorný I 547; Vries
AMEW 231; Zalizniak II 174; Onions
441.
*xelb5n sb.f: ON hilla 'shelf, MLG hilde
'manger'. Probably derived from *xelanan.
Torp-Falk 81 (to Lith keliú, kélti 'to lift');
Pokorný I 553-554; Vries AMEW 227.
xemena-kundaz
169
xerdjaz
*xemena-kundaz adj.: Goth himina-kunds
'heavenly', OE heofon-cund id. Compound
of *xemenaz and *kuniaz. Feist 256;
Carr Nom. comp. 88 (parallel formations);
Lehmann GED 183.
*xemena-leuxm5n sb.m.: ON himin-
Ijómi 'heavenly lighť, OE heofon-leóma id.
Compound of *xemenaz and Heuxmon.
Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xemena-tun3lan sb.n.: ON himin-tungl
'luminary, heavenly body', OE heqfon-
tunsol id., OS heb an-tungal id. Cf. also
OHG himil-zungal id. Compound of
*xemenaz and Hun^lan. Carr Nom. comp.
50; Zalizniak I 144; Lehmann GED
348.
*xemena-wan3az sb.m.: ON himin-vangr
'heaven, heavenly fielď, OS hetan-wang
id. Compound of *xemenaz and *wan^az.
Carr Nom. comp. 56.
*xemenaz sb.m.: Goth himins 'sky,
heaven', ON himinn id., OE heofon id., OS
heban id. Cf. also heteroclytic /-forms:
OFris himel, himul id., OS himil id., OHG
himil id. With a metathesis of the anlaut
and modifications of vocalism, continues
a thematic derivative of IE *ak-men- 'vault
of stone, sky': Skt ášman- 'stone, rock,
heaven', Av asman- 'stone, heaven', Gk
otK|itov '(meteoric) stone, anvil', aKjuov
oúpavóq (Hes.), Lith akmuo 'stone', Slav
*kamy id. (Reiohelt KZ XLVI 343, IF
XXXII 23-57). Bartholomae 207-
208; Torp-Falk 73; Lané Language XI
193 (to Latv kamwsis 'shoulder'); Fraen-
kel KZ LXIII 183-184; Holthausen
AEEW 156; Feist 256; Prokosch CGG
87 (dissimilation of sonorants in *xemelaz
< *xemenaz); Zonderreger AnZDA LXXI
152 (variation of /- and n-suffixes);
Benveniste Origines 1 7 (to Gk Kanápa
'covered carriage, vaulted chamber');
Porzig Gliederung 75, 190; Mayrhofer I
60-61; Pokorný I 19, 557 (from IE
*kem- 'to cover'); Fraenkel 5; Vries
ANEW 227 (against Reichelt); Zaliz-
niak I 132; Frisk I 54; Onions 433;
Schindler Kratylos XV 152; Hamp JL III
83-90; Maher JIES I 441-462 (from the
originál meaning *' sharp thing' > 'axe' >
'thunder' > 'sky'); Lehmann GED 183—
184 (related to *xamaz)\ Kluge-Seebold
374-375.
*xemerón sb.f: OHG hemera 'hellebore'.
Identical wiťh Lith pl. kemeraí 'Eupa-
torium cannabinum L.', Slav *čema~b
'hellebore' (Zupitza KZ XXXVII 399).
Loewenthal ]VuS^Í 185; Torp-Falk 74;
Pokorný I 558; Fraenkel 251-252;
Stang LS 16; Trubachev ESSJa IV
52-53.
*xenčtj6(n) sb.f: ON hind 'hind, roe' (root
stem), OE hind 'hinď, OS hindi- (in
cmpn.), OHG hinta id. From *ken-t- rela-
ted to Skt kamna- 'young', Gk Koavóq
'new', Lat re-cěns 'fresh, young, new'.
Zupitza Gutt. 207; Torp-Falk 71 (to Gk
KEiiái; 'young deer'); Holthausen AEE]\'
160; Walde-Hofmann I 423-424; Mayr-
hofer 1151; Pokorný I 556 (to Skt šáma-
'hornless'), 563-564; Vries ANEW 228;
Frisk I 754-755; Zalizniak II 208;
Onions 441; Kluge-Seebold 375.
*xenkójanan wk.vb.: ON hinka 'to limp,
to hobble', OE hincian id. Cf. a secondary
strong verb in MLG hinken id., OHG
hincan id. Related to *xakorň Kluge-
Seebold 375 (to Gk ará^a) id.).
*xenbanan str.vb.: Goth fra-hinpan 'to také
captive, to capture', OSwed hinna 'to
gain'. Any connection with Gk kevtsco 'to
prick, to goaď? Torp-Falk 70-71;
Holthausen ffXX 326 (to Lat scando 'to
climb, to rise'); Feist 161; Seebold 255—
256; Lehmann GED 176.
*xenb5(n) sb.f: ON hinna 'film, mem-
bráně', OE hion 'bone of the head (?)'.
Probably derived from *xenpanan. Ltdén
BB XXI 107 (to Olr ceinn 'scale');
Zupitza Gutt. 116; Torp-Falk 71; Holt-
hausen AEEW 160; Pokorný I 929;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 99; Vries ANEW
228.
*xerďjaz sb.m.: Goth hairdeis 'herdsman,
shepherď, ON hirfiir id., OE hierde id.,
OS hirdi id., OHG hirti id. Derived from
*xerdo. Structurally close to Lith keřdžius
'shepherď. Trautmann BS]V 127-128;
xerdjaz
170
xerpraz
Holthausen AEEW 159; Feist 234;
Pokorný I 579; Chemodanov SGGJa I
72; Fraenkel 242; Vries AMEW 229;
Zalizniak I 137; Onions 437; Ben-
veniste 48; Lehmann GED 170-171;
Bammesberger Mom. 67; Fsluge-Seebold
377.
*xerďó sb.f.: Goth hairda 'herd, flock', ON
hjorb id. (pardy *xerdiz), OE heord id., OS
herda 'sequence, shifť, OHG herta 'herd'.
Connected with Skt íárdha- 'crowd,
mighť, Av sarsSa- 'type', Gk KÓpOuc;
'heap', MW cordd 'crowď, OPrus kerdan
'tíme', Slav *čerda 'series, row, herd' (Fiok
KZXX 167-168). WGmc *xerian > OE
heorda 'deerskin', OHG herdo 'fleece' is
derived from *xerdo. Meillet MSL VIII
297, Etudes II 256-257; Zupitza Gutt.
105, 115; Bartholomae 1566-1567;
Torp-Falk 78; Trautmann BSW
127-128; Holthausen AEEW 156-157;
Feist 234; Lehmann Language XVIII 130
(to *ker- 'to grow'); Mayrhofer III
309-310; Pokorný I 579, 941; Vries
AMEW 233 (to *ker- 'to braiď), 255 (to
ON hredr 'scrotum', Lat cortex 'bark')
Frisk I 921-922; Zalizniak II 193
Onions 437; Benveniste IEL 48
Trubaohev ESSJa IV 60-63; Lehmann
GED 170-171; Kxuge-Seebold 370.
*xersjaz sb.m.: ON hirsi 'milleť, OHG
hirsi id. Any relation to *xersnon ~ *xers-
nan? Torp-Falk 80 (to *ker- 'to feed, to
grow'); Pokorný I 577.
*xersn(j)a-skělo sb.f.: ON hjarn-skál
'skuli', OHG hirni-scala id. Compound of
*xersnon ~ *xersnan and *skelo. Carr
Mom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*xersnón ~ *xersnan sb.m./n.: ON
hjarni 'brain', ME herně id., MDu hersene
id. Cf. also OHG hřmi id. < neut. *xerzn-
jan. Based on a poorly attested mase.
*xerson 'crown of the heaď: ON hjarsi.
Closely related to the stem of oblique
cases in Skt širsn- (of šíras- 'head'), cf. also
Gk KÓpari 'temple'. Further connected
with Lat cerebrum 'brain', Gk KÉpo^
'heaď. Zupitza Gutt. 185; Torp-Falk
76; Walde-Hofmann I 203-204; Mayr-
hofer III 341; Pokorný I 574-576;
Vries AMEW 231-232; Frisk I 826-827,
923 (ícópcri from Keípto 'to cuť); Bammes-
berger Mom. 67—68; Kluge-Seebold
376-377.
*xertón sb.n.: Goth hairto 'hearť, ON hjar-
ta id., OE heorte id. (fem.), OFris herte, hirte
id., MLG herte id., OHG herza id. Related
to Hitt kir-, kart- id., Toch A kri Svili', B
pl. kdryaň 'hearts', Arm sirt 'hearť, Gk
Kap8ía id., Lat cor id., Olr eride id., Lith
širdis id., Slav *sbrdbce id., *serda 'mid-
dle'. Zupitza Gutt. 182; Torp-Falk 77;
Trautmann BSW 302; Holthausen
AEEW 157; Walde-Hofmann I 271-272;
Feist 234-235; Pokorný I 579-580;
Vries AMEW 2"i2; Frisk I 787-788;
Zalizniak II 177; Onions 433; Fraenkel
986-987; Vasmer-Trubachev III 605-
606; Benveniste IEL 143; Szemerényi
Scňpta 1290-1292; Lehmann GED 171;
Bammesberger Mom. 1 75; Puhvel IV
189-191; Kluge-Seebold 372; Adams
TB 165.
*xer|5az sb.m.: OE heord 'hearth', OFris
herth, herd id., OS herth id., OHG herd id.
Related to Skt karta- 'cavity, hole', Slav
*čbrta 'line, edge' and other derivatives
of *(s)ker-t- 'to cuť denoting a (bound-
ary) line. The delimiting function of the
hearth, or of a log in it, is well attested in
other traditions: SCr badnjak and Alb
buzeni (Toporov Etim. 1974 3-15; Orel
AED 43-44). Torp-Falk 75; Holt-
hausen AEE][ T 157 (to Lat carbo 'coaF,
cremare 'to burn'); Muhlenbaoh-Endzelin
I 375 (to Latv cpi 'hot stones in a sauna',
Slav *čerm> 'hearth'); Mayrhofer I 173;
Pokorný I 941-942; Onions 433; Tru-
bachev ESSJa IV 161, XI 58-60 (to Slav
*korda ~ *krada 'pile of logs'; phonetically
impossible); Lehmann GED 180 (to *xur-
jan ~ *xurjaz).
*xerbraz sb.n.: Goth pl. hairpra 'intestines,
bosom, hearť, OE hreder 'breast, bosom'
(mase.?), OHG smala-herdar 'small intes-
tine, guť. May be connected with ON
hredr 'scrotum'. Derived from *xerpaz.
Saussure MSL VI 246-248 (to *xerton,
xerfiraz
171
xewjan
with suffix *-tro-); Jóhansson PBB XV
229 (samé as Saussure); Meillet Etudes
167 (to *kert- 'to weave'); Zupitza Gutt.
111; Torp-Falk 77, 102; Mayrhofer I
257; Holthausen AEEJ V 173; Feist 235;
Lehmann GED 171 (from *(s)ker- 'to cuť).
*xerutuz ~ *xerutaz sb.m.: ON hjqrtr
'stag, harť, OE heorot id., OFris hert id.,
OS hirot id., OHG hiruz id. Derivationally
identical with Gk KOpu8ó<; 'crested lark' <
*korudos. Further related to *ker(uj- 'horn'
(Fórsterman KZ I 497), see *xuman.
Zupitza Gutt. 116; Torp-Falk 76; Holt-
hausen AEEW 156; Pokorný I 576;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 58; Vries ANEW
234; Frisk I 924; Zalizniak II 200;
Onions 429; Kluge-Seebold 377.
*xeruz sb.m.: Goth haims 'sworď, ON
hjqrr id., OE heoru id., OS heru- (in
cmpn.). Related to Mír coire id. Luft
KZ XXXVI 145 (from *(s)ker- 'to cuť);
Zupitza Gutt. 182; Torp-Falk 75; Holt-
hausen AEEW 157; Feist 235; Pokorný
I 939-940 (to Lith kiřvis 'axe'); Vries
ANEW 234; Zalizniak I 152; Lehmann
GED 171; Bammesberger jYom. 156.
*xerznan sb.n.: ON hjarn 'hard frozen
snow'. Close to Arm sarn 'ice', Slav *serm>
'layer of ice, hard snow', Lith šefkšnas
'hoar-frosť, Latv sěrns, serksnis, s^rsna id.
(Sohulze Kl. Schr. 112-114). Zupitza
Gutt. 185; Torp-Falk 78; Trautmann
BSW 303; Krogmann KZ LXIV 133-
134; Holthausen ANW 116; Pokorný I
573; Fraenkel 973-974; Vries ANEW
231; Vasmer-Trubachev III 608.
*xerzon sb.m.: ON hjani 'hinge', OE heor-
ra 'bar, hinge'. Might be related to Lith
skefsas 'across', Slav *čerz'b 'through,
across' (secondary development of *čerst>)
< *(s)kert-s-o. Zupitza Gutt. 1 1 3; Torp-
Falk 80; Falk MM 1910 12 (to Lat cardo
'door-hinge'); Trautmann BSW 129-130;
Holthausen AEEW 156; Trier Holz
73-74; Jóhannesson IEJť 830; Vries
ANE1V 232; Vasmer-Trubachev IV
337-338.
*xeufanan str.vb.: Goth hiufan 'to lament,
to wail', OS pres. hioian id., OHG pres.
hiufit, hiufit id. Of unknown origin.
Weinhold KZ I 251; Grienberger Got.
113; Zupitza Gutt. 117; Torp-Falk 95;
Bezzenberger BB XVI 120 (to Lith
šaukiu, Saúkti 'to shout, to calT); Torp-
Falk 95; Feist 258 (to *keu- 'to howP);
Holthausen AEEW 155; Jóhannesson
IEW 177-178; Pokorný I 535-536; See-
bold 256 (to Skt káuti 'to cry', Gk kcokÚco
id.); Lehmann GED 185.
*xeufrójanan wk.vb.: ON hjúfra 'to pant,
to heave', G dial. hivern 'to lamenť.
Derived from *xeufanan. Mohr ZDADL
LXXV 252 (ON < WGmc); Vries
ANEW 233.
*xeup5n sb.m./f.: Norw dial. hjúpa 'briar',
OE héopa 'briar', OS hiopo 'briar', OHG
hiufo id. Related to *xaupaz (Torp-Falk
95) repeating the semantic ratio between
OPrus káaubri 'thorn' and Lidi kaubré 'hill'
(Sohmalstieg 330). Zupitza Gutt. 185
(to Slav *šipfb 'thorn'); Trautmann BSW
349 (to OPrus kaáubri 'thorn'); Holt-
hausen AEE]V 156; Pokorný I 595;
Onions 441; Stang LS 27.
*xeurja-líkaz adj.: ON hjr-ligr 'smiling,
sweeť, OE un-hír-líc 'fierce, savage, dis-
mal', OS sbst. un-hiur-lík 'monster', OHG
sbst. un-hiur-lih id. Derived from *xeurjaz.
Torp-Falk 88; Feist 517; Holthausen
AEEW 159; Kluge 252 (from *xiw-ra-);
Pokorný I 539-540; Heidermanns 291.
*xeurjaz adj.: ON hýrr 'sweet, smiling,
milď, OE hýře 'pleasant, gende, milď,
MDu on-ghehiere 'terrible', OS un-hiuri
'eery, uncanny', OHG hiuri 'simple'.
Connected with *xiwan. Torp-Falk 88;
Holthausen ^££11' 159; Vries ANEW
276; Lehmann GED 376; Heidermanns
290-291; Kxuge-Seebold 307.
*xewjan sb.n.: Goth hiwi 'form, appear-
ance', ON hý 'down (of plants or hair)',
OE hiw 'shape, form, appearance'. Prob-
ably derived from *xawwanan. Grien-
berger Got. 114 (to Skt šyavá- 'brown,
dark-brown', Mír céo 'fog'); Zubatý KZ
XXXI 12 (to Skt skunati 'to cover');
Zupitza Gutt. 207; Torp-Falk 88-89
(samé as Grienberger); Holthausen
xewjan
172
xindant
AEEW 159; Feist 259; Pipping Xenia 165;
Vries ANEW 274 (to Skt šyává- 'brown,
dark-brown', Slav *siub 'grey'); Onions
451; Lindeman Verschárfimg 16.11; Leh-
mann GED 185; Hilmarsson Mat. 207-
208 (to Toch B kwele 'black' < *kiwolo-).
*xěbaz sb.m.: ON háfi 'pock-net for her-
ring fishing', Du haafneť. Derived from
*xqjjanan. Vries ANE1 V 201 .
*xěbiz ~ *xófoiz adj.: ON hicfr 'fit,
proper', OE be-héfe 'necessary'. Derived
from *xajjanan. Holthausen AEEW
167-168; Vries ANEW 276; Seebold
245; Matzel Festschr. Schroder 104-105,
KZ CV 115-116, 119; Heidermanns
287-288.
*xěxwon sb.f: ON há 'second hay-crop,
aftermath'. Identical with Skt neut. šáka-
'pot-herb, vegetable', Lith šekas 'freshly
mown hay'. Torp-Falk 68; Trautmann
BSW 301; Mayrhofer III 320-321;
Pokorný I 544; Fraenkel 970-971;
Vries ANEW 199.
*xělaz I adj.: ON halí 'slippery', OE hál-
stán 'crystal', OHG hali 'smooth'.
Probably related to Lith šqlu, šálti 'to
freeze', Skt sišira- 'cool, colď. ICarsten
NB II 380; Zupitza Gutt. 184; Torp-Falk
83-84; Holthausen AEEW 145; Mayr-
hofer III 345-346; Pokorný I 551
Fraenkel 960-961; Vries ANE]V 205
Lerohner 94; Matzel KC CV 110
Heidermanns 289.
*xělaz II adj.: ON háll 'cunning', MLG hal
'hidden, secreť. Derived from *xelanan
(unless historically identical with *xelaz I).
Torp-Falk 81 (to Lat celo 'to hide, to
conceal'); Vries ANEW 205 (to *xaljo).
*xě r adv.: Goth her 'here', ON hér id., OE
hér id., OFris hír id., OS her id., OHG hiar
id. Continues *ka-r- (Jelltnek PBB XV
298-300) further related to *xl. Sievers
PBB XVI 238-240, XVIII 403; Torp-
Falk 63, 87; Brugmann IF VI 89-90;
Holthausen AEEW 157; Kluge Urgerm.
123-124; Feist 254; Pokorný I 609;
Vries ANEW 222-223; Onions 437;
Rtnge Sprache XXX 138-150 (lowering
of *i to *ě); Lehmann Phon. 72-73, GED
182; Bammesberger Nom. 259; Kluge-
Seebold 374.
*xěran sb.n.: ON hár 'hair', OE hér id.,
OFris her id., OS har id., OHG har id.
Related to Lith šerys 'bristle', Latv sars
id. wiuh a different vowel grade. Detter
ZDADL XLII 55 (to IE *sker- 'to cuť);
Torp-Falk 75; Holthausen AEEW
145; Pokorný I 583; Fraenkel 973
Vries ANEW 210; Zalizniak I 141
Onions 423; Adams JIES XVI 69-93
Bammesberger Nom. 96; Kxuge-Seebold
345.
*xěrjon sb.f: ON hara 'hair, grey hair',
OE hiére 'hair-cloth'. Derived from *xeran.
Holthausen AEEW 145; Vries ANEW
211.
*xl pron.: Goth dat. himma 'this', OE hé
'he', OS he, hi id., OHG hěiá. Notě neut.
forms: Goth acc. hita 'iť, ON hitt, OE
hit id., OFris hit, het id., MDu het id.
Continues IE demonstrative *kei-, cf Alb
si-vjet 'this year', Lith fis 'this', Slav *sb id.
Further cf. Hitt ka- 'this (one)'. Torp-
Falk 63 (< *xé), 87; Trautmann BSW
304; Holthausen AEE] V 150, 161; Feist
255, 258; Pokorný I 539-540, 609-610;
Fraenkel 990; Onions 488; Vasmer-
Trubaghev III 591-592; Lehmann GED
181-182; Puhvel IV 3-12; Orel AED
397.
*xiďrět adv.: Gouh hiclre 'hither', ON héSra
'here, hitíier', OE hider 'hither'. Derived
from *xí. Structurally similar to Lat
citra 'on this side', (ultro et) atro '(here
and) there'. Torp-Falk 87; Walde-
Hofmann I 222 (no historical connection
between Gmc and Lat); Holthausen
AEEW 158; Feist 255; Vries ANEW 21 5;
Onions 442.
*xixur5 ~ *skixuró sb.f: ON skjór 'mag-
pie', OE hiyre id. (< *xijuroj, OHG hehara
'jay'. Of imitative origin. Torp-Falk 89
(to Gk kÍcccx 'jay, Garrulus glandarius').
*xindaně adv., prep.: Goth hindana
'beyonď, OE híndan 'from behinď, OS
hindan 'from beyonď, OHG hintana
'behinď. A secondary locative. Based on
*xini- derived from *xi (Streitberg GE
xinclant
173
xlaijjaz
132; Brugmann Dem. 144). Kogel PBB
XVI 514; Wiedemann BB XXVII 199 (to
Skt kamna- 'young'); Zupitza Gutt. 116;
Holthausen AEEW 160; Feist 256;
Tisohler HEG I 539-542 (to Hitt katta(n)
'down, under'); Vries AMEW 228;
Onions 441; Lehmann GED 184; Kluge-
Seebold 375.
*xindr(5n) adj., adv.: Godi hindar 'behind,
beyond, over to, the other side of ', ON
compar. hindri 'hinder, hindmosť, OE
hinder 'back, behind, down', OFris hindera
'beyond', OS hindiro id., OHG hintar
'behind', adj. hintaro. An old comparative
of *xin-, a derivative of *xi. Torp-Falk
87; Holthausen AEE\V 160; Feist
256—257 (comparative form of *xind-)\
Pokorný I 609; Vries AMEW 228;
Onions 441; Lehmann GED 184; Kluge-
Seebold 375—376.
*xindrójanan wk.vb.: ON hindra 'to
hinder, to keep behind', OE hindrian
id., OFris hinderia id., MLG hinderen id.,
OHG hintaron id. Derived from *xindr(on).
Torp-Falk 87; Holthausen AEEW 160;
Vries AMEW 228; Onions 441; Kluge-
Seebold 375.
*xit(j)o(n) sb.f: Goth heito 'fever', ON
híta 'heating', OE hitt id., OHG hizza
id. Gonnected wiuh *xaitaz. van Helten
PBB XXX 241 (to Slav *sbjati 'to shine');
Zupitza Gutt. 112; Torp-Falk 89; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 161; Feist 253; Pokorný
I 519; Vries AME]V 229; Zalizniak II
216; Onions 433; Lehmann GED 181;
Kluge-Seebold 377.
*xlwan sb.n.: Goth heiwa-fiauja 'master of
the family', ON pl. hjón, hjún 'man and
wife', OE pl. híwan 'members of a house-
holď, OFris pl. hmna id., OS hiwa
'spouse, family member', OHG pl. híwun
id. Close to Skt sívá- 'dear, intimate', šivá-
'kind, friendly, dear', Lat cTuis 'citizen',
Latv sieva 'wife'. Tuoker Notes 37;
Torp-Falk 88; Holthausen AEEW 161;
Walde-Hofmann I 224-225; Feist 253-
254; Mayrhofer III 344, 376; Pokorný
I 540; Chemodanov SGGJa I 65; Vries
AMEW 233; Zalizniak II 177; Schulze
Kl. Schr. 201; Onions 440; Benveniste IEL
273-275; Lehmann GED 181-182; Bam-
mesberger Mom. 69; Kluge-Seebold 366.
*xíwisk(j)an sb.n.: ON hýski 'family,
householď, OE híwisc id., OS hiwiski
'family', OHG hiwisci id. Derived from
*xíwan. Torp-Falk 88; Holthausen
AEEW 161; Vries AMEW 276.
*xladan sb.n.: ON hlad 'pile, stack, barn',
OE hhed 'heap, pile'. Derived from *xla-
panan. Torp-Falk 110; Holthausen
AEEW 161; Vries AMEW 234; Seebold
259.
*xlaxjanan str.vb.: Goth hlahjan 'to
laugh', ON hlteja id., OE hlehhan id., OS
pret. hlog id., OHG Moc 'adrisiť. A de-
scriptive stem formally close to Slav
*klekotb 'laughter, noise', Mír clocc 'bell',
Lat glocio 'to cluck'. Gf. in particular Gk
kXíÁggco id. Zupitza Gutt. 117, 191;
Torp-Falk 110; Feist 259; Holthausen
AEEW 163; Walde-Hofmann I 606;
Jóhannesson IEW 277-278; Pokorný I
600; Vries AMEW 241; Frisk I 879;
Onions 518; Seebold 257-258; Tru-
baohev ESSJa LX 191-192; Lehmann
GED 185 (to IE *kel- 'to shout, to call');
Kluge-Seebold 498.
*xlaxtraz sb.m.: ON hlátr 'laughter', OE
hleahtor id., OHG neut. hlahtar id. Derived
from *xlaxjanan. Torp-Falk 1 1 0; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 162; Pokorný I 600;
Vries AMEW 235; Zalizniak II 200;
Seebold 258.
*xlaibaz sb.m.: Goth hlaifs 'breaď, ON
hleifr 'loaf, OE Máj id., OFris hlěf id.,
OHG leib, hleib id. Derived from *xlip-
janan (Kern TMTL V 55). Zupitza BB
XXV 94 (to Olr cliab 'basket'); Schrader
Festschr. Sievers 5-1 1 (to Gk K^ípavoi; 'cov-
ered earthen vessel'); Pedersen IF V 50,
KZ XXXVIII 393-394 (related to Slav
*xlěb~b 'breaď which, however, is from
Gmc); Persson Beitráge 303 (to Lat libo
'to také out as a sample, to také a little
of, Gk Aoi(3t| 'pouring, drink-offering');
Torp-Falk 109; Paschall JEGP VIII
18-24 (samé as Zupitza); Schrader-
Nehring II 245; Mohl MSL VII 403
xlaijjaz
174
xlankiz
(from Uralic); Kluyver TJVTL VIII 254-
257 (from an unknown source); Kozlov-
skij AfslPh XI 386 (samé as Pedersen);
Grienberger Got. 114 (samé as Schra-
der); Pedersen IF V 50 (to Lat llbum
'flan, cake'); Lidén PBB XV 514-515
(samé as Pedersen); Stender-Pedersen
Slav.-germ. 297-299 (Slav < Gmc); Holt-
hausen AEE]V 162; Feist 260; Trier
Lehm 59 (to IE *klei- 'to lean, to benď)
Vries AMEW 236; Zalizniak I 132
Onions 533; Lehmann GED 185-186
Bammesberger Nom. 52; Rluge-Seebold
499-500.
*xlaibón sb.m.: Goth ga-hlaiba 'compan-
ion', OHG gi-leibo id. Derived from
*xlaipaz. Calqued by Rom *com-panio id.
(Bruch 81). Velten JEGP XXLX 345
(calque from Rom); Feist 183; Lehmann
GED 139.
*xlaidrjó sb.f: OE hlteder 'ladder', OFris
hledere, hladder id., MLG ledder id., OHG
leitara, leitar id. Derived from IE *khi-, cf.
*xlinójanan. Structurally close to Mír
clithar 'hedge' and similar other deriva-
tives (Zupitza A^XXXV 259, Gutt. 186),
see *xlipró. Torp-Falk 112; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 161; Porzig Gliederung
124; Pokorný I 601; Onions 511;
Ktuge-Seebold 514.
*xlainaz ~ *xlainó sb.m./f: Goth mase.
or neut. hlain(s) 'hill', Norw dial. fem.
hlein 'slope'. Etymologically close to Olr
clóen 'crooked, unjusť, Lith šlainus
'crookeď. Further related to *xlinqjanan.
Zupitza Gutt. 186; Torp-Falk 111; Feist
260-261; Pokorný I 601; Fraenkel 997;
Lehmann GED 186.
*xlainiz adj.: OE hlene 'lean, meagre', LG
leen id., early G lehne 'gendy sloping'. De-
rived from *xlinqjanan. Structurally close
to Lith šlainus 'sloping, oblique', Latv
slains 'swaying', Olr clóen 'crooked, unjusť.
Holthausen AEE]V 161; Onions 520;
Stang LS 29; Pokorný I 601; Fraenkel
997; Heidermanns 291-292.
*xlaiwan ~ *xlaiwaz sb.n./m.: Goth
hlaiw 'tomb, grave', Run hlaiwa id., OE
hláw, hliéw 'rising ground, a funeral
mounď (< *xlaiwiz), OS hleo 'grave,
burial mounď (mase), OHG (h)lěo id.
(mase). Closely connected with Lat clluus
'mounď < *kleiuos, Lith šleívas 'with
crooked legs, crookeď (Solmsen K£
XXXVIII 453). Further see *xlinojanan.
Sůtterlin IF XXV 72; Zupitza Gutt.
186; Torp-Falk 112; Holthausen
AEEW 162; Walde-Hofmann I 237;
Feist 261; Mladenov 669 (to Slav *xlěut>
'sty, pen'); FCrahe SuV 75; Trier Lehm
54; Porzig Gliederung 109; Pokorný I
601; Chemodanov SGGJa I 90; Fraenkel
1001-1002; Vries AMEW 234; Zalizniak
II 187; Onions 519; Lehmann GED 186;
Bammesberger JVom. 69.
*xlakkojanan wk.vb.: ON hlakka 'to cry,
to seream', OFris hlakkia 'to laugh'. Of
imitative origin. Formally close to Gk
K^á^to 'to seream, to bárek' < *KXayyjto.
Cf. also *xlaxjanan. Zupitza Gutt. 1 1 8,
162; Torp-Faek 110 (reconstruct *xlank-,
cf. Lat clango 'to clang, to sounď);
Pokorný I 599-600; Vries ANEW 235;
Frisk I 863-864; Lehmann GED 185.
*xlammiz sb.m.: ON hlemmr 'lid, cover',
OE úht-hlem 'din made in the early morn-
ing', OFris hlem 'blow'. Derived from
*xlemmanan. Torp-Falk 111; Fírahe
SuV 78; Vries AME1 V 237; Seebold 264;
Lehmann GED 186.
*xlam(m)6janan wk.vb.: ON hlamma
'to give a duli, heavy sounď, OS Mamon
'to rush'. Derived from *xlammiz. Mar-
tinet Gem. 142, 144; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 91 (to Lat dámo 'to shouť);
Seebold 264.
*xlanďan sb.n.: ON Mand 'urine', OE
hland id. Unclear. Zupitza Gutt. 1 1 8;
Torp-Falk 111 (to Lith klanas 'puddle');
Walde-Pokorny I 500; Holthausen
AEEW 162; Chemodanov SGGJa I 77;
Vries ANE1\ t 235.
*xlankiz ~ *xlankjó(n) sb.m./f: ON
Mekkr 'link, chain of links', OE hlenca
'link', hlence id., OS Manka 'hip, thigh',
OHG hlanca 'hip'. Related to *xlankjanan.
Torp-Falk 110; Holthausen AEE]V
162; Onions 530; Fvluge-Seebold 310.
xlankjanan
175
xlemmanan
*xlankjanan wk.vb.: ON hlekkjask 'to
get impeded, to suffer miscarriage', OE
3e-hlencan 'to roli, to wrap', MLG lenken
'to benď, MHG hnken id., OHG ir-lenken
'to dislocate (a limb)', uz-lenken 'to un-
buckle'. Implies an unattested str. vb.
*xlenkanan related to Lat dingo 'to shuť,
Slav *kleknqti 'to squat, to kneel' (Johans-
son PBB XIV 298). Holthausen
AEEW 162; Walde-Hofmann I 233-234;
Pokorný I 603; Vries ANEW 237;
Trubachev ESSJa X 33-34; Kluge-
Seebold 310 (to Lith lenkiú, leňkti 'to
benď); Adams TB 222 (to Toch AB klánk-
'to doubť).
*xlabanan str.vb.: Goth af-hlapan 'to bur-
den', ON hlaoa 'to loaď, OE hladan 'to
heap, to pile up', OFris part. hleděn 'to
loaď, OS pres. hladan id., OHG hladan id.
Related to Lith klóti 'to spread ouť and
Slav *kladq, *klasti 'to puť (Lottner K^_
XI 179; Scherer GBS 21). Torp-Falk
110; Trautmann BSW 135-136; Feist 6;
Holthausen AEEW 161; Jóhannesson
IEW 273-274; Pokorný I 599; Vries
ANEJť 234; Fraenkel 274-275; Onions
511; Stang LS 29-30; Seebold 258-259;
Trubachev ESSJa LX 187-188; Lehmann
GED 5; Kluge-Seebold 499.
*xlab5n sb.f.: ON hlada 'store-house,
barn', MDu lade 'foodocker', MHG lade
id. Derived from *xlapanan. Kluge-
Seebold 498.
*xlauniz sb.f.: ON hlaunn 'buttock,
haunch'. Identical with Skt šroni- 'hip,
loin, buttock', Av sraoni- 'buttock', Lith
šlaunis 'hip'. Cf. also Lat clúnis 'buttock',
W člun id. Petersson IF XXXV 269-
270; Zupitza Gutt. 186; Bartholomae
1633; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 121; Traut-
mann 5.5*1 V 306; Torp-Falk 109; Walde-
Hofmann I 239; Mayrhofer III 395;
Pokorný I 607; Fraenkel 1000; Vries
ANEW 235.
*xlaupan ~ *xlaupaz sb.n./m.: ON
hlaup 'leap', MLG lop 'jump', OHG louf
'run'. Derived from *xlaupanan. Torp-
Falk 110; Seebold 260.
*xlaupanan str.vb.: Goth us-hlaupan 'to
leap forth, to leap up', ON hlaupa 'to
leap, to jump', OE hleápan id., OFris Mapa
'to run, to hasten', OS pret. uz-hliopun id.,
OHG hloufan id. Related to Lith šlumbu,
šlubti 'to become lamě', klumbú, klúbti 'to
stumble' (with depalatalized *«-), Latv
slubít 'to limp' (Hoffmann Festschr. Fick
51). Zupitza Gutt. 118119, 145; Torp-
Falk 109-110; Feist 532-533, PBB
XXXII 452-453; Holthausen AEEW
162; Specht 130-131; Trier Lehm 58;
Jóhannesson IEW 262-263; Pokorný I
630; Mattausch á'~ LXXVII 137-139;
Vries ANEW 235; Fraenkel 276, 1009;
Onions 520; Mottausch R'Z LXXVII
129-139; Seebold 259-261 (to Gk
kÉXevjOoc; 'way, course', Lith keliáuti 'to
travel, to wander'); Knobloch }\ 7 uSBez-
50-51 (to Lith klúpti); Lehmann GED 382;
Fsluge-Seebold 506.
*xlautaz sb.m.: Goth hlauts 'lot, inherit-
ance', ON hlautr 'lot', OS hlot 'lot, prop-
erty', OHG loz, hlóz id. Cf. *xlutiz.
Derived from *xleutanan. Zupitza Gutt.
1 1 9; Torp-Falk 1 1 3; Holthausen
AEEW 163; Feist 262; Kluge 445-446;
Pokorný I 605; Vries ANE1\ r 235;
Zalizniak II 200; Seebold 265; Leh-
mann GED 187; Bammesberger Nom. 52;
Fvluge-Seebold 525.
*xlefanan str.vb.: Goth hlifan 'to steal'.
Close to Toch B kdlyp- id., Gk k^Ékto) id.,
Lat depo id., OPrus au-klipts 'concealeď
(Schulze A"/?J XLLX 252). Zupitza Gutt.
118; Torp-Falk 111; Walde-Hofmann I
232; Feist 263-264; Pokorný I 604;
Frisk I 870-871; Seebold 261; Lehmann
GED 187; Adams TB 175-176.
*xlemmanan str.vb.: ON pret. hlam 'to
clink', OE hlimman 'to sound, to roar',
OHG pres. limmit 'infremuiť. Related to
Lat clamo 'to call', Lidi šlamu, Uameti 'to
chirp' . Zupitza Gutt. 118; Torp-Falk
111; Berneker I 526 (to Slav *klbno, *kl§ti
'to damn'); Holthausen AEEW 162-164;
Walde-Hofmann I 227; Jóhannesson
IEW 247-249; Pokorný I 548-550;
Fraenkel 998-999; Vries ANEW 238;
Seebold 263-264.
xleumon
176
xlidan
*xleutn5n ~ *xleumaz sb.m.: Goth
hliuma 'hearing', ON hljómr 'sound, tuně,
voice'. Identical with Av sraoman 'hearing'
< *kku-men- further related to IE *kleu-
'to hear'. Fórsterman K^ I 8; Knob-
lauch K~^ I 573; Zupitza Gutt. 186
Bartholomae 1 634; Torp-Falk 1 1 2
Pokorný I 605-607; Lehmann GED 188
Kluge-Seebold 516.
*xleumunčtaz sb.m.: OHG hliumunt 'testi-
mony, glory'. Structurally close to Toch
A klyom, B klyomo 'noble' < *kleumont- and
Skt šromata- 'good reputation'. Further see
*xleumon ~ *xhumaz. Můller K^ XIX
47 (to Lat crimen 'verdict, judgmenť)
Torp-Faek 112; Mayrhofer III 373
Pokorný I 605-607; Vries ANEW 238
Fvluge-Seebold 516; Adams TB 231.
*xleutanan str.vb.: ON Ujita 'to get by
lot, to get, to undergo, to suffer', OE hleó-
tan 'to cast lots', OS hliotan id., OHG
hliozan id. Related to Lith kliudaů, kliuiýti
'to make hang on, to push', kliaudaú,
klaudýti 'to prevent, to be in the way'.
Further connected with Lith klipsu, kliuti
'to hang on', Latv kjut 'to become', kjútas
'fate'. Sohrader K'Z XXX 495 (to Gk
K^á8o5 'branch'); Wood MP V 274
(samé as Schrader); Zupitza Gutt. 119
Grienberger Got. 115; Torp-Falk 113
Holthausen AEE\V 162; Feist 262
Jóhannesson IEW 275-276; Pokorný I
604-605; Fraenkel 274; Vries AMEW
238-239; Onions 537; Seebold 264-
265; Stang LS 29; Lehmann GED 186;
KVluge-Seebold 525.
*xleuban sb.n.: Goth hliup 'hearing (?),
silence (?)' (hap. leg.), ON hljód 'hearing'.
Continues a derivative in *-to- of IE
*kleu- 'to hear'. Structurally close to Av
sraota- 'hearing'. Bartholomae 1633;
Torp-Falk 112; Feist 264; Petersen
Language XV 89-90 (on Toch A klots,
B klautso 'ear'); Porzig Gliederung 180;
Pokorný I 605-606; Vries ANEW 238;
Lehmann GED 180; Bammesberger JVom.
79-80; Heidermanns 294.
*xleubran sb.n.: Icel hljódur 'tone', OE
hleódor 'hearing, noise, sound', OHG hlio-
dar-saz 'magie'. Identical with Skt neut.
šrotra- 'ear', Av srao&ra- 'hearing' < *kleu-
tro- further related to *kleu- 'to hear'. See
*xleupan. Bartholomae 1633; Torp-
Falk 112; Holthausen AEEW 162;
Mayrhofer III 373; Pokorný I 605-
607; Vrtes AMW 238; Lehmann GED
1 88; Bammesberger Nom. 86.
*xleuzan sb.n.: ON hlýr 'cheek', OE hkór
id., OS hleor id. Glose to Av sraoša- 'hear-
ing', Olr clúas 'ear', Slav *slux~b 'hearing'.
See *xleufran. Torp-Falk 1 1 3; Holt-
hausen AEEW 162; Bugge AjYF II 216;
Pokorný I 606; Chemodanov SGGJa I
99; Vries AMEW 241.
*xlewaz sb.n.: Run prop. hlewa-gastiz.
Related to the Indo-European word for
'glory': Toch A klyu, B kálywe 'glory', Skt
šrávas- 'glory, praise, renown', Av sravah-
'worď, Gk K^.éoq 'glory', Olr clú id.,
Slav *slovo 'word'. Bartholomae 1643—
1644; Mayrhofer III 389; Frisk I
869-870; Ltndeman Verscharfung 16.14;
Lehmann GED 188.
*xleweďaz adj.: ON hléSr 'famous'.
Identical with Gk kXeitÓ? id. < *kleu-
eto-. It is possible to compare this word
with Slav sbst. *kleveta 'calumny' without
assibilation of *k-. Further see *xlewaz.
Falk Festschr. Bugge Kr. 17; Pokorný I
605-606; Vries ANEW 236; Frisk I
877-878; Trubachev ESSJa X 14-17;
Heidermanns 296.
*xlěwan5janan wk.vb.: ON hlána 'to
thaw', G dial. láunen id. Derived from
*xlěumz. Torp-Falk 109; Vries ANEW
235 (to *xliwart).
*xlěwaz adj.: ON hher 'warm, milď (sec-
ondary j«-stem), MDu laeu, lan id., OHG
Ido id. Probably to Gk kXú^co 'to rinse, to
cleanse'. See *xlutraz. Schmidt Vok. II
454; Karsten NB II 421-422; Torp-
Falk 109 (to Lat caleo 'to be warm');
Walde-Hofmann I 239-240; Pokorný I
552, 607; Vries ANEW 241; Frisk I
876-877; Onions 538; Darms Vrddhi
54-60; Heidermanns 294-295 (to *xli-
wan); Fvluge-Seebold 505.
*xlidan sb.n.: ON hltá 'gate, gateway', OE
xlidan
177
xloanan
hlid 'lid, cover', OFris hlid id., OS hlid id.,
OHG ubar-lit id. Derived from *xlídanan.
Identical with Skt šritá- 'adhering to
smth., situateď, Gk óÍ-kXÍtoc; 'stable', Lith
pa-šlitas 'curveď continuing derivatives
in *-to- based on IE *klei- 'to lean'.
Zupitza Gutt. 119; Torp-Falk 111;
Holthausen AEE]V 163; Mayrhofer III
388-389; Pokorný I 601-602; Vries
AMEW 237-238; Frisk I 873-875
Zalizniak I 141; Onions 526-527
Seebold 262; Bammesberger Nom. 56
Kluge-Seebold 518.
*xlino sb.f.: OHG hlína 'back (of a chair),
lattice'. Close to Gk kXÍvt\ 'couch, bier'.
Further related to *xlinójanan. Pokorný
I 601; Frisk I 876-877; Kluge- Seebold
510.
*xlinójanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. lina 'to
lean', OE hlinian id., OFris léna id., OS
hlinon id., OHG hlinen id. See *xlino.
Derivationally close to Gk kMvcd 'to
benď, Lat clind in clínatus 'inclined, bent,
sunk', Lith šlienú, šliěti 'to lean'. Persson
Beitráge 915; Torp-Falk 111; Trautmann
BS1 V 308; Walde-Hofmann I 234-236;
Pokorný I 601; Fraenkel 1004; Frisk I
873-875; Onions 520; Lehmann GED
186; ííluge- Seebold 510-511; Adams
TB 223-224 (to Toch AB klín- 'to be
necessary').
*xliwan sb.n.: Goth mase. hlija 'booth,
tenť (leg. *hliwa), ON hlé 'lee', OE hléow
'shelter, protection', OFris hli id., OS hleo
'shelter from bad weather' (mase.). Con-
tinues IE *klei-, cf. *xlípro. Zupitza Gutt.
119; Grdínberger Got. 117; Uhlenbeck
PBBXXX 291 (to *klei- 'to benď); Torp-
Falk 109 (to *xlěwaz); Holthausen
AEEW 163; Feist 263-264; Vries AKEW
235-236 (to W clyd 'warm'); Onions 522;
Lehmann GED 187-188; Kluge- Seebold
509.
*xliwibó sb.f.: ON hlýša 'shed, a part of
the ship', OE hlíwd 'protection, shelter'.
Derived from *xliwan, *xliwjanan. Hol-
thausen AEEW 163; Vries ANE]\ r 240.
*xliwjanan wk.vb.: ON hlýja 'to cover,
to shelter', OE hlýwan 'to make warm, to
protéct'. Derived from *xliwan. Torp-
Falk 109; Holthausen AEE]V 163;
Vries AME]V 240.
*xlíbanan str.vb.: OHG líbán 'to protéct,
to care'. Continues IE *khi- 'to benď, cf.
*xliwan, *xlípr5. Torp-Falk 112; See-
bold 261-262.
*xlíbjanan wk.vb.: Goth hleibjan 'to shield,
to protéct', ON hlífa 'to give cover or
shelter', OHG líben 'to protéct, to care'.
Derived from *xlíbanan. Aufrecht K^ I
311 (to Lat clipeus 'schielď); Froehde BB
XXI 329 (follows Aufrecht); Uhlenbeck
PBB XXX 291 (to Slav *slěfrb 'blinď);
Torp-Falk 112; Feist 262; Trier Lehm
56; Jóhannesson IEW 242-244; Vries
ANEW238; Seebold 261; Lehmann GED
187.
*xlíbó sb.f: ON hlíf 'cover, shelter, pro-
tection', OHG líbá 'calming'. Derived
from *xlíbanan. Zupitza BB XXV 94 (to
Mír cliab 'basket'); Loewenthal ]VuS LX
176; Trier Lehm 56; Vries ANEW 238;
Seebold 262.
*xličtanan str.vb.: OE tó-hlídan 'to yawn,
to gape, to open', OFris hlídá 'to cover',
OS bi-hlídan 'to lock, to cover'. See
*xlíbanan. Zupitza Gutt. 119; Holthau-
sen AEEW 163; Pokorný I 600-602;
Seebold 262-263; Kluge-Seebold 518.
*xlM5(n) sb.f: ON hlid 'slope', OE neut.
hlid id., MLG lít, lite id., OHG lita id. To
*xlíianan. Structiirally close to Mír clíath
'hurďe'. Torp-Falk 111; Holthausen
AEEW 164; Vries ANEW 231; Lehmann
GED 187; Fvluge-Seebold 514.
*xlíj)r5 sb.f: Goth hleipra 'tenť. Identical
with Umbr kletram 'litter' < *klítra, Lat
dim. clítellae 'pack-sadďe' based on *clítra.
Cf. also Mír clithar 'fence'. Meringer
IF XVI 210 (on semantic development);
Zupitza KZ XXXV 259; Torp-Falk
112; Feist 263; Porzig Gliederung 124;
Pokorný I 601; Chemodanov SGGJa I
102; Lehmann GED 187; FCluge-Seebold
514.
*xlóanan str.vb.: ON hlóa 'to bellow, to
roar', OE hlówan id., OLFrank luoian 'to
low, to moo', OHG hluoen 'to roar'.
xloanan
178
xlutraz
Probably distantly related to Lat dámo 'to
shouť. Zupitza Gutt. 118; Torp-Falk
83; Holthausen AEEW 164; Walde-
Hofmann I 227; Onions 538.
*xlÓ3Íz adj.: Norw dial. and-log 'inclined to
laugh', OHG ant-hluogi 'merry'. Back for-
mation of *xlo^janan ~ *xloxjanan. Further
derived from *xlaxjanan. Karsten NB I
117; Matzel Kratylos XXXIV 137, KZ
CV 122-123; Heidermanns 296.
*xl53Janan ~ *xloxjanan wk.vb.: Goth
uf-hlohjan 'to make laugh', ON hlcegja id.
Causative of *xlaxjanan. Torp-Falk 110;
Feist 512; Vries ANEJi* 241; Seebold
258.
*xludaz adj.: OHG prop. Hlud-wig. From
IE *klutó- 'famous': Skt šrutá- 'heard,
famous', Av šrůta- 'heard', Gk kA-utoc;,
Arm lu 'known'. Lat in-clutus 'famous'.
Bartholomae 1648; Walde-Hofmann I
690-691; Mayrhofer III 372-374;
Pokorný I 605-607; Frisk I 877-878.
*xluniz sb.m.: ON hlynr 'maple tree', OE
hlyn id., LG lone, láne id. Probably con-
nected with Maced ícXivó-xpoxov 'a kind
of maple' (Theothrastes), Slav *klem> ~
*klbrtb 'maple', W kelyn id. Schróder IF
XVII 316; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 378;
Vasmer VB XXI 126 (to Gk Aoíiva iSXr]
'small Carpathian mountains'); Torp-
Falk 113; Holthausen AEEW 165;
Stang LS 28-29; Specht 60 (to OHG
Im-boum 'maple'); Pokorný I 603; Vrtes
ANEW 240-241; Trubachev ESSJa EK
194-195.
*xlustiz sb.f: ON hlust 'ear, the inner part
of the ear', OE hlyst 'hearing' (fem.,
mase), OS hlust 'hearing, ear'. Struc-
turally similar to Skt srůsti- 'obedience',
Olr chas 'ear' < *kloustá. Derived from
*xluian. ZuprrzA Gutt. 186; Torp-Falk
113; Holthausen AEEW 165; Mayr-
hofer III 394; Pokorný I 606; Vries
ANEW 240; Zalizniak II 228; Onions
531; Bammesberger KZ LXXXII 298-
303; Kluge-Seebold 526.
*xlutiz sb.m.: ON hh.tr 'lot, share' (pardy
< *xlutuz), OE Myt 'share', OFris neut.
hlot 'lot', OHG hluz id. Cf. also *xluton ~
*xlutan. Derived from *xleutanan. Schra-
der KZ X 475 (to Gk K^áSoq 'branch');
Torp-Falk 113; Holthausen AEEW
165; Pokorný I 605; Vries ANEW 240;
Zalizniak II 200; Onions 537; Seebold
265; Bammesberger Nom. 133.
*xlutójanan wk.vb.: ON hluta 'to draw
lots', MLG loten, lotten id. Derived from
*xlutiz. Vries /UVEir 240.
*xlutón ~ *xlutan sb.m./n.: ON hluti
'part, share', OE hlot 'loť, OFris hlot id.,
MLG lot id., OHG hluz id. Derived from
*xleutanan. Holthausen AEE\V 164;
Seebold 265.
*xluzan sb.n.: ON hler 'shutter, dooř',
mase. hleri id. The phrase standa á hleri 'to
stand eavesdropping' may preserve dre
originál meaning of the vvord rather than
be a metaphor. Related to IE *kleu-s-\
Tokh A kly os- , B klyaus- 'to hear', Av
sraoša- 'hearing', Olr sluas 'ear'. Bar-
tholomae 1634-1636; Pokorný I 606.
*xlúdaz adj.: OE hlúd 'loud', OFris hlud
id., OS hlúd id., OHG lút id. Stands close
to adj. *klutós derived from *kleu- 'to
hear', cf. Skt šrutá- 'heard, famous', Gk
kA.utÓc; 'famous', W clywed 'hearď, Arm lu
'known'. See *xludaz. Torp-Falk 1 1 2 —
113; Holthausen AEEW 164; Mayr-
hofer III 373; Pokorný I 605-606;
Dybo VSJa 33; Vries ANEW 238; Frisk
I 877-878; Onions 538; Heidermanns
296-297; Kluge-Seebold 507.
*xlúdjanan wk.vb.: ON hlýoa 'to hearken,
to listen', OE hlýdan 'to sound, to make
a loud noise', OFris hledá 'to ring', OS
á-hludian 'to pronounce', OHG hlúten
'to sounď. Related to *xludaz. Holt-
hausen AEEW 165; Vries ANEW 240.
*xlútraz adj.: Goth hlutrs 'clean, pure', OE
hlutor 'clear, pure', OS hluttar 'clear, pure',
OHG hlútar 'clear, pure, lighť. Related
to Gk K^ti^to 'to wash off' < *kludio, and
furdrer to Lat duo 'to cleanse', Lith šlúoju,
šlúoti 'to sweep, to clean up'. See *xlewaz.
Zupitza Gutt. 119 (to Slav *kl'uditi 'to
cleanse' rather than to Gk kW^co); Torp-
Falk 113; Berneker I 527 (against
Zupitza); Trautmann BS]V 307; Walde-
xlutraz
179
xneucíanan
Hofmann I 239-240; Feist 264-265
Holthausen AEE] V 164; Pokorný I 607
Fraenkel 1010-1011; Frisk I 876-877
Lehmann GED 188; Heidermanns 297-
298; Kluge-Seebold 507.
*xlútrín sb.f.: Goth hlutrei 'purity', OHG
hlutarl 'sincerity, clarity'. Derived from
*xlútrai. Feist 264; Lehmann GED 188;
Heidermanns 298.
*xnaÍ3waz adj.: Godi hnaiws 'low', OE
hnáh 'bent, low'. Derived from *xnl-
Swanan. Holthausen AEE\V 166; Feist
265; Seebold 266; Lehmann GED 188;
Heidermanns 298.
*xnaÍ3wjanan wk.vb.: Goth hnaiwjan 'to
make low, to humble', ON hneigja 'to
bow, to bend, to incline', OE hná^an
'to cause to bow, to bring low', OHG
hneigen 'to bow'. Derived from *xnai^waz
or *xni3wanan. Torp-Falk 98; Holt-
hausen AEE]Y 165; Feist 265; Vries
ANEW 242; Lehmann GED 188; Seebold
266-267; Heidermanns 298.
*xnaikjanan wk.vb.: Icel hneikja 'to strike,
to kick', OE hnécan 'to kill', OHG neihhen
'to sacrifice'. Implies unattested str. *xník-
janan of unknown etymology. Cf. *xnait-
janan. Holthausen AEE]V 165; Vries
ANE1V 243 (to Gk cuto-Kvaíeo 'to scrape,
to rub off').
*xnaisjanan wk.vb.: ON hneisa 'to dis-
grace', MHG nesen 'to tormenť. Related
to *xnaison > ON hneisa 'disgrace, shame'.
Cf. *xnaitjanan. Sturtevant Language III
170 (to *naitjanan); Vries ANEW 242.
*xnaitjanan wk.vb.: ON hneita 'to cut, to
wound (?)', MLG neten 'to strike', OHG
neizen 'to oppress, to exhaust, to destroy'.
Causative of *xnitanan. On the other
hand, cf. *naitjanan. Vries AME]V 242—
243.
*xnakkaz ~ *xnakkón sb.m.: ON
hnakki 'occiput, napě', MLG nacke, necke
id., OHG nac, nacko id. Related to Toch
A kňuk 'neck, napě'. Another ablaut grade
is probably represented in Skt šaňkhá
'conch', Gk KÓyxo? id., KÓyxri id. <
*konkho-. Zupitza Gutt. 207; Torp-Falk
97 (to Olr cnoc 'hill'); Holthausen AEE] I'
166; Marttnet Gem. 137, 188; Mayr-
hofer III 290-291; Pokorný I 558 (to IE
*ken- 'to press, to squeeze'), 614; Vries
ANEW 242; Frisk I 889-890; Chan-
traine I 550-551; Onions 605 (to Olr
cnocc 'hill' < Celt *knukkos); Zalizniak II
178; Kluge-Seebold 580.
*xnappaz sb.m.: ON hnappr 'button', OE
hnďpp 'cup, bowl', OS hnapp 'scoop',
OHG napfbowV. Related to Gk Kvántco
'to card or to comb wool', Lith knabóti 'to
pluck ouť. Torp-Falk 97; Holthausen
AEE] V 165; Marttnet Gem. 194; Vries
ANEW 242; Zalizniak I 132; Levickij
IF CIII 223-224 (to *xneupanan); Kluge-
Seebold 582.
*xnappjanan wk.vb.: ON hneppa 'to but-
ton', OE hnteppan 'to strike (?)', G dial.
nepfen 'to limp'. Derived from *xnappaz.
Zupitza Gutt. 120; Torp-Falk 97 (from
*knabh-n-, to Gk KvájtTco); Holthausen
AEE] i' 165; Marttnet Gém. 170, 175;
Pokorný I 562; Fraenkel 277; Vries
ANEW 243; Frisk I 881-882; Heider-
manns 299.
*xnask(w)uz adj.: Goth hnasqus 'soft, del-
icate', OE hnesce id., WFris nesk id., MDu
nesch, msch 'soft'. Of unknown origin.
Karsten MB II 408; Grienberger Got.
117-118 (to Gk Kváco 'to scratch');
Zupitza Gutt. 99, 120; Torp-Falk 97-98;
Wood PBB XXIV 530 (to Skt khadati
'to chew, to bite, to eať < *kn3Í-)\ Torp-
Falk 97; Feist 265 (to *knes- in Gk Kvé-
topoc; 'netde'); Holthausen AEE] V 166;
Pokorný I 561; Bammesberger Sprache
XXI 188; Lehmann GED 188-189 (from
IE *ken- 'to rub, to scrape'); Heidermanns
299-300.
*xnawwuz adj.: ON hiiQggr 'niggardly,
stingy', OE hneáw 'stingy, near, nig-
gardly', WFris nau 'narrow', MLG nouwe
'narrow', MHG ge-nou 'careful, thorough'.
Derived from *xnewwanan. Karsten J\B
II 189, 378-380; Torp-Falk 99; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 166; Pokorný I 562;
Ltndeman Verscháifung 143; Vries ANE]V
246; Onions 610; Kluge-Seebold 312.
*xneučtanan str.vb.: ON pret. sg. hnaui
xneuctanan
180
xmtanan
'to strike, to punch', MLG neden 'to
riveť, OHG bi-hniutit 'muniť. Based
on *xnewwanan. Probably related to Gk
kvÚí^o 'itch', Latv knudet 'to itch'. Torp-
Falk 100; Jóhannesson IE]V 213-214;
Pokorný I 559-563; Vries ANEW 244;
Frisk I 886; Seebold 268; Kluge-
Seebold 589.
*xneupanan str.vb.: Goth dis-hniupan 'to
rend, to break apart, to tear', OE pret.
sg. a-hneop 'to pluck, to tear'. Cf. also
OSwed niupa 'to pinch'. Related to Lith
kniáubtis 'to cover the face with hands and
to incline one's heaď, kniumbii, kniúbti 'to
kneel and to touch the ground with one's
face'. Torp-Falk 100; Grienberger
Got. 56—57 (to Latv knubt 'to turn, to
benď); Persson Beitráge 882 (to Gk kvíků
'to scratch'); Torp-Falk 100; Feist 1 19—
120; Holthausen AEEW 166; Pokorný
I 91 (to IE *ken- 'to scratch, to rub');
Fraenkel 278; Seebold 269; Lehmann
GED 91.
*xneusanan str./wk.vb.: ON hnjósa 'to
sneeze', MLG nesen id., OHG niosan id.
Of imitative origin (Vries IF LXII 1 36-
150). Torp-Falk 100-101; Porzig Glw-
derung 212; Jóhannesson IEW 213-214;
Pokorný I 953 (to Skt ksáuti 'to sneeze');
Vries ANEW 244; Onions 606; Seebold
269; Kluge-Seebold 588.
*xnewwanan str.vb.: ON hnoggva 'to
humble, to bring down', OHG hniuwan
'to punch, to crush'. Related to Gk Kvóto
'to scratch'. Meringer WuS I 22-23;
Torp-Falk 99; Jóhannesson IEW 213
214; Pokorný I 559-563; Vries ANEW
246; Frisk I 887; Seebold 270.
*xnippjanan wk.vb.: ON hnippa 'to poke
in the side', ME nippen 'to pinch', LG nip-
pen 'to sip', G dial. nipfen id. Gf. Lith knibti
'to fall, to benď. Zupitza Gutt. 120;
Torp-Falk 99 (to Gk kvuico 'to scratch');
Pokorný I 562; Chemodanov SGGJa I
76; Vries ANEW 243.
*xnissón sb.f.: Icel hnissa 'strong
směli'. Close to Gk Kviaoc, kvÍgt| 'steam
and odour of fat, smell or savor of a
burnt sacrifice' < *knid-s-ia. Further cf.
Lat mdor 'vapor, steam, smell' (Johansson
KZ XXX 416-417). Torp-Falk 98;
Walde-Hofmann II 166-167; Pokorný I
561-562.
*xnitz sb.f: OE hnitu id. (traces of cons.
stem), MLG něte, nit id., OHG niz id.
Related to Gk KÓviq id., Arm anic 'louse'
< *k(o)nid-, Alb théri ~ theni id. < *konid-
and probably Mír sněd 'niť < *s(k)nida
(Fick II 316; Pedersen KZ XXXLX 343,
387). Cf. * 3 nito. Persson SVSU X
94-96; Meillet MSL XXII 143; Torp-
Falk 98-99; Holthausen AEEW 166;
Pokorný I 608-609; Frisk I 912-913;
Onions 611; Griepentrog í Vurzelnomina
474-476; Orel AED 476; Kluge-
Seebold 589.
*xnÍ3wanan str.vb.: Goth hneiwan 'to
decline', ON hníga 'to bow dow, to sink',
OE hní^an 'to bend, to bow', OFris hniga
id., OS hnigan id., OHG nigan id. Close to
Lat conlueo 'to shut the eyes, to overlook'
< *kom-kneig"h- (Osthoff PBB VIII 274;
Walde-Hoffmann I 261). Meillet MSL
XV 101-103 (development of *~3W-);
Uhlenbeck PBB XXX 291 (to Slav
*niknqti 'to lower, to plummeť); Zupitza
Gutt. 100; Torp-Falk 98; Feist 265-
266; Holthausen AEE1\ t 166; Walde-
Hofmann I 261; Krahe SuV 78; Jóhan-
nesson IEW 264; Pokorný I 608;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 91; Vries ANEW
243; Seebold 266-267 (to *xnípanan);
Lehmann GED 189; Kluge-Seebold 585.
*xnlpanan str.vb.: ON part. hnipinn
'drooping, desponding'. Related to Lith
kneibiú, knéibti 'to pluck ouť. Torp-Falk
99; Jóhannesson IEW 264; Pokorný I
608; Fraenkel 277-278; Vries ANEW
243; Seebold 267.
*xnípójanan wk.vb.: ON hnípa 'to be
downcast, to droop', OE hnipian 'to
bow the heaď. Derived from *xnlpanan.
Zupitza Gutt. 120; Torp-Falk 99; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 166; Pokorný I 608;
Vries ANEW 243; Seebold 267.
*xnítanan str.vb.: ON hnita 'to strike,
to wound to the death', OE hnítan 'to
strike', OS hnitan id. Related to Gk Kvinto
xintanan
181
xofjanan
'to scratch, to pounď, Latv knidět 'to
itch', kniedet 'to riveť (if not a loanword).
Zupitza Gutt. 120; Torp-Falk 98; Holt-
hausen AEEl\ r 166; Jóhannesson IE]\ t
213-224; Pokorný I 562; Vries ZF LXII
142-143, AMEW 244; Frisk I 884-885;
Seebold 267-268.
*xnóanan wk.vb.: OHG nuoen 'to plane,
to shave'. Close to Gk Kváto 'to rub,
to scratch', Mír cnáim 'to consume'.
Pokorný I 560-561; Frisk I 880-881;
Dybo BSA 94.
*xnukkaz ~ *xnukk5n sb.m.: Icel
hnokki 'sniall iron hook', OE hnocc 'hook,
penis', MDu nocke 'cut on the arrowheaď.
Related to *xnutz. Related to Dac oikou-
jtvoúi; 'plant fipúyyiov' (< *-kvov^),
Mír cnú 'nuť, Lat mix id. Torp-Falk
99-100 (to Gk kvuí^óv áépa ájtivécpeAov,
Hes.); Holthausen AEEW 166-167;
Vries AMEW 245 (to *ken- 'to squeeze, to
press').
*xnuk(k)ilaz sb.m.: ON hnykill 'clew (of
yarn)', LG niickel 'hill'. Derived from
*xnukkaz ~ *xnukkon. Vries AME]V 245.
*xnukkjanan wk.vb.: ON hnykkja 'to
pull violently', LG nucken 'to kick, to
punch'. Related to *xnukkaz ~ *xnukkon.
Martinet Gém. 77; Vries AMEW 245.
*xnukkjaz sb.m.: ON hnykkr 'a kind of
wresder's movemenť, MLG nuck, nucke
'řlip, hitch'. Derived from *xnukkaz ~
*xnukkón. Vries AMEW 245.
*xnutz sb.f: ON hnot 'nuť, OE hnutu id.,
MLG not, notě id. (i-stem), OHG nuz, hnuz
id. (i-stem). Related to Dac cjikou-jivoÚÍ;
'plant T]pt>yyiov', Mír cnú 'nuť, Lat nux id.
See *xnukkaz ~ *xnukkon. Lohmann
ZfceltPh XLX 62-64; Zupitza Gutt. 207;
Torp-Falk 100; Vendryes MSL XXI 41
(on the dissimilation in Latin); Hol-
thausen AEEW 167; Walde-Hofmann
II 191-192; Detschew Thr. 559-560;
Pokorný I 558; Chemodanov SGGJa I
101; Vries AMEW 244-245; ZalizniakII
208; Onions 618; Griepentrog Wurzel-
nomina 471—473; Kluge-Seebold 594;
Adams TB 202 (adds Toch B kontac(e)
'nut (?)').
*xnuzon sb.m.: ON hnqri 'sneeze', OE
hnora id. Derived from *xneusanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 167; Vries AMEW 246.
*xnúj)5n ~ *xnúbaz sb.f./m.: Goth hnupo
'pointed stake, spike', ON hnúdr 'knob,
balí'. Probably derived from *xnewwanan.
Any connection with *knútaz? Peter-
sson AfslPh XXXVI 150-151 (to Russ
snyč 'catch (of a lock)', Czech snít
'bough'); Torp MTF XVI 144 (to Latv
knutě, knutele 'long stick', itself from Slav
*knutb); Torp-Falk 100; Thumb K£
XXXVI 190-192 (to Gk kevtÉco 'to
prick'); Feist 266; Chemodanov SGGJa I
733; Vries AMEW 245 (follows Torp);
Lehmann GED 189 (to *ken- 'to scrape, to
scratch').
*x5bi]3Ó sb.f: ON ó-ho>fi 'indecency',
MLG he-hofte 'neeď. Derived from *xebiz
~ *xoíiz. Heidermanns 288.
*xóbo sb.f: OS hóba 'plot of lanď, OHG
huoba, huob id. Close to Gk kíjtoc; 'garden'
(Meyer R'Z VII 28). Schrader R'Z X
473; Zupitza Gutt. 103; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 107; Frisk I 842; Bammesberger
Mom. 111.
*xófan sb.n.: ON hóf 'measure, modera-
tion', OFris bi-hof id., MLG be-hof id.,
MHG be-huqf 'profit, advantage'. Closely
related to Gk Kcímri 'handle', Lith kúopa
'crowd, flock, band, penalty for damage
caused by catde'. Torp-Falk 73; Holt-
hausen AEEl\ r 168; Trier Z dph LXX
344; Pokorný I 528; Vries AMEW
246-247; Frisk II 63; Seebold 245 (to
*xajjanan); Kluge-Seebold 92.
*xófaz sb.m.: ON háfr 'hoof, OE hóf id.,
OFris hoj id., OS hoj id., OHG huoj
id. Related to Skt šaphá- id., Av sofa- id.
Zupitza Gutt. 186; Bartholomae 1557-
1558; Torp-Falk 90; Holthausen
AEEW 168; Mayrhofer III 297;
Pokorný I 530; Chemodanov SGGJa I
106; Vries AMEW 247; Zalizniak I 132;
Onions 447; Kluge-Seebold 386.
*x6fjanan wk.vb.: ON hajá 'to hit, to
aim', OE be-hófian 'to need, to require',
OFris bi-hovia 'to aim', MLG be-hoven
id. Derived from *xojaz. Torp-Falk 73;
xofjanan
182
xrabnaz
Holthausen AEEW 168; Vries ANEW
277.
*xox5n sb.m.: Goth hoha 'plow'. Cf. also
OHG huohili 'small plow' (Grimm Gesch.
40). Related to Skt šakhá 'branch', Alb
theke 'fringe', Lith saka id., Slav *soxa
'plow' (Bartholomae BB X 290; Meil-
let BSL XXXVI/107 111, Etudes 158,
174). Hehn Kult. 565; Hoops H'aldbáume
499-501; Pedersen A'"" XXXVI 332,
XXXVIII 391; Zupitza Gutt. 138;
Meringer IF XVII 121; Schrader-
Nehring II 208-209; Trautmann BSW
297; Feist 266-267; Mayrhofer III
321-322; Pokorný I 523; Fraenkel
957-958; Vasmer-Trubachev III 729-
730; Lehmann GED 189; Orel AED 473.
*xólan sb.n.: ON hól 'praise, flattery',
OE hól 'vain speech, calumny, slander'.
Deríved from *xelanan (Grienberger Got.
6-7). Uhlenbegk FBB XXX 291 (to
Lat calumnia 'trickery, artifice, falše accu-
sation', Slav *xvala 'praise'); Torp-Falk
90 (to Lat caluor 'to deceive, to devise
tricks', calumnia); Uhlenbeck PBB XXX
291-292 (to Lat caló 'to calT); Holt-
hausen AEEW 168; Vries ANEW 247;
Lehmann GED 189 (to IE *kěl- 'to be-
witch, to deceive').
*xóljanan wk.vb.: ON hala 'to praise, to
flatter', OE hélan 'to slander'. Derived
from *xó~lan. Holthausen AEEW 168;
Vries ANEW 278 (to Gk Kristo 'to
charm, to bewitch'); Lehmann GED 189.
*x515janan wk.vb.: Goth holon 'to slan-
der', OE hólian id. Derived from *xolan.
Torp-Falk 90; Holthausen AEEW 169;
FEIST 267; LEHMANN GED 189.
*xónaz sb.n.: ON pl. hans 'hens, fowl',
OS hon 'hen', OHG huon id. (residual s-
stem). Long grade variant of *xanon. Cf.
the samé ablaut grade in Slav *kan'a
'hawk' < *koniá. Vaniček Lat. 48 (to
Lat cicónia 'stork'); Brugmann IF
XXXVII 249; Zupitza Gutt. 108;
Meillet MSL XII 213; Holthausen IF
XXXLX 67; Torp-Falk 69-70; Vries
ANE]V 21Ů (to Lat conia 'stork'); Lehmann
GED 176; Kluge-Seebold 386.
*xópan sb.n.: ON hóp 'small landlocked
bay', OE Jen-hóp 'fen-heap', OFris hop
'circle', Du hoep id. Of unknown origin.
Torp-Falk 71 (to Gk KÓijPoq 'roli, band,
girth'); Holthausen AEEW 169; Vries
AKEW 248; Onions 447; Toporov PJa
III 108 (to *xappan).
*xóra-čí5maz sb.m.: ON hór-dómr 'adul-
tery', OFris hor-dóm 'whoredom'. Derived
from *xorón. Onions 1005.
*x5ra-kwenón sb.f: ON hór-kona 'adul-
teress', OE hór-cwene id. Compound of
*xoran and *kwenon. Carr Nom. comp. 81
(parallel formations).
*xóran sb.n.: ON hór 'adultery, fornica-
tion', OE hór 'adultery', OFris hor 'adul-
tery, fornication', OS hor-hus 'brothel',
OHG huor 'adultery, fornication'. See
*xoraz. Zupitza Gutt. 64; Torp-Falk 90;
Holthausen AEEW 170; Vries ANEW
249; Lehmann GED 190.
*xoraz sb.m.: Goth hors 'fornicator, adul-
terer', ON hórr id. Related to Lat citrus
'dear', Olr caraim 'to love', Latv kdrs
'lusty, greedy'. Zupitza Gutt. 122;
Torp-Falk 90; Walde-Hofmann I 175;
Feist 267-268; Pokorný I 515; Dybo
VSJa 27; Vries ANEW 249; Onions
1005; Van Windekens I 147 (adds Toch
B an-kare 'immorality (?)'); Lehmann GED
190; Bammesberger Mom. 75, 97; Kluge-
Seebold 389.
*x6r5janan wk.vb.: ON hóra 'to commit
adultery', MLG hořen id., OHG huoron id.
Derived from *xorai. Torp-Falk 90;
Vries ANEW 249.
*xóron sb.f: ON hóra 'whore, harloť, OE
hóře id., MLG hóře id., OHG neut. huor
id. Derived from *xóraz. Torp-Falk 90;
Machek Slavíci XXI/2 259-261 (from
Slav *kun>va id.); Holthausen AEE]\ j
170; Pokorný 1515; Vries AME]V 249;
Martynov Slav-germ. 297-210 (follows
Machek); Zalizniak I 155; Onions 1005;
Kluge-Seebold 389.
*xrabnaz sb.m.: Burg *hramns 'raven', ON
hrafii id., OE hnefn id., OS naht-hraian
'nocticorax', OHG hrabán, raban 'raven'.
Derived from *xrabon. Zupitza Gutt. 23,
xrabnaz
183
xraiwan
124; Suolahti DVN 174-179; Torp-
Falk 103; Holthausen KZ XXVII 623
(to Lat crepo 'to rattle, to crack'), AEE\V
171; Pokorný I 569; Vries ANEW 250;
Zalizniak II 220; Onions 741; Lehmann
GED 192; Kobler 711; Rluge-Seebold
662.
*xrafoón sb.m.: MLG rave 'raven', OHG
rabo id. Of imitative origin. Uhlenbeck
PBB XXVI 305 (to Lat crepo 'to rattle, to
crack', Latv krepet 'to be dirty'); Suolahti
DVN 174-179; Torp-Falk 103; Pokorný
I 569; Zalizniak II 220; Onions 741;
Rluge-Seebold 662.
*xradjanan wk.vb.: OE hreddan 'to rid,
to savé', OFris hredda id., OHG ir-retten
id. Identical with Skt ératháyati 'to loosen'
(further related to šrathnati 'to become
loose') and Slav *krotiti 'to tame' (Maghek
Slavia XVI 187). Vasmer-Trubachev II
383; Kluge-Seebold 683.
*xraxilaz ~ *xra3Ílan sb.m./n.: ON
hrtell 'weaver's roď, OE hřebel 'garmenť,
OFris hreil id., OHG hregil id. Cf. also
OE hreil 'reel' (Torp ANF XXIV 95).
Of unknown origin. Bezzenberger BB
XXVII 170 (to Slav "krosno 'loom');
Torp-Falk 101 (to Gk KepKÍ<; 'weaver's
shuttle'); Holthausen AEE]V 171;
Pokorný I 618 (to Gk KpÉKío 'to weave,
to strike'); Vries A/VET I 7 263; Onions 736.
*xraifjanan wk.vb.: ON hreifa 'to swing'.
Close to Lith kraipaú, kraipýti 'to turn',
cf. also kreípti id. (Zupitza Gutt. 125;
Pedersen IF V 57). Persson Beitrdge
949; Trautmann BSW 140; Pokorný I
937; Fraenkel 292; Vries ANEW 252.
*xraÍ3r6n sb.m.: ON hegri 'heron' (with
dissimilation), OE hrá^ra id., OS regera
id. (fem.), MLG reiger id., OHG reigaro,
reigar id. Probably, results from a dissimi-
lation of *xran^ron based on *xren^anan.
Torp-Falk 104 (to Slav *krikt> 'shouť or
Gk Kpíi^co 'to creak'); Holthausen AEE] I '
172; Chemodanov SGGJa I 59; Vrdís
A/VEIK216 (to Gk aor. KpÍKe 'to creek, to
screech'); Onions 438.
*xrainaz sb.m.: ON hreinn 'reindeer', OE
hrán id. From *xramiz- (Johansson KJ?
XXX 339) (to*xurnan); Holthausen
AEEW 172; Vries ANEW 252; Onions
752; Kluge-Seebold 679-680.
*xrainis5janan wk.vb.: ON hreinsa 'to
cleanse', OHG reinison id. Derived from
*xrainiz. Vries ANEW 252-253; Leh-
mann GED 193.
*xrainib5 sb.f: Gouh un-hrainipa 'impu-
rity', OHG hreinida 'purification, clean-
sing'. Derived from *xrainjanan. Feist
520; Lehmann GED 190; Heidermanns
303.
*xrainiz adj.: Goth hrains 'clean', ON
hreinn id., OFris hrene id., OS hreni id.,
OHG reini id. From *kroi-ni- probably
related to Skt sn- 'beauty', Av sn- id., Gk
Hom Kpeítov 'noble'. Karsten MB II
181-182; Zupitza Gutt. 217; Torp-Falk
104; Feist 268-269; Kluge PBB VIII
525 (adjective in *-ni- from IE *krei- 'to
cuť, furtírer related to *(s)ker-)\ Pokorný
I 618, 946; Vries ANEW 252; Lehmann
GED 190; Heidermanns 302-303; Kluge-
Seebold 677.
*xrainín sb.f: Goth hrainei 'cleanliness',
OHG reini id. Derived from *xrainiz.
Feist 268; Lehmann GED 190; Heider-
manns 303.
*xrainja-xertaz adj.: Goth hrainja-hairts
'pure in hearť, OHG rein-herzi id. Com-
pound of *xrainiz and *xerton. Feist 268;
Lehmann GED 190.
*xrainjanan wk.vb.: Goth hrainjan 'to
cleanse', OS hrenian id., OHG reinen id.
Derived from *xrainiz. Feist 268; Leh-
mann GED 190; Heidermanns 303.
*xraiwan sb.n.: ON hru 'corpse, carrion',
OE hráw 'body, corpse', hréw id., OFris
Áí"ě-ř"a/^'corpse-robbery', OS hrěu 'corpse',
OHG hrěo, reo id. (í-stem in pl.). Cf. also
Goth hraiwa- in hraiwa-dúbo 'turde-dove'
< *'dove of death', *'dove of corpses'
(Sghrader II 141-142; Wiedemann BB
XXVIII 32). Substantivized adjective
related to Gk Kpoióc; 'sickly, weak', Lith
kreívas 'crookeď, Slav *kriub id. (Solmsen
IF XXXI 466-467). Stokes Urkelt. 97
(to Olr crí 'body'); Bugge PBB XXIV
427-428 (to *xrawaz); Zupitza Gutt. 208;
xraiwan
184
xratojanan
Grienberger Got. 1 1 9; Unwerth PBB
XXXVI 3 (traces of j-stem); Torp-Falk
101 (to Latv krija 'bark'); Wiedemann BB
XXVIII 30-32 (to Slav *čewo 'womb');
Torp NNEO 558 (to Lett krijat 'to flay');
Wood MLN XVIII 15 (to *skrei- 'to
turn'); Neokel Z dadl lxxi 187-188;
Holthausen AEE]V 172; Feist 269;
Pokorný I 936; Fraenkel 203; Vries
ANEW 263; Zalizniak II 187; Frisk II
22; Ebbinghaus GL XVI 9-13 (Goth to
Gk KÓpocíj 'raven', Lat carvus id.); Leh-
mann GED 190-191.
*xrakjanan wk.vb.: ON hrekja 'to worry,
to vex', OFris hreka 'to tear'. Related to
Lith krangú, krágti 'to tower, to overhang'.
Zupitza Gutt. 125; Torp-Falk 101 (to Skt
kárjati 'to pain, to tormenť); Schefte-
lowitz Zflnd II 279; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 107; Fraenkel 286; Vries
ANEW 254.
*xramaz sb.m.: MLG raem 'frame,
rack', OHG ram id. Identical widi Slav
*krorrtb 'loom, edge' (Zupitza Gutt. 122).
Feist 270; Stang LS 31; Pokorný I 945;
Trubachev ESSJa XII 185-186.
*xrammaz ~ *xrammón sb.m.: ON
hrammr 'paw, palm', OE hramma 'cramp,
spasm', MLG ram, ramme id. An emphatic
form of *xrampaz. Torp-Falk 104;
Holthausen ^££11' 172; Martinet Gém.
190; Pokorný I 948-949 (to Gk KÚptpoq
'dry stalk, chip'); Vries ANEW 251.
*xram(m)janan wk.vb.: Goth hramjan 'to
crucify', ON hremma 'to clutch', OE hrem-
man 'to obstruct, to hinder', EFris remmen
'to lace, to tie', MDu remmen 'to brake, to
check (wheels)'. Denominative of *xram-
maz ~ *xrammon (Feist 270). Cf. a similar
formation in Slav *kromiti 'to divide, to
break'. Zupitza Gutt. 114, 122; Torp-
Falk 103; Holthausen AEEW 173;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 80; Vries ANEW
251, 254; Lehmann GED 191 (to IE
*kre-m-, from *(s)ker- 'to cuť); Trubachev
ESSJa XIII 5; Van Windekens I 234 (to
Toch B kramp- 'to disturb, to check').
*xrampaz sb.m.: Norw dial. ramp 'thin
man', MLG ramp 'cramp, spasm', MHG
rampf id. Probably related to Gk Kpáufk>i;
'blight in grapes, when they shrivel before
they are ripe'. Torp-Falk 103; Frisk II
5-6.
*xramusó(n) sb.f./m.: Norw rams 'Allium
ursinum', OE pl. hramsan 'broad-leaved
garlic', MLG ramese 'wild garlic'. Prob-
ably related to Gk Kpójruov 'onion' <
*kromuso-, Kpé|it)OV id., Mír crim 'garlic'
and further to Lith kermúšé 'wild garlic',
Slav *čemrbša id., *čerrrtbxa 'bird cherry'.
The IE word was borrowed from NCauc
*kármuéV 'kind of fruit tree, quince,
plum'. Bugge K~ XIX 419-420;
Schmidt KZ XXXII 346; Pedersen IF V
33; Torp-Falk 103; Holthausen AEEW
172; Pokorný I 580-581; Fraenkel
243; Frisk II 23-24; Onions 738;
Trubachev ESSJa IV 68; Starostin DV
121 (IE and NCauc words genetically
related); Nikolayev-Starostin NCED
700; Kluge-Seebold 665.
*xrap5janan wk.vb.: ON hrapa 'to fall,
to tumble down', ME rapen 'to hurry'.
Derived from *xrappaz. Torp-Falk 102
(to *xratqjann); Adams TB 154 (to Toch
AB karp- 'to descenď < *korb-).
*xrappaz adj.: ON prop. Hrappr, MLG
rapp 'swifť. Related to Slav *kripbkb
'firrn'. Torp-Falk 102 (to % xrapojanan);
Pokorný I 620; Vasmer-Trubachev II
372.
*xrappjanan wk.vb.: ON hreppa 'to catch,
to obtain', OE hreppan 'to touch, to treať,
OFris reppa 'to touch', MLG reppen 'to
move slighdy'. Derived from *xrappaz.
Zupitza Gutt. 207; Torp-Falk 102-103
(to Lith krapštýti 'to scrape, to rub, to
scratch'); Holthausen AEE] V 173; Mar-
tinet Gém. 169; Vries ANEW 254.
*xrat5janan wk.vb.: ON hrata 'to fall, to
stagger, to tumble', OE hratian 'to hurry',
MHG razzen 'to rage'. Related to Skt kur-
dati 'to leap, to jump', Gk Kpa8áto 'to
swing, to wave'. On the other hand, cf.
*xrappjanan. Zupitza Gutt. 122; Torp-
Falk 101; Holthausen AEE]V 172;
Mayrhofer I 254-255; Vries ANEW
252; Frisk II 1-2.
xrahaz
185
xreri3az
*xrapaz sb.m.: ON hradr 'swifť, OE hned,
hned id., MLG rat 'swift, quick', OHG
hrad id. Structurally close to Lith adv. api-
kratai 'quick, fasť. Further related to Mír
crothaim 'to shake', Lith krečiú, krésti id.
(Fick II 99; Schwentner PBB XLVni
79-85). Karsten MB I 57-58, II 294;
Torp-Faek 102; Holthausen AEE~W
171; Pokorný I 620; Fraenkel 295;
Vries AMEW 250; Onions 741; Heider-
manns 304-305.
*xraud6 sb.f.: ON hraud 'mail-coat,
cuirass', OE scild-hreóSa 'shield, buckler.
Derived from *xreudanan. Holthausen
AEEW 173; Vries AMEW 252 (to ON
hijóóa 'to strip, to disable').
*xraukaz sb.m.: ON hraukr 'small stack',
OE hreác 'heap, stack', MDu noc id.
Related to Mír crúach 'heap' (Kluge PBB
X 444). Bugge KZ XLX (1870) 420-
421 (to Lith kráuti 'to put in a heap');
Zupitza Gutt. 123, 215; Torp-Falk 107;
Holthausen AEEW 172; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 98; Vries AMEW 252; Onions
766.
*xraumón ~ *xraumaz sb.m.: ON
hraumi 'noisy fellow', OE hreám 'cry'.
Probably continues *xraut-mdn ~ *xraut-
maz derived from *xreutanan ~ *xrutanan I.
Torp-Falk 573 (to LG schrauen 'to cry, to
shouť).
*xraustaz adj.: ON hraustr 'strong,
valianť, G dial. rošt 'sprightly, active'.
Probably derived from *xreusanan.
Karsten MB II 339-340; Schwentner
PBB XLVIII 85; Zupitza Gutt. 123;
Torp-Falk 108; Vries AMEW 252;
Pokorný I 623; Heidermanns 305-306.
*xrawaz adj.: ON hrár 'raw, fresh', OE
hreáw 'raw', OS hrao id., OHG *rao id.
Related to Skt kraví- 'raw flesh', Gk Kpéaq
'flesh, meať, Lat cruor 'blooď, Mír crú id.,
Lith kraújas id., Slav *kry id. Zupitza
Gutt. 124; Torp-Falk 106; Holthausen
AEEW 172; Walde-Hofmann I 294-
295; Mayrhofer I 277; Pokorný I 621;
Fraenkel 290; Vries AMEW 251; Frisk
II 1 1-12; Onions 742; Trubachev ESSJa
XIII 67-70; Hamp IF LXXXII 75-76;
Bammesberger Mom. 239; Heidermanns
306; Kluge-Seebold 690.
*xrazn5 sb.f: ON hrqnn 'wave', OE hiern
'waves, tide'. Identical with Gk Kpř|vr|
'spring, fountain' (Saussure MSL 1889
119), Alb krua ~ krue id. < PAlb *kresná
(Camarda I 50). Petersson IF XXrV
46 (to *xreusanan); Kuhn MB XXLX 113;
Torp-Falk 104; Holthausen AEEW
146; Vrtes AMEW 264 (to *xrb~zjanari);
Frisk II 16; Orel AED 198.
*xrefaz sb.n.: OE hrifwomh, belly', OFris
hrif, hrefiá., OHG hřej id. Related to Skt
kíp 'shape, beautiful appearance', Lat cor-
pus 'body', Mír crí 'body' < *krpes. Cf an
interesting derivative ON hriflingr 'a kind
of shoe' < *xrefalin3az witír a semantic
development similar to Slav *červitb
'shoe' < *čewo 'belly' (Sobolevskii RFV
LXXI 444). van Wijk IF XXVIII 1 23-
1 24 (to Lith kreípti 'to turn'); Zupitza Gutt.
53, 125 (ON to Lat carpisculus 'a kind of
shoe', OPrus kurpe 'shoe'); Torp-Falk
103 (ON to Gk K pr|jtíg 'high boot, half-
booť); Holthausen AEE\ V 174; Walde-
Hofmann I 277-278; Mayrhofer I 260;
Pokorný I 620; Vries AMEW 255 (ON
to Lith kiirpi 'shoe'); Onions 575.
*xrendanan str.vb.: ON hrinda 'to kick,
to push, to throw', OE pret. sg. rand id.
Probably related to Lith kraňtas 'steep
bank', krentú, kristi 'to falT, Slav *krqtb
'steep' (Zupitza Gutt. 123). Torp-Falk
102 (to Gk Kpóxoc; 'clapping'); Holt-
hausen AEEW 174; Jóhannesson IEW
272; Pokorný I 621; Vries AMEW
256; Vasmer-Trubachev II 387 (against
Zupitza); Seebold 273 (to *xrewwanan);
Trubachev Etim. 1978 6-7.
*xren3az sb.m.: Crim. Goth. rinck 'ring,
circle', ON hringr id., OE hrin.3 id., OFris
hring id., OS hring id., OHG hring id.
Related to Slav *kregb 'mountain ridge' <
*krengho-, *krqgb 'circle' < *krongho-, *krežb
'stump, mountain ridge' < *krenghio-
(Miklosich 142, Zeyss KZ XX 132).
Wood IF XVIII 11; Zupitza Gutt.
125, 178; Torp-Falk 102; Holthausen
AEEW 174; Feist 398; Schrijnen /T~
xreri3az
186
xrewwanan
XLII 103; Trier Holz 80; Pokorný I
936; Vries ANEJV 256; Zalizniak I
132; Onions 768; Stang LS 30-31; Leh-
mann GEDE 285 (from *(s)ker- 'to turn, to
benď); Trubachev ESSJa XII 142, 148-
149, XIII 25-27; Kluge-Seebold 687.
*xren3Janan wk.vb.: ON hringja 'to ring',
OE hrin^an id. (secondary str. forms).
Derived from *xren^az? Zupitza Gutt.
124; Torp-Falk 102; Berneker I 612 (to
Lith krankui, kraňkti 'to croak', Slav *krgkati
'to quack'); Holthausen AEEW 174;
Vries ANEW 256; Onions 768.
*xren3J5n sb.f.: ON hringja 'buckle', OE
hrinse id., OS hringa id., OHG ringa
id. Derived from *xren$az. Holthausen
AEEW 175; Vries ANEW 256; Kluge-
Seebold 688.
*xrepaz sb.n.: ON hrip 'basket (carried on
the horse-back)', OHG ref id. Related to
Lith krepšas 'basket'. Torp-Falk 103 (to
Lat corbis 'basket'); Buga RFV LXVII
241; Pokorný I 937 (to Latv kribas
Voven fioor of the sleigh'); Chemodanov
SGGJa I 77; Vries AMW 257; Kluge-
Seebold 673—674.
*xrebanan str.vb.: OHG redan 'to sieve'.
Related to Lith krečiu, krésti 'to shake', for
the semantic development cf. especially
Lith kreščiuóti 'to sieve'. Pokorný I 620;
Fraenkel 295; Seebold 274-275.
*xreudan sb.n.: OE hreód 'reeď, OFris
hriád id., OS hriod id., OHG hriot 'pláce
where reed grows'. Identical with Slav
*kr'udb 'whip' (Trubachev ESSJa XII
178). Torp-Falk 108; Holthausen
AEEW \1?>; Pokorný I 623; Onions 749;
Kluge-Seebold 687 (to Toch A kru, B
kdrwats 'reed').
*xreučtanan str.vb.: ON part. hrodinn
'covered with metal', OE pret. sg. hreád
'to cover'. Related to Lith kráuju, kráuti 'to
put on top of each other', Slav *kryti 'to
cover' (Wood MP V 276). Sievers PBB
XXXVI 404; Torp-Falk 108; Holt-
hausen AEEW 173; Jóhannesson IEW
268-269; Pokorný I 616-617; Fraenkel
291; Vries ANEW 258; Seebold 275.
*xreufaz adj.: ON htjújř 'rough, scabby',
OE hreóf 'rough, scabby, leprous', OHG
riob 'mangy, leprous'. Related to Lith
kraupus 'uneven, rough'. Further cf. Alb
klipe' ~ krype 'salt', Slav *krupa 'groats'
(Meyer Alb. St. III 4, 31, 71). Karsten
NB I 23; Zupitza Gutt. 126; Torp-Falk
108; Trautmann BS]V 143; Holthausen
AEEW 173; Kluge 279, Nom. Stamm.
60, 88; Pokorný I 623; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 74; Fraenkel 290; Stang LS 30;
Vries ANEW 258; Heidermanns 306-
307; Orel AED 197; Kluge-Seebold
339, 695.
*xreusanan str.vb.: OE hreósan 'to fall',
OHG hriusu 'reor' (leg. ruor). Etymologi-
cally related to Gk ícpoúcc 'to strike', Lith
krušil, krušti 'to trample', OPrus krůt 'to
fall', Slav *krušiti 'to destroy'. Zupitza
Gutt. 125, 208; Torp-Falk 107; Holt-
hausen AEEW 173; Pokorný I 622;
Fraenkel 302-303; Vries ANEW 258
(to Gk Kpúoí 'icy cold, frosť); Frisk II
27-28; Seebold 276-277.
*xreutanan ~ *xrutanan I str.vb.: ON
hrjóta 'to snore', OE hrútan 'to make a
noise, to snore', OFris hruta 'to wheeze',
OS pres. hrutan 'to snore', OHG ruzan
id. Of imitative origin. Torp-Falk 107;
Holthausen AEEW 176; Jóhannesson
IEW 230-236; Pokorný I 567-571;
Vries ANEW 258; Seebold 277-278.
*xreutanan ~ *xrutanan II str.vb.: ON
hrjóta 'to rebound, to fall, to fly', MHG
rúzen 'to move quickly'. Related to *xreu-
sanan. Torp-Falk 107 (to OPrus krůt 'to
fall'); Pokorný I 622.
*xrewwa-líkaz adj.: ON hrygg-ligr
'mournful, saď, OE hréow-líc 'grievous,
miserable'. Derived from *xrewwaz.
Heidermanns 308.
*xrewwanan str.vb.: OE hreówan 'to make
sorry, to grieve', OFris hriouwa, riouwa 'to
regreť, OS hreuwan 'to hurt, to pain',
OHG riuwan id. Cf. also ON hryggja, hryg-
gva 'to distress, to grieve' < *xrewwjanan.
Of unknown origin. Torp-Falk 106-
107 (to *kreu- 'blooď); Holthausen
AEEW 173; Pokorný I 622 (to *kreu- 'to
strike'); Vries ANEW 263; Seebold 278-
xrewwanan
187
xnsan
279 (to Gk Kpoíxo 'to strike, to smite',
Lith krušil, krušti 'to pounď); Kluge-
Seebold 683.
*xrewwaz adj.: ON hryggr 'aíBicted,
grieved, distresseď, OE hréowe 'sad,
grieveď, OS hriuwi 'worrieď. Derived
from *xrewwanan. Karsten MB II 444-
445; Uhlenbeck PBB XXVI 306 (to
*xrawa Z ); Persson SVSU X 178 (to
Skt koruna- 'lamentable, compassionate');
Torp-Falk 107; Holthausen AEElf
173; Jóhannesson IEW 267; Pokorný I
622 (to *kreu- 'to strike'); Vries ANEW
263; Lindeman Verschájřung 150-151; See-
bold 278-279; Matzel Festschr. Schroder
95, KZ CV 98; Heidermanns 308.
*xrěkjanan wk.vb.: ON hriekja 'to spiť,
OE hrécan 'to clear the throat, to spiť. De-
rived from *xrekon. Holthausen AEE>\ 7
171; Vřes ANEW 263; Onions 743.
*xrěkón sb.m.: ON hrála 'spitde', OE hráca
'expectoration, spittle'. Related to Gk
Kpró^ro 'to croak', Lidi kregeti 'to speak
loučily, to grunt'. Zupitza Gutt. 124, 162;
Torp-Falk 101; Holthausen AEE~W
171; Pokorný I 569; Vries ANEW 251;
Frisk II 31; Onions 743.
*xrětó sb.f.: OFris rátá 'honeycomb',
MLG ráte id., OHG ráza id. An ablaut
variant of *xrotan. van Wijk IF XXVIII
121-123 (to Slav *krada 'pile, stack');
Pokorný I 617.
*xrisjanan ~ *xrissojanan wk.vb.:
Goth af-hrisjan 'to shake off', OE hrissian
id., OS hrisian 'to shake oneself, to trem-
ble'. Related to *xristjanan. Torp-Falk
105; Holthausen AEE1\ t 175; Feist 7;
Pokorný I 19; Lehmann GED 5.
*xrispón sb.f.: Burg *hrispa 'thickeť,
MHG rispe 'bush'. Close to Lat crispus
'curly, twisteď, W crych 'vibrant, curly'
(Lehmann GED 5). Walde-Hofmann I
293; Pokorný I 938; Kobler 711.
*xristjanan wk.vb.: ON hrista 'to shake',
MLG risten 'to braiď. Related to *xrlsan
and *xrisjanan ~ *xrissojanan. Etymologi-
cally close to Mír cressaim id. (Mar-
strander ZJcdtPh VII 412). Torp-Falk
105; Pokorný I 937; Vries ANEW 257.
*xribanan str.vb.: ON hrifa 'to catch, to
grapple', EFris rifen 'to rake', MDu riven
id. Of unknown origin. A modification
of *3ripanan or *xrínanan? Zupitza Gutt.
126; Torp-Falk 105 (to Latv skřípat 'to
scratch'); Schrijnen K£ XLII 101; Vries
ANEW 255 (to ON hraji 'wrisť).
*xribon sb.f: ON hrífa 'rake', OFris hríve
id., MDu rive id. Related to *xrtianan.
Torp-Falk 105; Vries ANEW 2b5.
*xridran ~ *xrídr5n sb.n./f: OE hridder
'sieve', OS hridra 'sieve', OHG ritem id.
Continues *krei-dhro- (as in Lat crlbrum
'sieve') or *krei-tro- (as in Olr criathar id.).
Zupitza Gutt. 125 (to *xrisjanan ~ *xrisso-
janari); Torp-Falk 104; Holthausen
AEE]V 174; Pokorný I 946; Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 88; Onions 767; Leh-
mann GED 190; Fvluge-Seebold 678.
*xrlma-kaldaz adj.: ON hrím-kaldr 'icy
colď, OE hrím-ceald id. Compound of
*xrlman ~ *xrlmaz and *kaldaz. Carr
Nom. comp. 61.
*xriman ~ *xrímaz sb.n./m.: ON
hrím 'hoar frosť, OE hrim id., Du rijm
id. Probably from *xňp-m- in view of
WGmc mase. *xripon id.: OS hripo, OHG
hrífo. Unclear. Zupitza Gutt. 126; Torp-
Falk 104 (to Lith kréná 'foam on dre
cooking dish'); Holthausen AEEW 174
(to Latv krěims 'cream'); Pokorný I 618
(to *xrlnanan); Vries ANE)V 256; Onions
768; Fvluge-Seebold 676.
*xrinanan str.vb.: ON hrína 'to cleave, to
stick', OE hrínan 'to touch', OS hrlnan id.,
OHG hňnan id. Of unknown etymolo-
gy. Zupitza Gutt. 124, 187; Torp-Falk
104 (to Latv krit 'to skim'); Holthausen
AEEW 174; Jóhannesson IEW 266;
Pokorný I 618; Chemodanov SGGJa I
75 (to Latv krina 'pig'); Vries ANE]V
256 (to *krei- 'to touch'); Seebold 271;
Bammesberger Nom. 56.
*xris(a)15n ~ *xrís(a)laz sb.f./m.: ON
hrísla 'twig', OE hrisel 'weaving shuttle'
(mase.?). Derived from *xnsan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 175; Vries ANEW 257 .
*xrisan sb.n.: ON hrís 'shrubs, brush-
wooď, OE hrís 'twig, branch', OFris hrís
xnsan
xropaz
'switch, roď, MLG rís 'twig, branch',
OHG hrís, rís id. Etymologically con-
nected with OPrus craysi, crays 'straw', Lat
crínis 'hair' (< *crisnis) and related to
*xristjanan (Lehmann GED 5). Zupitza
Gutt. 126; Holthausen AEEW 175;
Walde-Hofmann I 292-293; Trier Holz
58-62; Pokorný I 937; Vries ANEW
257; Zalizniak I 141; Fíluge- Seebold
677.
*xríbo sb.f.: ON hríó 'tempest, storm', OE
hríd id. Related to Olr crith 'trembling,
fever', W cryd 'fever. Lidén PBB XV
511 (to Gk Kpícni; 'separation, decision,
judgemenť); Torp-Falk 105; Holthau-
sen AEEW 175; Falk ANF XLI 119;
Pokorný I 937; Vries ANEW 255.
*xrófan ~ *xrófaz sb.n./m.: ON hróf
'boat-shed', OE hróf 'roof, top, summit',
OFris hrqfTooť, MLG roj id. Continues
*kró-po-, cf. *xrótan < *krb~-do-. On the
other hand cf. Olr cró 'enslosure, barn'
< *krdpo-. Zupitza Gutt. 11, 208, IF
XIII 51 (to Slav *strop-b 'roof < IE
*krapo-)\ Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 92; Torp-
Falk 106; Holthausen AEEW 176;
Pokorný I 616; Vries ANEW 259;
Zalizniak II 168; Onions 772.
*xrókaz sb.m.: ON hrókr 'rook', OE hróc
id., MLG rok id., OHG hruoh id. Related
to *xrekon. Zupitza Gutt. 23, 124;
Holthausen AEE]V 175; Suolahti ANT
183; Torp-Falk 105; Pokorný I 569;
Vries ANEh r 259; Frisk II 31; Onions
772; Lehmann GED 192.
*xr5pan ~ *xr5paz sb.n./m.: ON hróp
'crying, screaming', OE hróp 'crying,
clamor'. Derived from *xrópanan 'to
shout, to call'. Torp-Falk 106; Holt-
hausen AEEW 176; Jóhannesson IEW
192; Vries ANE]V 260; Seebold 279;
Kluge-Seebold 695.
*xrópanan str.vb.: OE hrópan 'to cry
out, to clamor', OFris hropa 'to shout, to
call', OS hrópan id., OHG ruofan id. Of
unknown origin. Cf. *xrópaz. Noreen
Abrifi 206 (to Lith skrebú, skrebeti 'to rus-
tle'); Bloomfield PBB XXXVII 251
(rhyming word with *wopjanan); Torp-
Falk 106; Feist 270; Holthausen AEE\ V
176; Trter Holz 70 (from IE *ker- 'to
cuť); Pokorný I 531; Seebold 279-280;
Lehmann GED 191 (to IE *kar- 'praise');
Kluge-Seebold 695.
*xr5piz sb.m.: Goth hrops 'clamor, outcry',
OHG ruof 'shout, rumor'. Derived from
*xrópanan. Feist 270; Vries ANEW 260;
Seebold 279; Lehmann GED 191; Bam-
mesberger Nom. 136; Kluge-Seebold
695.
*xropjanan wk.vb.: Goth hropjan 'to
shouť, ON hrojpa 'to libel, to defame',
OHG ruofen 'to shout, to call'. Derived
from *xrópan ~ *xrópaz. Zupitza Gutt.
23; Torp-Falk 106; Vries ANEW 260;
Seebold 279; Lehmann GED 191.
*xr5tan sb.n.: Goth hrot 'roof, house', ON
hrát 'roof. Related to *xrěto. Close to Slav
*krada 'pile of logs' (Bezzenberger BB
XXVII 1 70; Uhlenbeok PBB XXX 302)
and Alb krodhe 'beehive' < PAlb *krada.
As it follows from the comparison with
*xrófan ~ *xrqfaz, the originál structure of
this word is *kró-do-, a derivational vari-
ant of *kró-po-. Lidén Festschr. Noreen 432
(to Pers sara(y) 'paláce' < Irán *srada-);
Zupitza Gutt. 127; Grienberger Got.
1 19-120 (to Gk Kpá8r| 'tree-top'); Wiede-
mann IF I 194 (to Slav *kryti 'to cover');
Uhlenbeok PBB XXX 292 (samé as
Lidén); Torp-Falk 106; Hirt Ablaut 11
(to Gk Kápa? 'head'); Berneker 605
(against Bezzenberger); Van Wijk IF
XXVIII 121 (compares Slav *krada
with Gmc *xrětó); Trautmann BS]V 140
(to Lith kraúté 'attic'); Heinertz ESt.
432-435 (against Bezzenberger; recon-
structs *krou-d-, eventually, to IE *ker- 'to
weave'); Feist 270-271; Trier Holz 70
(to IE *(s)ker- 'to cuť); Pokorný I 617;
Vries ANEW 261; Zalizniak I 141;
Lehmann GED 191-192; Trubaghev
ESSJa XI 58-60 (Slav *korda rauher than
*krada); Orel AED 197-198.
*xr5baz sb.m.: Burg *hroi>s 'glory, victory',
ON hróbr 'praise', OE hréb 'fame, glory',
hródor joy', OS hrob 'glory', OHG prn.
Ruod-beraht. Any connection with *xratt-
xrojiaz
189
xrussan
jananí
Hirt PBB XXIII 292 (to *kar- 'to
praise': Gk KT|pui; 'herold', Skt carkarti 'to
make mention of, to praise'); Torp-Falk
105; Holthausen AEE1 V 175; Feist 271;
Pokorný I 530-531; Vries ANEW 259;
Lehmann GED 192 (to IE *kar- ~ *krá-
'to praise'); Kóbler 711.
*xrópÍ3az ~ *xróbu3az adj.: Goth
hropeigs 'victorious, triumphanť, ON
hródugr id., OE hrédis id. Derived from
*xropaz. Feist 271; Lehmann GED 192.
*xr5zaz adj.: Run prop. hroRaR, OE hrór
'stirring, active', OS hrór 'lively'. Identical
with Slav *krasb 'beautiful, coloreď,
*krasa 'beauty'. Torp-Falk 106; Holt-
hausen AEE1\ T 176; Pokorný I 572
Vries ANEW 264; Matzel KZ CV 123
Trubachev ESSJa XII 95-97, 105
Heidermanns 309.
*xrózjanan wk.vb.: ON hrcera 'to move, to
stir', OE hréran 'to shake, to move', OFris
hrěra 'to move', OS hrorian id., OHG
hruoren 'to push, to move'. Derived from
*xrozaz. Structurally close to Slav *krasiti
'to ornáte'. ZuprrzA Gutt. 187; Torp-
Falk 106; Holthausen AEE1\' 175;
Vries AMW 264; Trubachev ESSJa XII
99-100; Heidermanns 309; Kluge-
Seebold 696.
*xrufo(n) sb.f.: ON hrufa 'crnst, rough
surface (of a stone)', OFris roje, ráje 'crust
(on a wound)', MLG rove id., OHG ruj
'scab'. Cf. also Gep *hrujs 'scurf. Related
to *xreujaz. Vries ANEW 261; Kobler
715.
*xru3Jaz sb.m.: ON foyggr 'back, spině'
(traces of z-stem), OE hrycg id., OFris hreg
id., OS hruggi id., OHG hruggi id.
Connected with Lat crux 'cross, tree or
wooden frame for execution', Ir crúach
'heap'. Zupitza Gutt. 127, 187; Traut-
mann KZ XLII 374 (to Slav *kbréiti 'to
bend, to ply'); Torp-Falk 107; Holt-
hausen AEE]\ 7 177; Walde-Hofmann I
296-297; Pokorný I 938; Vries ANEW
262; Zalizniak II 213; Onions 767;
Lindeman Verschárjung 15.17; Kluge-
Seebold 694.
*xru3nan sb.n.: ON hrogn 'fish roe', ME
rowne id., MLG rogen id., OHG mase.
rogan id. Derived from *xru3Ďn. Zupitza
Gutt. 11, 126; Torp-Falk 107; Pokorný
I 619; Vries /UVEII 7 259; Kluge-Seebold
690.
*xru3Ón sb.m.: ME rowe 'fish roe', MDu
roge id., OHG hrogo id. Related to
*xrawaz. Bezzenberger i?i?XXI 315 (to
Lith kurkulaí 'frog-spawn'); Zupitza Gutt.
126; Torp-Falk 107; Pokorný I 619;
Vries ANEW 259; Kluge-Seebold 690.
*xruk(j)5n sb.m./f: ON hroki 'heap above
the brim of a full vessel', OE corn-hrycee
'corn-rick'. Related to *xraukaz. Vries
ANEW 259.
*xrumpaz sb.m.: Norw dial. rump 'fiat hill
top, buttoeks', ME rumpe 'podex' (fem.),
MLG rump 'trunk'. Of unknown origin.
Torp-Falk 103 (to *xrampaz).
*xrun3Ó(n) sb.f.: Goth hrugga 'staff', OE
hrun3 'rung, staff, roď, MLG runge 'pole,
stake', OHG runga id. Related to *xren3az
(Torp-Falk 108). Charpentier BB
XXX 159; Sohroder PBB XXLX 499
(reconstructs the originál meaning as
*'round pole': to Skt krúňcati 'to curve,
to move crookedly'); Uhlenbeck TJVTL
XXV 279-280 (against Schroder);
Holthausen AEE]V 176; Feist 271
272; Pokorný I 936; Zalizniak I 147;
Onions 777; Lehmann GED 192; Kluge-
Seebold 696.
*xrusón sb.f: OE hruse 'earth, ground',
OHG (h)rosa 'crust, ice'. Derived from
*xreusanan. Identical with Lith krušá 'hail,
floe', Slav *krt>xa 'bit'. Torp-Falk 108;
Walde-Hofmann I 295 (to Gk Kpt>o<;
'frost, cold', Lat crusta 'crust'); Fraenkel
302; Vasmer-Trubachev II 384.
*xrussan sb.n.: ON hross 'horše', OE hors
id., OFris hors, hars id., OS hros id., OHG
hros, ros id. Borrowed from East Iranian,
cf. Osset (v)urs 'stallion' (Brondal APS III
1-3; Benveniste BSL LVIII 41-43).
Derivation from *xreusanan is less proba-
ble. Cf. also *xruzan. Kogel PBB VII
176 (to Gk KpaSáto 'to shake'); Froehde
BB XIV 105 (to Lat curro 'to run', Olr
carr 'vehicle'); Zupitza Gutt. 123; Torp-
xrussan
190
xugjanan
Falk 79; Holthausen AEEW 170 (to Skt
kúrdati 'to leap, to jump'); Jóhannesson
IEW 239 (to *xurska Z ); Brondal APS III
1—31 (from East Iranian); Pokorný I 583;
Vries ANEIV 260; Zalizniak I 141;
Onions 448; Kluge-Seebold 692; Adams
TB 234 (to Toch A kursár, B kwarsár
'league, course').
*xruzan sb.n.: ON hrQr 'corpse', OE
3e-hror 'fall, ruin, deauY. Derived from
*xreusanan. Holthausen AEE1V 176;
Jóhannesson IEW 268; Vries ANEW
264; Seebold 276.
*xrumaz sb.m.: OE hrúm 'sooť. Identi-
cal with Av xrůma- 'terrible, horrible',
Gk KpiJuÓQ 'icy cold, frosť. Further cf.
*xruf>az ~ *xrupón. Torp-Falk 106;
Frisk II 28.
*xrubaz ~ *xrúbón sb.m.: ON hrúór
'crust, scab', OE fem. hrúde 'mange,
scabies', OS hrutho 'scab', OHG rudo
id. Related to *xrawaz (Torp NNEO 550).
Cf. Lat crusta 'crusť < *kreu- 'blooď
(Bucheler Kl. Schr. II 270). Torp-Falk
106; Walde-Hofmann I 295 (against
Bucheler); Holthausen AEE]\ 7 177;
Pokorný I 621; Vrtes ANEW 261 (re-
lated to Lat kreve 'scab'); Kluge-Seebold
669.
*xufan ~ *xufaz sb.n./m.: ON hoj
'pagan temple', OE hoj 'dwelling, house,
halí', OFris haf 'yarď, OS hof id., OHG
hoj id. Related to *xaupaz (witír irregu-
lar -p-). Torp-Falk 94; Holthausen
AEEW 168; Pokorný I 591; Vries
ANEW 246; Zalizniak II 168; Kluge-
Seebold 379.
*xufa-stačtiz sb.m.: ON hof-stadr 'sanctu-
ary', OS hqf-stedi 'courť. Compound of
*xufan ~ *xufaz and *stadiz. Carr Nom.
comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*xufraz sb.m.: OE hqfer 'hump, swelling',
MLG hover id., MHG hover id. Close to
Lith kupra id. Cf. also *xufan ~ *xufaz.
Torp-Falk 94; Holthausen AEEW 168;
Pokorný I 591; Chemodanov SGGJa I
73; Fraenkel 314; Vries ANEW 274;
Stang LS 31.
*xu3diz sb.f: Goth ga-hugds 'perception,
minď, ON -úd (in cmpn.), OE se-hy^d
'thought, cogitation', OS gi-hugd id.,
OHG gi-hugt 'memory'. Derivative in IE
*-ti- from *xuyjanan. KVluge PBB LX
152-153; Collitz Prát. 13-14, 74-77 (on
*-ti- > *-di- assimilated to root finál
*-3-); Feist 184; Lehmann GED 139.
*xu3Í-runó sb.f: ON pl. hug-rúnar 'magical
runes', OE hy^e-rún 'secret of dre minď.
Compound of *xu^iz ~ *xu^uz and *runo.
Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xu3Í-bankaz ~ *xu3Í-bankon sb.m.:
ON hug-p>okki 'mind, disposition, judg-
menť, OE hy^e-danc 'thoughť. Com-
pound of *xu$iz ~ *xu3uz and *pankaz.
Carr Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xu3Íz ~ *xu3uz sb.m.: Goth hugs 'under-
standing, minď, ON hugr 'mind, mooď,
OE hj>3e 'mind, heart, soul', OFris hei
'minď, OS hugi id., OHG hugu 'mind,
sense, spirit'. See *xu3Janan. Bopp Glos-
sarium 380 (to Skt šaňkate 'to sway'); Fick
BB XVII 320 (to Lat cupio 'to desire');
Uhlenbeck PBB XXII 541 (to Gk kukÚk)
'to mix, to stir up'), XXX 293 (to *kugh-
'to hide'); Charpentier BB XXX 153
154; Torp-Falk 91; Mikkola BB XXII
239 (to Lith kaukas 'pixie, goblin'); Hirt
Ablaut 110 (from *kukí-, cf, Skt šúci-
'bright, pure', further to Skt šócati 'to
shine, to glow, to burn', Av part. saočint-
'burning'); Wood MP XVII 572 (to
Czech číhati 'to lie in waiť); Johansson
PBB XVIII 37 (follows Hirt); Holt-
hausen AEE]V 183; Feist 273; Pokorný
I 596; Vries ANEW 265; Zalizniak II
201; Lehmann GED 192-193 (to Skt kaví-
'seer, sage, poet'); Bammesberger Nom.
130.
*xu3Janan wk.vb.: Goth hugjan 'to think',
ON hyggja 'to think, to mean, to believe',
OE hyc^an 'to think, to be midful', OFris
'to think', OS huggian id., OHG
'to remember, to hope'. Related to
Hitt kunk- 'to weigh (?)', Lith ki{štú, kúšti
'to start to move' (Woodhouse IF CTV
211—213). For the semantic develop-
ment cf. Lat pendo 'to weigh, to consi-
der', G wágen 'to determine the weigh, to
xu3janan
191
xulniz
consider'. Fick BB XVII 320 (to Lat
cupio 'to long, to desire'); Torp-Falk 91;
Holthausen AEE]V 183; Feist 272-273;
Fraenkel 321-322; Vries AMEW 274;
Lehmann GED 192-193; Makovskii VJa
XXXV/5 143 (to *xawwanan); Kluge-
Seebold 379.
*xu3Ójanan wk.vb.: ON huga 'to consider,
to think', OE ho^ian 'to mind, to think',
OFris hugia 'to diink', OS huggean id.,
OHG huggen id. See *xujjanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 168; Vries AMEW 265.
*xu35n sb.m.: ON hugi 'mind, mooď, OE
/103a 'care', hoju 'care, worry'. Related to
*xu3iz. Holthausen AEEW 168; Vries
XY£ir265.
*xulan sb.n.: ON hol 'cavity, hollow', OE
hol 'covering', OFris hol 'den', OHG hol
id. Substantivized *xulaz. Zupitza Gutt.
185; Holthausen AEEh r 168; Feist
274-275; Vries AME1V 247; Onions 444;
Lehmann GED 194, 383.
*xulaz adj.: ON holr 'hollow', OE hol id.,
OFris hol id., OS hol id., OHG hol id.
Derived from *xelanan (Brugmann IF
XXXIII 305-307). Karsten MB I 2;
Zupitza Gutt. 185; Meyer MG]VG 1906
187 (against Brugmann; to Skt kuly a
'brook, ditch, channel', Gk kohAó^ 'stem,
shafť, Lat caulis 'stem, penis'); Torp-
Falk 81, 563; Holthausen AEEW 168;
Porzig Gliederung 177; Pokorný I 537;
Vries AMEW 248; Onions 444; Lehmann
GED 383; Heidermanns 310-311; Kluge-
Seebold 379-380.
*xuldan sb.n.: ON hold 'flesh, meať, OE
hold 'carcass, body'. Continues a partici-
ple *(s)klto- of *(sjkel- 'to cuť. On the
other hand, probably related to Mír
colinn 'meať. Zupitza Gutt. 107; Torp-
Falk 96 (to *kel- 'to strike'); Holthausen
AEEW 169; Pokorný I 925; Dybo VSJa
33 (to Lidi Šfaelt 'to spliť); Chemodanov
SGGJa I 99; Vries AMEW 247.
*xuldjanan wk.vb.: ON hylda 'to slash',
OE hyldan 'to flay, to skin', holdian 'to cut
open'. Derived from *xulian. Holt-
hausen AEEW 183; Vries AMEW 274.
*xuláón sb.f.: ON hulda 'hiding, secrecy',
E hulí, OHG hulla 'cover, veil'. Cf. also
ON prop. Huld < *xulió. Derived from
*xelanan, cf. *xuljanan. Zupitza Gutt. 185;
Torp-Falk 81; Holthausen AEE]V 177;
Onions 451; Vries AMEW 266; Lehmann
GED 193.
*xulistran sb.n.: Goth hulistr 'cover, veil',
OE heolstor 'darkness, veil, covering', Du
holster 'holster'. Derivative in *-str-o- of
*xuljanan (FvLUGE Mom. Stamm. 49-50). Cf.
also *xuliso 'husk, pod': MLG hulse, OHG
huba. Torp-Falk 81; Feist 274; Holt-
hausen AEEW 156; Lehmann GED 193.
*xuljanan wk.vb.: Goth huljan 'to cover',
ON hylja 'to hide, to cover', OFris bi-hetta
'to cover', OS bi-hullean id., OHG hullen
id. Derived from an unattested aorist
present based on *xelanan (Meillet BSL
XX 25). Torp-Falk 81; Feist 274;
Pokorný I 553; Vries ANEW 274;
Seebold 252; Lehmann GED 193.
*xulón ~ *xulín sb.f: ON holá 'hole',
OHG holí id. Derived from *xulaz.
Holthausen AEEW 184; Vries AMEW
247 (to Gk KO^-iá 'hut, barn').
*xulkaz ~ *xulkan sb.m./n.: ON hólkr
'metal tube', OE hole 'hollow, cavity'. Of
unknown origin. To be separated from
OE hule 'light ship', MLG hulk, holke 'ship
of burden', OHG holco id. (despite
Hetnertz PBB XLI 194) borrowed from
Lat holcas id. < Gk oXxag id. Falk WuS
IV 88; Holthausen AEEW 169, 177;
Vries AMEW 247 (to *xulaz)\ Onions 451.
*xulmaz sb.m.: ON hólmr 'isleť, OE
holm 'mound, hill', OS holin 'hill'. Related
to *xalluz ~ *xallaz. Reflects *klmo-, cf.
Lat columen 'point, top, pillar' < *kelomn
(Curtius Gr. Et. 153). Zupitza Gutt.
106; Torp-Falk 82; Holthausen AEE]V
169; Walde-Hofmann I 249-250;
Pokorný I 544; Vries AMEW 248; Ler-
chner 112, 117; Kluge-Seebold 381.
*xulmjanan wk.vb.: ON hybná 'to hide,
to conceal', OE for-hylman 'to cover over,
to conceal'. Related to *xelmaz, *xelanan.
Holthausen AEEW 184; Vries AMEW
275.
*xulniz sb.m.: OE hyll 'hill', Fris hel id.,
xulniz
192
xumlo(n)
MDu hille id. Close to Lat collis 'hUT if the
latter continues *klnis rather than *kolnis.
See *xalluz ~ *xallaz. Zupitza Gutt. 106;
Torp-Falk 82; Holthausen AEEW 183;
Walde-Hofmann I 245; Pokorný I 544;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 55; Onions 441.
*xulojanan wk.vb.: Goth us-hulon 'to
hollow ouť, ON holá 'to make hollow',
OHG holon id. Derived from *xulaz.
Feist 533; Vries ANEW 247; Lehmann
GED 383; Heidermanns 310.
*xultan sb.n.: ON holt 'wood, grove', OE
holt id., OFris holt id., OS holt id., OHG
holz 'wooď. Related to Gk kX«8o<;
'branch', Mír caill 'foresť, W celli id.,
Corn celli 'nemus' < Celt *kaldi and Slav
*kolda 'log' (Bezzenberger BB XVI 240).
Zupitza Gutt. 121; Torp-Falk 84;
Holthausen AEE]V 169; Trier Holz
43-51; Borck Festschr. Trier 456-
476; Pokorný I 546-547; Vries ANEW
248; Zalizniak I 141; Onions 445;
Trubachev ESSJa X 122-123; Kluge-
Seebold 381.
*xulbaz adj.: Goth hulps 'kind, element',
ON hollr 'gracious, faithful', OE hold
'kind, friendly, pleasanť, OFris hold 'fair,
faithful', OS hold 'kind, dear, devoteď,
OHG hold 'true, devoteď. Probably
derived from *xalianan (Mezger K£
LXXXIII 150-152). Karsten VB II
314-315; Wood AJPh XXIII 195-1956
(to Skt šramyati 'to become weary');
Fortunatov BB VI 219 (to Skt káta-
'twisť); Zupitza Gutt. 107; Torp-Falk 83;
Feist 274; Gúntert Kalypso 91 (to *xul-
janan); Royen Festschr. Schrijnen 713—716;
Holthausen AEEW 169; Trier Lehm
55-56; Pokorný I 552; Vries ANEW
247-248; Scardigli Goten 70-71, 105
106; Mezger K~ LXXXIII 150-152
(to *xalpaz)\ Lehmann GED 193-194;
Heidermanns 311-312; Kluge-Seebold
380.
*xulbln sb.f.: Burg *hulpi 'favor', ON hylli
'grace, favor', OE hyldu 'kindness, favor',
OFris helde 'goodwill, benevolence, favor',
OS huldi id., OHG huldi id. Derived from
*xulpaz. Torp-Falk 83; Holthausen
AEEW 183; Vries ANEW 274-275;
Lehmann GED 193; Kobler 711; Hei-
dermanns 311; Kluge-Seebold 386-387.
*xulbjanan wk.vb.: ON hylla 'to court
one's friendship', OHG hulden 'to calm, to
comforť. Derived from *xulpaz. Torp-
Falk 83; Heidermanns 312.
*xulbón I sb.m.: Goth un-hulpa 'devil', OE
un-holda 'íienď, OFris holda 'friend', OS
un-holdo 'devil', OHG holdo 'friend'.
Derived from *xidpaz. Feist 520-521;
Lehmann GED 193; Bammesberger Nom.
179; Kluge-Seebold 848; Heidermanns
311.
*xulbón II sb.f: Goth un-hulpo 'fiend,
she-devil', OHG un-holda 'monster'.
See *xulpón I. Feist 520-521; Lehmann
GED 193; Kluge-Seebold 848; Heider-
manns 311.
*xumaraz sb.m.: ON humarr 'lobster',
LG hummer id. Structurally close to
Gk KÓnapoc; 'lobster, aconite'. Zupitza
Gutt. 208; Torp-Falk 95; Pokorný I 558;
Vries ANEW 266; Frisk I 773.
*xumalaz ~ *xumalon sb.m./f.: ON
humall 'hop-planť, OE hymele id., MLG
homele id. Together or via Slav *x~bmelb id.
borrowed from the East (Kuhn KZ
XXXV 313-314), cf. Chův pm/a id. <
*qumlay. The latter goes back to Iranian:
Osset xumiclltcg id. < *xaum-ala-ka- derived
from *xauma- 'sacred drink, sóma'
(Trubachev ESSJa VIII 143-144). Latě
Lat humulus id. is probably from Gmc.
Hirt PBB XXIII 338; Uhlenbeck AfslPh
XV 485 (Slav < Gmc); Holthausen
AEEW 184; Vries ANEl\ r 266; Onions
447 (from Slav *xbmelb id.); Vasmer-
Trubachev IV 249-250.
*xumló(n) sb.f: Norw dial. humla 'bum-
ble-bee', MLG hummel id., OHG humbala
id. Cannot be separated from Slav
*čbmelb id. but the phonetic details
are not clear. Further cf. Lith hamané'
id., OPrus camus id. Zupitza Gutt. 127;
Meillet MSL XIV 367; Torp-Falk
95; Lewy IF XXXII 162 (on OHG
-b-)\ Vries ANEW 266; Fraenkel 212;
Vasmer-Trubachev IV 459; Trubachev
xumlo(n)
193
xuii3rjanan
ESSJa IV 145-146; Toporov PJa III
200-202; Kluge-Seebold 387.
*xumpaz sb.m.: ON huppr 'hip', E hump,
LG fem. humpe 'limp'. Related to Skt
klimbá- 'thick end of a bone', Gk íeónpri
'hollow of a vessď, Kunpóc; id., Mír comm
'vessel'. Torp-Falk 94; Pokorný I 592;
Vries ANE1\ T 267; Frisk II 48.
*xuna3an sb.n.: ON hunang 'honey' (sec-
ondary -n-), OE hunij id., OFris hunig id.,
OS honig, OHG honag id. A taboo-moti-
vated innovation based on a color adjec-
tive 'yellow', cf. Skt neut. kaňcaná- 'gold,
money, wealth', Gk kvt|kÓ<; 'pale yellow',
OPrus cucán 'brown'. Torp-Falk 93;
Holthausen AEEW 178; Mayrhofer I
195; Pokorný I 564-565; Vries ANEW
266; Frisk II 882-883; Zalizniak I 141;
Onions 446; Rluge-Seebold 382; Hil-
marsson Mat. 181-182 (adds Toch B
krofnjkše 'bee').
*xuna3a-sw5tuz adj.: ON hunang-scetr
'sweet as honey', OE huni^-swéte id., MDu
honich-soet id., MHG honec-súeze id. Com-
pound of *xuna^an and *swotuz. Carr
Mom. comp. 89 (parallel formations).
*xunda-fadiz sb.m.: Goth hunda-faps 'cen-
turion'. Identical with Skt šatá-pati- 'cap-
tain'. Compound of *xunian and *faiiz.
Feist 276; Benveniste BSL LVIII 45
(independent latě formation); Chemo-
danov SGGJa I 107; Lehmann GED 195.
*xundan sb.n.: Goth pl. hunda 'hundreď,
OE hund id., OFris hund id., OS hund id.,
OHG hunt id. Identical with Lyc sňta,
Toch A kdnt, B kaňte, Skt neut. šata- id.,
Av sahm id., Gk ékcxtÓv id., Lat centům
id., Olr cit, Lith šiiňtas id., Slav *sr>to
id. Zupitza Gutt. 187; Bartholomae
1555; Torp-Falk 93; Trautmann BS1 V
305; Holthausen AEEU 7 178; Walde-
Hofmann I 200-201; Feist 275-276;
Mayrhofer III 293; Pokorný I 192;
Fraenkel 984; Frisk I 475; Onions 452-
453; Vasmer-Trubachev III 761-762;
Lehmann GED 194-195; Melchert St.
Cowgill 202—203; Ross-Berns Mumerals
620; Kluge-Seebold 388; Adams TB 139.
*xunda-radan sb.n.: ON hundrao 'hun-
dreď, OE hundred id., OFris hundred id.,
OS hundrod, hunderod id., MHG hundert id.
Compound of *xundan and otherwise
unattested *radan identical with Lat ratum,
part. of reor 'to reckon, to believe'. See
*rapjanan ~ *rap>ojanan. Torp-Falk 93,
336; Walde-Hofmann II 429; Holt-
hausen AEEW 178; Pokorný I 59, 192;
Risch IF LXVII 129-141; Vries AMEW
267; Onions 452-453; Peeters KZ XCII
27-28; Bengston Diachronica IV 257-262;
Ross-Berns Numerals 620 (difBcult -o- in
OS); Kluge-Seebold 388.
*xunčtarjan sb.n.: OSwed hundari 'com-
pany (of one hundred)', OHG huntari id.
Derived from *xunian. Derivationally cf.
Lat centuria 'division of troops, company'.
Torp-Falk 93; Walde-Hofmann I 201;
Lehmann GED 195.
*xundaz sb.m.: Goth hunds 'dog', ON
hundr id., OE hund id., OFris hund id., OS
hund id., OHG hunt id. Continues *kun-to-
and is derivationally close to Latv deprec.
súnt-ene 'big dog' (Osthoff Etym. I
240-241; Persson Beitráge 585). Further
related to the Indo-European word for
'dog': Toch AB ku, Skt sván-, Av spa, Gk
ícúcov, Lat canis, Olr cú, Lith šuo (Kuhn
KZ I 380; Forstermann KZ I 493).
Hirt FBB XXII 231-232; Osthoff Etym.
240-241; Bugge KZ XXXII 54 (to Arm
skund 'little dog' < *kuon-tá); Zupitza Gutt.
187; Bartholomae 1610-1612; Torp-
Falk 93; Holthausen AEEW 178;
Walde-Hofmann I 152-153; Feist 276-
277; Specht 422; Mayrhofer III 402;
Pokorný I 632-633; Fraenkel 1033-
1035; Vries .iVETI 7 267; Frisk II 58-59;
Zalizniak I 1 33; Onions 449; Hamp FLH
IV 137-138; Lehmann GED 195; Mel-
chert MSS L 97-101; Kluge-Seebold
388; Adams TB 1 79.
*xun3rjanan ~ *xun3rójanan wk.vb.:
Goth huggrjan 'to make to hunger', ON
id., OE hyn^ran, hyn^rian id., OFris
•era id., OS gi-hungrian id., OHG hun-
garen id. Derived from *xun^ruz ~ *xun-
xruz. Holthausen AEE]\ t 184; Feist
272; Onions 453; Lehmann GED 193.
xuii3ruz
194
xurxwaz
*xun3ruz ~ *xunxruz sb.m.: Goth
huhrus 'hunger', ON hungr id., OE hun^or
id. (ff-stem), OFris hunger id., OS hungar
id. (a-stem), OHG hungar id. (n-stem).
Derivationally close to Hitt tangaranť 'not
having eaten' (with assimilation) and Lith
keňkras 'lean, emaciateď. Further to Skt
káňksati 'to wish, to desire', Gk KÉyKEi'
jtewá, Hom jtoA.t>KayKŤ|i; 'parching, very
dry', KÓyKavoi; 'dry', Lith kaňká 'pain,
torture' (Bezzenberger BB IV 357).
Zupitza Gutt. 111, 132; Torp-Falk 70;
Holthausen AEEW 178; Feist 273;
Sohulze Kl. Schr. 329; Mayrhofer
I 194; Pokorný I 565; Fraenkel 240;
Vries ANEW 267; Frisk I 750-751;
Zalizniak II 201; Onions 453; Lehmann
GED 193; Bammesberger Nom. 161-162;
Puhvel rV 48; Kluge-Seebold 388.
*xunslan sb.n.: Goth hunsl 'sacrifice', ON
húsl 'housel, eucharisť (from OE?), OE
húsel id. Probably continues *kuns-lo-, a
noun in *-lo- derivationally close to Av
spanah- 'holiness' < *kuenes-. Further con-
nected with Av spdnta- 'holý, sainť, Lith
šveňtas id., Slav *sv(tt> id. (Fick I 767).
Detter ^DADL XLII 55 (to *xunian,
cf. Gk £KOiTÓ|ifir|); Zupitza Gutt. 187;
Grienberger Got. 122 (to Lat canó
'to sing'); Bartholomae 1612, 161 9 —
1 621 ; Torp-Falk 93; Bezzenberger BB
XXVII 151 (to Lith šusti 'to stew');
Osthoff Festschr. Fick 252-253 (to *xen-
panan); Mekler Festschr. Fick 263 (to Gk
Kaívto 'to kal'); Kook ANF XV 326;
Braune PBB XLIII 417; Rooth PBB
XLIX 114-118 (foUows Osthoff), Wortst.
108; ZuprrzA Gutt. 50, 187; Torp-Falk
93; Trautmann BSW 311; Holthausen
AEEW 179; Feist 277; Trier PBB LXVI
234 (to *xansS); Porzig Gliederung 167;
Pokorný I 630; Fraenkel 1041-1042;
Vries ANEW 268 (ON not from OE; fol-
io ws Trter); Zalizniak I 141; Vasmer-
Trubachev III 585 (against Fick);
Lehmann GED 195-196.
*xunpiz ~ *xun|5o sb.f: Goth hunps 'cap-
tivity, capture', OE húde 'prey, booty',
OHG heri-hunda id. Derived from *xen-
panan. Torp-Falk 70; Holthausen
AEEW 179; Feist 277; Lehmann GED
196; Bammesberger Nom. 58.
*xupiz sb.m.: Goth hups 'hip', OE hype id.,
MLG hup id., OHG fem. hufiá. Glose to
Gk ícúfSoc; 'hollow above the hips on cat-
tle', W gogqf 'hollow, den' (< *upo-kubá).
Zupitza Gutt, 208; Torp-Falk 93-94:
Holthausen AEEW 184; Feist 277-278
Pokorný I 589-590; Frisk II 39-40
Zalizniak II 176; Onions 441; Lehmann
GED 196; Bammesberger Nom. 130 (to
Lat cuhare 'to lie'); Kluge-Seebold 386.
*xupp5janan wk.vb.: ON hoppa 'to hop,
to skip', OE hoppian 'to hop, to leap',
MLG huppen id., MHG hupfen, hopfen id.
Derived from *xupiz. Pedersen IF II
304; Zupitza Gutt. 121; Torp-Falk 94 (to
Gk KuPiatáco 'to tumble head foremosť);
Holthausen AEEW 170; Vries ANEW
248-249; Onions 447; Sanders Festschr.
de Smet 411-417 (*xupd(n) > OE hopa
'hope', OFris hope id., MLG hope id. is
from *xuppojanan); Kluge-Seebold 389.
*xurďiz ~ *xurbiz sb.f: Goth haurds
'dooř', ON hurd id., OE hyrd id., OS hurth
'netting', OHG hurd, hurt 'lattice, fence'.
Etymologically identical with Lat cratis
'wicker-work' and related to Skt krnátti 'to
twist, to spin', OPrus corto 'fence' and the
like. Zupitza Gutt. 111; Torp-Falk 77;
Schrader-Nehring II 557; Holthausen
AEE]V 184; Feist 250; Walde-Hofmann
I 285-286; Mayrhofer I 257; Pokorný
I 584; Vries ANE]V 267-268; Zalizniak
1151; Onions 453; Lehmann GED 179-
180; Kluge-Seebold 389.
*xurxwaz ~ *xurxwan sb.m./n.: ON
hon 'mucus', OE horh, hor$ 'phlegm,
rheum', OS horu 'excrements, dirť, OHG
horo id. Of imitative origin. Much
ZDADL XLII 169 (to Olr corcach
'swamp'); Lidén SVSU VI/1 50 (to Skt
kalká- 'paste, dirt, sin'); Zupitza Gutt. 72,
109; Torp-Falk 95; Holthausen AEEh'
170; Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 (to Lith šiřvas
'grey'); Krogmann K£ LXIV 130—136
(to Gk KÉp^voc; 'rough excrescence'
and its cognates); Specht K^ LXIV 136—
xurxwaz
195
xuson
137; Porzig Gliederung 111; Pokorný
I 573; Vries ANEW 249; Zalizniak II
168.
*xurxaz sb.m.: ON hon 'starvation'.
Identical with Skt krsa- 'emaciated, lean,
weak', Av hrssa- 'lean, meager' (in
cmpn.) (Uhlenbeok PBB XXXV 172).
Further to Lidi kárštu, káršti 'to reach old
age, to grow decrepiť. Zupitza Gutt.
109; Bartholomae 469; Mayrhofer I
262; Pokorný I 581; Fraenkel 223-224,
BS 60; Vries ANEW 249.
*xurjan ~ *xurjaz sb.n./m.: Goth hauri
'coal, ember', ON hyn 'embers of fire'
(partly *xuriz). Related to Lith kurií, kúrti
'to heať, Slav *kuriti 'to smoke' (Schef-
telwoitz BB XXVIII 305; Petersson
Au/s. 40-41). Bugge KZ XXXII 51 (to
Arm krak 'fire'); Uhlenbeck Altind. \Vh.
62 (to Gk Kaíto 'to burn'); Zupitza Gutt.
114; Torp-Falk 75; Feist 250; Pokorný
I 571-572; Fraenkel 319; Vries ANEW
275-276; Zalizniak II 213; Fraenkel
319; Lehmann GED 180; Trubachev
ESSJa XIII 123-125; Dybo BSA 16.
*xurna-bu3on sb.m.: ON horn-bogi 'horn-
bow', OE horn-boja id., MHG hom-boge
id. Compound of *xurnan and *bu^on.
Carr Nom. comp. 73 (parallel formations).
*xurna-fiskaz sb.m.: ON horn-Jiskr
'garfish', OE horn-fsc id. Compound of
*xuman and *fiskaz. Carr Nom. comp. 74
(parallel formations).
*xurnan sb.n.: Goth haurn 'horn', ON hom
id., OE hom id. (mase.), OFris horn id.,
OS horn id., OHG horn id. Closely re-
lated to Lat cornu id., Skt neut. šfňga- id.,
probably built on the unattested nomina-
tive in -g of the originál *krn-. Belongs to
IE *ker- 'head, horn'. Petersson SVSL I
5-7; Zupitza Gutt. 186; Torp-Falk
75-76; Holthausen AEEW 170; Walde-
Hofmann I 276; Feist 251; Pokorný I
576; Mayrhofer III 369-370; Vries
ANEW 249; Zalizniak I 141; Onions
448; Lehmann GED 180; Bammesberger
Nom. 73; Nussbaum Head passim; Kluge-
Seebold 383.
*xurnin3az ~ *xurnun3az sb.m.: ON
hornungr 'bastard', OE hornun^-sunu id.,
OFris horning id., MLG horninc id., OHG
hornung 'February'. Derived from *xurnan
(Uhlenbeok A^XL 555). Zupitza Gutt.
207 (to Gk KÚpvoq 'bastard', secondarily
associated widr *xuman); Holthausen
AEEW 170; Vries ANEW 249.
*xurnjanan wk.vb.: Godr haurnjan 'to
blow a horn', OHG humen 'to equip with
horns'. Derived from *xurnjan. Feist
251; Lehmann GED 180.
*xurnjón sb.f: ON hyrna 'one of the horns
of an axe-heaď, OE hyrne 'angle', OFris
herně id. Derived from *xurnan. For the
semantic development cf. Slav *rogb
'horn, corner'. Torp-Falk 76; Holt-
hausen AEEW 184; Vries ANEW 275.
*xurska-líkaz adj.: ON horsk-ligr 'brave,
wise, noble', OHG adv. horsc-lihho 'lively,
resolutely, quickly'. Derived from *xur-
skaz. Heidermanns 313.
*xurskaz adj.: ON horskr 'wise', OE horsc
'quick, ready, active', OS horsk 'rapid,
eager', OHG horsc 'swift, fast, lively'. Of
unknown origin. Froehde BB XIV 1 05
(to Lat curro 'to run'); FvArsten NB II
294-295; Zupitza Gutt. 125 (to Lat
serútari 'to investigate'); Torp-Falk 79;
Schwentner PBB XLVIII 80-81; Feist
49; Holthausen AEEW 170; Pokorný I
579 (to Gk KÉpSoc; 'gain, advantage', W
cerdd 'arť); Jóhannesson Suff. 29 (from
*xurp-skaz); Vries ANEW 249-250; Leh-
mann GED 37; Heidermanns 313.
*xurstiz sb.m.: Norw dial. růst 'grove,
wooď, OE hyrst 'copse, wooď, MLG
horst, hurst 'bush', OHG hurst id. Related
to W prys 'grove' < *k'-'rsto-, Slav *xvorstt>
'bush, oak, firewooď (with an unclear
*x-). Torp-Falk 78; Pokorný I 633.
*xusón sb.f: ON hosa 'hoše, gaiter',
OE hoše id., OS hosa 'trousers', OHG
hosa 'hoše, gaiter'. Of unknown origin.
Zupitza Gutt. 128; Torp-Falk 96;
Holthausen AEEW 171; Pokorný I 953
(to Gk ručme; 'bladder'); Vries ANEW
250 (to Skt kosa- 'cupboarď); Zalizniak
II 177; Onions 448; Iíluge-Seebold
385.
sčtan
196
xusan
*xuzdan sb.n.: Goth huzd 'treasure', ON
fem. hodd id., OE hord id., OS hord, horth
id., OHG hort id. Of uncertain origin.
Brugmann IF VI 103-104 (together
with Gk kÚoSoc; 'female genitals', from
*kudh-to-); Johansson IF XIX 129-130;
Schmidt KZ XXV 166-167; Zupitza
Gutt. 96, 128; Torp-Falk 96; Debrunner
IF Lil 228; Holthausen AEEW 170;
Feist 278-279; Pokorný I 953 (to
*xudjanaii); Vries ANE]V 246; Zalizniak
II 174; Onions 443; Lehmann GED 196;
Kluge-Seebold 384 (to Gk keOOoq
'depth, inside').
*xuzďjanan ~ *xuzdójanan wk.vb.:
Goth huzdjan 'to treasure up, to store up,
to gather', OE hordian 'to hoard, to store',
MHG gi-hurten id. Derived from *xuzdan.
Feist 278; Lehmann GED 196.
*xúb5n sb.f.: ON húfa 'cap, hooď, OE húfe
'covering for the heaď, OFris húve, houwe
'cap, hooď, OS huna id., OHG huba id.
Related to Skt kakúbh- 'peak, summit', Gk
Ktjcpót; 'bent, crookeď, Slav *kubt> 'vessel,
poť or to Skt kupa- 'hole, cave, well', Gk
KÚ7IT1- xpróyA.r| (Hes.), Lat cúpa 'barrel'.
Zupitza Gutt. 104, 128; Torp-Falk 94;
Holthausen AEEW 177, 183; Walde-
Hofmann I 310-311; Mayrhofer I 135,
253; Pokorný I 590-591; Vrtes ANEW
264-265; Onions 442; Frisk II 52-53;
Zalizniak II 180; Trubachev ESSJa
XIII 77-78; Kxuge-Seebold 360.
*xúďiz sb.f: ON húi 'hide, skin', OE hýd
id., OFris hěde, hud id., OS hud id., OHG
hut id. Related to Gk kÚtoc; 'cover, hide',
Lat cutis 'hide', W cwd 'bag, testicle', Lith
kutys 'bag' (Siebs KZ XXXVII 282). Cf
also WGmc *xu\>an 'testicle': OFris hotha,
MDu hode, OHG hodo. Torp-Falk
92; Holthausen AEE]V 183; Walde-
Hofmann I 320; Pokorný I 952;
Fraenkel 323; Vries ANEW 264; Frisk
II 57; Zalizniak I 151; Onions 440;
Lehmann GED 196; Fvluge-Seebold 361;
Dybo VSJa 12, BSA 35-36 (with shorten-
ing in the oxytonic stem).
*xúďjanan wk.vb.: OE hýdan 'to hide',
OFris hěda id., MLG húden id. Related to
Gk keÚSco 'to cover, to hide', kekÚBco
'to conceal' (Nowigki KZ XCII 187).
Torp-Falk 92; Holthausen AEEW 183;
Pokorný I 952; Frisk I 834; Onions 440;
Lehmann GED 310.
*xukěnan wk.vb.: ON húka 'to sit on one's
hams' (but part. hokinn indicates a str.vb.),
MLG húken id., MHG húchen id. Probably
based on *xawwanan. Torp-Falk 91;
Kluge-Seebold 378; Adams TB 180 (to
Toch B kuk- 'to bow down').
*xúnaz sb.m.: ON pl. Húnar, Hýnir 'Huns',
OE pl. Húnas id., OHG pl. Huni id.
Attested in Lat Hunní, Chunní, Gk Oúvvoi.
Adaptation of Chinese Hiung-nu. Much
]VuS I 45 (secondarily influenced by
*xúnaz ~ *xúno); Sghrader-Nehring I
517; Vries ANEW 266.
*xúnaz ~ *xúno sb.m.: ON húnn 'knob,
bear-cub', MDu hune 'crow's nesť.
Identical with Lith kunas 'body, meať,
Latv kunis 'body, chrysalis'. Zupitza
Gutt. 208; Torp-Falk 92-93 (to Skt íuná-
'swollen'); Pokorný I 592; Fraenkel 310;
Vries ANE1\ t 267.
*xúsa-laukaz sb.m.: Icel hús-laukr 'house-
leek', latě ME house-leek id., MLG hús-lok
id., OHG hůs-louh id. Compound of
*xúsan and Haukaz. Carr Mom. comp. 74
(Icel < OHG).
*xúsa-lausaz adj.: ON hús-lauss 'without
a house', OFris hus-lás id., MHG hús-los
id. Compound of *xúsan and Hausaz.
Carr Mom. comp. 89 (parallel formations).
*xúsan sb.n.: Goth gud-hus 'temple', Crim.
Goth hus 'house', ON hús id., OE hús id.,
OFris hus id., OS hus id., OHG hús id.
Borrowed from a phonetically advanced
East Iranian *xuz ~ *xud < Irán *kata-, cf.
Av kata- 'room, cellar' (also borrowed
to ESlav *xata 'house', probably via
OHung). Notě a similarity of *xúsan and
Yns *xús 'tent of skin and bark', probably
explained by the Iranian origin of the lat-
ter. Irán *kata- may be also in some
obscure relation with Gmc *xě]jjón >
Goth hepjo 'chamber' (Bartholomae
ZdWfVl 355). Grimm DM I 922 (from
*kúdh-s-o, cf. Gk KeíSo^ 'hiding-place');
xusan
197
xwalbaz
Schmidt K£ XXV 1 66 (samé as Grimm);
Bezzenberger BB XXVGII 146 (to Lith
kútis 'stable'); Patrubány IF XIII 163;
Zupitza Gutt. 128; Grienberger Got. 112
(reconstructs Goth hepjo < *heipjo);
Bartholomae 432; Torp-Falk 92 (to
*xúajanan); Holthausen AEE\V 178 (to
Skt kosa- 'cupboarď); Feist 223-224
(to Hitt kuttaš Valí'), 254-255 (Goth hepjo
to OFris hode 'supervision, protection',
MLG hode id., OHG huot id.); Pokorný I
586-587, 953 (related to *xuson); Vries
ANEW 268; Zalizniak I 141; Onions
450; Lehmann GED 161 (to *keuH- 'to
cover, to surrounď), 182; Starostin KS
155; Trubachev ESSJa VIII 21-22;
Kluge-Seebold 360; Adams TB 234 (to
Toch B kwaso 'village').
*xúsjanan wk.vb.: ON hýsa 'to house, to
harbor', OFris húsia id., MLG husen id.
Derived from *xůsan. Vries A/VET I 7 276.
*xúsójanan wk.vb.: ON husa 'to build
houses', OE húsian 'to house', MDu husen,
huysen id., MHG husen 'to build a house'.
Derived from *xusan. Vries ANE1 1 ' 268.
*xwadrět adv.: Goth kvádre 'whereto,
whither', OE hwteder 'whither'. Derived
from the pronominal stem *xwa- (see
*xwat). Holthausen AEElť 179; Feist
279; Lehmann GED 197.
*xwainó sb.f: Swed dial. hven 'low and
swampy fielď. Glose to Lat caenum, coenum
'dirť < *k"oino- (Zupitza Gutt. 53).
Torp-Falk 118; Walde-Hofmann 1131—
132; Pokorný I 628; Chemodanov SSGJa
I 55; Vries ANEW 270.
*xwaitja-kurnan sb.n.: ON hveiti-kom
'grain of wheať, OE hwdte-corn id. Com-
pound of *xwaitjaz and *kuman. Carr
Nom. comp. 74 (parallel formations).
*xwaitja-melwan sb.n.: ON hveiti-mjql
'flour', OE hwdte-melu id. Compound of
*xwaitjaz and *melwan. Carr Mom. comp.
74 (parallel formations).
*xwaitjaz sb.m.: Goth hiaiteis 'wheať, ON
neut. hveiti id., OE hwéte id., OFris hwete
id., OS hwěti id., OHG (h)weizi id.
Connected wiťh *xwttaz, cf. Bret gwiniz
'wheať ~ gwenn 'white' (Hoops IVald-
bdume 356). Wiedemann BB XXVII 2 1 3
(to Slav *cvbtq 'to blossom'); Meyer Alb.
St. III 51 (to Gk cítoi; 'grain' borrowed
from a satam-language); Zupitza Gutt. 54;
Torp-Falk 118; Holthausen AEEW
179; Feist 280-281; Pokorný I 629;
Vries ANEW 270; Zalizniak II 168;
Onions 1001; Lehmann GED 197; Ramat
Gedenkschr. Gúntert 7 1 ; Bammesberger
Nom. 67; Kluge-Seebold 884.
*xwajan sb.n.: OE hwés 'whey', WFris
waei id., MDu wey id. Identical wiťh Skt
káya- 'body' further connected with cinóti
'to put in layers, to thread, to string', Gk
Ttoiero 'to make, to produce'. Holt-
hausen AEEW 179 (to Arm šičuk id.);
Pokorný I 637-638; Onions 1002.
*xwala-fiskaz sb.m.: ON koal-fiskr
'whale', MLG wal-visch id., OHG wal-jisc
id. Compound of *xwalaz and *fiskaz.
Carr Nom. comp. 84 (parallel formations).
*xwalaz sb.m.: ON hvalr 'whale' (pardy
*xwatiz), OE hwiel id., OS hwal id., OHG
hwal, wal id. Of unknown origin. Ltdén
Festschr. Bugge 91 (to Lat squalus 'big sea
íish'), GHA XXVI/2 91 (to OPrus kalu
'sheat-fish'); Petersson SVSL I 80 (from
*kuob-lo-); Zupitza Gutt. 55; Torp-Falk
1 1 7; Holthausen AEE]\' 1 79; Pokorný I
958; Vries ANEW 268-269; Zalizniak
II 187; Onions 1000-1001 (to OPrus
kališ); Stang LS 26; Sevilla Rodriguez
JIES XVII 177-180 (to Av kára-, Gk
aoTiakoc,); Kluge-Seebold 872.
*xwalfoan ~ *xwalfoon sb.n./m.: ON
hválf 'concavity', OE fem. hwealf 'arched
covering', OS hwolvo 'hollow brick', OHG
walbo id. Related to Gk kÓA.jto<; 'bosom,
hollow'. Derived from *xwelbanan, *xwal-
baz. Zupitza Gutt. 54; Torp-Falk 1 1 7
Holthausen AEEW 180; Pokorný I 630
Vries ANEW 268; Frisk I 904-905
Onions 1001; Seebold 281; Lehmann
GED 200; Kluge-Seebold 873.
*xwalfoaz adj.: Icel í-hvolfi 'something
vaulteď, OE hwealf 'arched, vaulteď.
Derived from *xwelíanan. Karsten NB I
41-42; Wissmann NF 25; Holthausen
AEEW 180; Heidermanns 314.
xwalbjanan
198
xwassin
*xwalbjanan wk.vb.: ON hvelfa 'to arch,
to vaulť (strong part. holfinn), OE be-hwyl-
fan 'to cover', OS bi-hwelbian 'to hide',
OHG bi-welben 'to surround, to enclose'.
Derived from *xwelbanan. Torp-Falk
117; Holthausen AEE]V 182; Vries
ANEW 211; Onions 1001; Seebold 281;
Lehmann GED 200; Kluge-Seebold 896.
*xwalb5janan wk.vb.: ON hválfa 'to turn
upside down', OHG zisamane-gi-walbon 'to
come together, to gather'. Derived from
*xwelbanan, *xwalbaz. Seebold 281.
*xwan(n)ai adv.: Goth han 'when', OE
hwďnne, hwanne id., OFris hwenne id., OS
hwan id., OHG hwanne, wanne, wenne id.
Derived from *xwa- (see *xwat). Gf. Olr
can, W pan id. and probably OPrus kan
'when'. Schmidt R'Z XXXII 402 (instr.
in *-n- ~ Av -na); Paul PBB IV 385-388
(to Av kam 'how', OLat quom 'when'); Dal
Pr. 39-40 (WGmc loc. in *-%-); Torp-
Falk 1 14; Holthausen AEE]V 180; Feist
281; Pokorný I 644-645; Onions 1001;
Lehmann GED 198; Kluge-Seebold 874.
*xwapan sb.n.: ON kvap 'dropsical flesh'.
Originally, *'steam, vapor'. Despite the
irregular dvelopment of *-p-, related
to Gk Kánoe;' yvxh, 7tveí>|ja (Hes.), Lith
kvapas 'breath' further connected wiťh
IE *kuep- 'to breathe'. Curtius Gr. Et.
142 (to Lat uappa 'fiat wine'); Feist 7;
Pokorný I 596; Fraenkel 325-326;
Frisk I 781-782; Lehmann GED 5.
*xwapjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-tvapjaii 'to
choke, to extinguish', MHG ver-wepfen 'to
become fusty (of wine)'. Derived from
*xwapan. Torp-Falk 115; Feist 7; Leh-
mann GED 5.
*xwar ~ *xwěr adv.: Goth Ivar 'where',
ON hvar id., OE hw/ér id., OFris hwer id.,
OS hwar id., OHG hwar, war id. Derived
from the pronominal stem *xwa- (see
*xwat). The suffix *-r- appears in Arm ur
'where', Lat cúr, OLat quor 'why', Lith kuř
'where', Alb kur 'when'. Goth tvarjis
'which', ON hverr 'who' continue *xwar
jaz wiťh the second component from *jaz
< *ios 'who, which': Sktjáh, Avjio, Gk oc,
(Schmidt K£ XXXII 401, Plut: 43). A
similar structure is reconstructed for Alb
kush 'who' < *k"u-so- (Meillet Idg. Jb. I
13; Orel LB XXX/1 57-58). Bar-
tholomae 1199-1227; Torp-Falk 114;
Holthausen AEEW 179; Walde-
Hofmann I 313; Feist 281-282; Mayr-
hoeer III 14; Pokorný I 644-645
Fraenkel 314; Vries ANEW 269, 272
Onions 1002; Lehmann GED 198
Kluge-Seebold 895; Orel AKT) 206-
207.
*xwarban ~ *xwarbaz sb.n./m.: ON
hvarf 'disappearance, circle', OE hwearf
'turn, space, change, corwď, OFris hwarj
'time', OS hwarj 'crowď, OHG fem.
warba 'turn'. Derived from *xwerbanan.
Torp-Falk 116; Holthausen AEEW
180; Pokorný I 631; Vries ANEW 269;
Zalizniak II 169.
*xwarbjanan wk.vb.: ON hverfa 'to make
to turn', OE hwirfan 'to turn, to revolve',
OS gi-hwervian id., OHG werben id. De-
rived from *xwerbanan. Torp-Falk 116;
Holthausen AEEW 182; Vries ANEW
271; Seebold 283; Lehmann GED 197.
*xwarbójanan wk.vb.: Goth tvarbon 'to
walk about, to wander', ON hvarf a 'to
turn round, to wander', OE hwearfian
'to turn, to change', OS hwarbon 'to walk
abouť, OHG warbon id. Derived from
*xwarban ~ *xwarbaz. Torp-Falk 1 1 6;
Holthausen AEEW 180; Feist 282;
Vries ANEW 269; Seebold 283; Leh-
mann GED 197.
*xwassaz adj.: Goth adv. tvassaba
'sharply', ON hvass 'pointed, sharp',
OE hwies 'sharp, keen', OHG hwas
'sharp'. Derived from *xwataz, *xwetanan.
Aufrecht KZ I 472-474 (to Lat catus
'sharp'); Karsten NB II 344; Zupitza
Gutt. 56; Torp-Falk 115; Feist 282;
Holthausen AEE1\' 179; Pokorný I
636; Vries ANEW 269; Seebold 284;
Bammesberger Nom. 251-252; Heider-
manns 315-316; Kluge-Seebold 888.
*xwassin sb.f: Goth tvassei 'sharpness',
OS hwessi id., OHG wassT id. Derived
from *xwassaz. Feist 282; Heidermanns
315.
xwat
199
xwe3wlan
*xwat pron.: Goth tva 'whať (loss of -t in
an unaccented position?), ON hvat id.,
OE hwiet id., OFris kmet id., OS hmat id.,
OHG hwaz id. Identical with IE *k'od
id.: Skt kad, Lat quod. The loc. of the
samé stem (identical with Lith kaí 'how')
appears in *xwai we > Goth tvaiwa 'how',
OHG hwio id. where *wě goes back to IE
*uě 'or': Skt vS, Av va, cf. also a variant
with short *e in Gk T)-pé, Lat -ne,
Moller Idg. An Z . XXXIII 58 (derives
Goth řva from *k'om); 79; Schulze Lat. 5
(Goth tv-aiwa to Skt éva- 'walk'); Torp-
Falk 114; Bartholomae 1306-1310;
Hujer IF XXIV 7 1 (*xwai we < *k"o-oiuos,
to Gk noioi; 'of what kinď); Walde-
Hofmann II 411, 740; Feist 279, 281;
Mezger JEGP XLI 508-509 (recon-
structs *xwlxwe); Mayrhofer I 192, III
180; Pokorný I 75, 644-646; Vries
ANEW 269; Onions 1001; Hollifield
Sprache XXV 55 (reconstructs *xwai wo);
Lehmann GED 197-199; Kluge-Seebold
876, 885, 889.
*xwataz adj.: ON hvatr 'bold, active, vig-
orous', OE hwtet 'quick, active, vigorous',
OS mén-hwat 'nefarious'. Derived from
*xwetanan. Karsten MB I 56; Jurmann
KZ XI 399 (to Lat tňquětrus 'three-
cornereď); Zupitza Gutt. 56; Torp-Faek
115; Holthausen AEEW 179; Endzelen
KZ LI 290 (to Latv skadrs 'sharp'); Feist
184-185; Pokorný I 636; Vries ANEW
270; Onions 1002; Seebold 284; Leh-
mann GED 139; Heidermanns 316; Kluge-
Seebold 887-888.
*xwatjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tvotjan 'to
whet, to sharpen' (leg. ga-tvatjan), ON
hvetja 'to whet, to sharpen, to encourage',
OE hwettan id., MLG wetten 'to sharpen',
OHG hwezzen, wezzen id. Derived from
*xwataz. Torp-Faek 115; Feist 184;
Vries ANEW 272; Onions 1002; See-
bold 284; Lehmann GED 139; Heider-
manns 316; Kluge-Seebold 887-888.
*xwabaraz ~ *xwebaraz adj., pron.:
Goth tvapar 'which of two', ON hvadarr
id., OE hwieber, hweier id., OFris hweder,
' id., OS hwethar id., OHG wedar id.
Comparative in *-ter- based on *xwa- (see
*xwat). Identical with Skt katará- id., Av
kataro id., Gk jtóxepoi; id., Ose pútúrúspíd
'utrique', Lith katrás 'which of two', Slav
*kotort> 'which'. Bartholomae 433-
434; Torp-Falk 114; Trautmann BSW
120-121; Holthausen AEEW 179-180;
Feist 283; Mayrhofer I 148; Pokorný I
645-646; Fraenkel 229; Vries ANEW
268; Frisk II 586; Onions 1002;
Lehmann GED 199; Kluge-Seebold
878.
*xwabe adv.: Goth tvap 'where to,
whither'. From IE *k"o-te similar to Hitt
kuwatta(n) 'where' and, probably, Gk jtóae
'where to' (Sturtevant AJPh L 364). See
*xwat. Meillet MSL XLX 93 (on dre
suffix *-te); Feist 282-283; Chantraine
921-922; Tischler HEG 698-700;
Lehmann GED 199.
*xwabón sb.f: Goth tvapo 'foam', Swed
dial. hwS id. Connected with Skt kváthati
'to boil'. Zupitza Gutt. 56 (to Lat quatio
'to shake'); Feist 283; Mayrhofer I 283;
Pokorný I 627-628; Lehmann GED 199.
*xwaz ~ *xwez pron.: Goth hlas 'who',
ON hverr id., OSwed hva, hvar id., OE
hwá id., OFris hwa id., OS hwě id., OHG
hwer id. Continues IE *k*os id.: Skt káh, Av
kS, Lidr kas. See *xwat. Bartholomae
422-427; Torp-Falk 114; Holthausen
AEEW 179; Feist 282; Porzig Gliederung
198; Mayrhofer I 192; Pokorný I 644-
645; Fraenkel 199; Vries ANEW 271;
Onions 1004; Lehmann GED 198-199;
Kluge-Seebold 885.
*xwe3wlan ~ *xwexwlan sb.n.: ON
hjól, hvel 'wheel', OE hweól, hweo^ul, hwe-
owol id., OFris fial id., MLG wěl id.
Continues IE *k"ek"lo- id.: Toch A kukal,
B kokale 'cart, wagon', Skt cakrá- 'wheel',
Av čaxro id., Gk kÚkXoc; 'circle' (Reichelt
ZFXL 58), Phryg kik^tiv ttiv apKxov xo
aoxpov. Opúyet;, Hes. (Fick BB XXLX
239). Olson ANF XXXI 14; Zupitza
Gutt. 65; Bartholomae 576; Torp-Falk
116-117; Holthausen AEEW 181;
Mayrhofer I 366; Pokorný I 639-640;
Vries ANEW 232, 270; Frisk II 44-45;
xwe3wlan
200
xwernm
Onions 1001; Adams TB 200; Burlak
IFTJa 241-242.
*xwek5janan wk.vb.: ON hvika 'to quail,
to shrink, to waver', MDu wicken 'to
move back and forth'. Of descriptive
origin. Hirt BB XXIV 253 (to Slav
*čeznqti 'to disappear'); Zupitza Gutt. 58
(to Lat conquimsco 'to bend, to squať),
197; Torp-Falk 114-115; Vries AKEW
272.
*xwelfoanan str.vb.: ON part. holjinn 'to
curve', OFris bi-wolven 'obrutus' (hap.
leg.), MHG pret. sg. walb 'to expanď. See
*xwalban ~ *xwalbon. Torp-Falk 1 1 7;
Jóhannesson IEW 263; Pokorný I 630;
Vries /L/VETT 247; Seebold 281.
*xwellanan str.vb.: Icel hvella 'to ring
ouť, OE hwelan 'to roar, to bellow'. Prob-
ably related to Toch B kul 'bell' (Adams
TB 185). Torp-Falk 116; Holthausen
AEEW 180; Vries AME]\ 7 271 (to *xwel-
paz); Heidermanns 318.
*xwellaz adj.: ON hvellr 'shrilling, thrill-
ing', OHG hwel 'importunate'. Derived
from *xwellanan. Karsten JVB II 219;
Zupitza Gutt. 49, 57; Torp-Falk 116;
Heidermanns 318.
*xwelpaz sb.m.: ON hvelpr 'whelp', OE
hwelp id., OS hwelp id., OHG neut. welf
id. A phonetically irregular development
of IE *g"elbh-: Skt gárbha- 'womb', Av
garsna- id., Gk SeXqróc; id. The Germanic
form appears to reflect a consonantally
shifted *k"elb-. Suolahti AKT 17-18;
Zupitza Gutt. 57; Schroder ^dPh
XXXVII 393-394; Torp-Falk 117 (to
Gk aKtAai; 'cub, puppy'); Schrader-
Nehrtng II 336 (to Lat uolpés 'fox' <
*g"olpi-)\ Holthausen AEEW 181; May-
rhofer I 329; Pokorný I 473; Vries
ANEW 11\ (to *xwellanan); Frisk I 363;
Zalizniak I 133; Onions 1001; Kluge-
Seebold 884.
*xweraz sb.m.: ON hverr 'cauldron', OE
hwer 'kettle, poť, OHG hwer, wer 'caul-
dron'. Related to Toch B keru 'drum', Skt
carů- 'vessel, poť, Olr coire 'kettle', W pair
id., Corn pér id. Zupitza Gutt. 57;
Torp-Falk 116; Holthausen AEElf
181; Mayrhofer I 377; Pokorný I 642;
Vries AMW 111; Zalizniak I 133;
Lehmann GED 197; Van Wtndekens I
216; Adams TB 195.
*xwerbalaz ~ *xwerbulaz adj.: ON
hverfull 'shifty, changeable', OE hwurful
'changeable, fickle', OHG sina-werbal
'ronndeď. Derived from *xwerbanan.
Karsten MB II 286; Holthausen AEEW
183; Bammesberger Festschr. Derolez 26—
29; Heidermanns 319-320.
*xwerbanan str.vb.: Goth tvairban 'to go
around, to walk, to live, jtepiJtaxeív', ON
hverfa 'to turn rounď, OE hweorfan 'to
turn, to change', OFris hwerva 'to turn',
OS hwerban 'to go back and forth', OHG
werban 'to turn'. Related to Toch B kurp-
'to be concerned wiťh' (Adams TB 184-
185). Kirchhoff K^ I 39; Sohrader
£7X 473 (to Gk Kapjtó^ 'wrisť); Zupitza
Gutt. 57 (to Skt neut. šurpa- 'winnowing
basket'); Hirt BB XXIV 253 (to Slav
*svbrdlo 'drill' < *s~obrb-dló); Fick BB
XXLX 239 (to Phryg Kopúpavxs.;); Torp-
Falk 116; Feist 279-280; Holthausen
AEEW 181; Jóhannesson IEW 261-262
Pokorný I 631; Vries AMEW 111
Seebold 282-284; Lehmann GED 197
Kluge-Seebold 885.
*xwerbaz adj.: Goth toeila-tvairbs 'tempo-
rary, transienť, ON koerfi 'shifty', OE
hweorf 'turning about, shifting', OHG
sina-werf 'smooth, polisheď. Derived
from *xwerbanan. Karsten JVB I 24—25;
Holthausen AEE\ V 181; Feist 284; See-
bold 282; Bammesberger Mom. 241;
Heidermanns 318-319.
*xwerbilaz sb.m.: ON hvhfill 'circle, ring,
crown of the heaď, OHG wirbil 'plec-
trum'. Derived from *xwerbanan. Torp-
Falk 116; Vries AMEW 273; Onions
1003; Seebold 282; Lehmann GED 197;
Kluge-Seebold 893.
*xwertail5janan wk.vb.: ON hvirfia 'to
whirl', MDu wervelen, worvelen id. Derived
from *xwerbilaz. Vries ANE1\' 273.
*xwernin ~ xwernon sb.f: Goth tvairnei
'skuli', ON hverna 'pan, basin'. Close to
Mír cern 'bowl' < IE *k"erna and further
xwernm
201
xwitaz
connected with *xweraz. Hirt IF XVII
390 (to Gk KÉpvoi; 'bowl for offerings');
Zupitza Gutt. 58; Torp-Falk 116; Feist
280; Pokorný I 642; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 98; Vries ANEW 271; Lehmann
GED 197.
*xwě adv.: Goth tve 'to whom, wherewith',
ON hvé 'how'. Old instrumental *k"e,
cf. Gk 7tr|jtOKa 'ever yeť (Schmidt K£
XXVII 292, XXXII 403). Feist 284;
PrpprNG GHA XI/3 33 (to *xwai wě, see
*xwat); Lindouist Festschr. A. Koch 359-
367 (ON hvé < *xwena); Pokorný I 644-
645; Vřes ANEW 270; Lehmann GED
199.
*xwěs(j)anan str./wk.vb.: ON hviesa 'to
hiss' (wk.), OE hwésan 'to wheeze'. Rela-
ted to Skt hasiti 'to breathe', Lat queror 'to
complain, to lamenť. Torp-Falk 117;
Walde-Hofmann II 403-404; Pokorný I
631.
*xwětanan str.vb.: ON hváta 'to hasten',
OE pret. sg. á-hwét 'to drive ouť, OS
pres. far-hwatan 'to punch, to kick', OHG
wazan 'to drive away'. Related to Latv
kůdit 'to drive', Slav *kydati 'to throw'. Cf.
*xwataz, *xwatjaiian. Zupitza Gutt. 56;
Feist 286; Holthausen AEEW 179;
Jóhannesson IEW 281-282; Pokorný I
636; Vries ANEh r 270; Seebold 284-
285.
*xwi<Í5n sb.f: ON hvida 'řiť, OE hweoíu
'air, breeze'. Close to Av šyata- 'glad,
merry', Lat quies 'rest, lying stilF. Bar-
tholomae 1716; Torp-Falk 1 1 8; Holt-
hausen AEEW 172; Walde-Hofmann II
406; Pokorný I 638; Vries ANEW 272
(to *xwataz).
*xwi-llkaz adj., pron.: Goth tvi-leiks 'what
sort of, which', ON hví-líkr id., OE hwelc,
hwilc id., OFris hwe-lik, hwelk id., OS hwi-
llk id., OHG hwellh id. Derived from
*xwi- < IE pron. *k"i-\ Gk tíq 'who',
Lat quis id. Ákerlund Festschr. Rock
414-428 (originál short vowel in ON);
Torp-Falk 114; Holthausen AEEW
180-181; Walde-Hofmann II 410; Feist
285; Pokorný I 644-648; Vries ANEW
272 (secondary length in ON hví);
Onions 1002; Frisk II 903-904; Leh-
mann GED 200; Kluge-Seebold 884
(< *xwe-llkaz).
*xwistl5janan wk.vb.: ON hvísla 'to whis-
per', OE hwistlian 'to hiss, to whistie'. Of
imitative nature. Holthausen AEE]ť
182; Onions 1004.
*xwl pron.: ON hví 'why', OE hwý id.,
OS hwi id. From *k"ei, loc. of *k"o-, see
*xwat. Cf. Lat qul 'who, which', Slav *či
'how, whether'. Holthausen AEE]f
181; Walde-Hofmann II 405; Vries
ANEW 272; Onions 1005.
*xwílěnan wk.vb.: Goth tveilan 'to pause,
to cease', ON hvíla 'to resť, OFris hwlla
id., MLG wilen 'to stay', OHG wllen 'to
remain in a pláce'. Derived from *xwílo.
Zupitza Gutt. 49; Torp-Falk 1 1 7; Feist
284; Vrtes ANEW 272; Lehmann GED
199; Kluge-Seebold 882.
*xwíl6 sb.f: Goth tveila 'while, time,
hour', ON hvíla 'beď [*xwilon), OE hwíl
'while, time', OFris hwíle id., OS hwlla
id., OHG hwlla, wlla id. Derivationally
close to Slav *čih> 'lively, strong'. Further
based on IE *k"eiH- 'to rest, to be quieť.
Torp-Falk 117; Feist 284; Holthausen
AEEW 182; Wissmann NP 72; Pokorný I
638; Vries ANEW 272; Zalizniak II 180;
Onions 1002; Nyman IF LXXXTV
132-156; Trubachev ESSJa IV 112;
Lehmann GED 199-200; Heidermanns
319; Kluge-Seebold 882.
*xwínanan str.vb.: ON hvína 'to whizz, to
whistie', OE pres. hwínan id. Further cf.
*xwlqjan > ON hvía 'to squeal', *xwajqjan
> OHG hweion id. Of imitative origin.
Torp-Falk 118; Holthausen AEE]V
182; Jóhannesson IEW 258-259; Po-
korný I 628; Vries ANEW 273; Onions
1003; Seebold 280.
*xwítaz adj.: Goth toeits 'white', ON hvítr
id., OE hwít id., OFris hwlt id., OS hwlt
id., OHG hwlz id. Gorresponds (with a
different sufřix or an irregular dental) to
IE *kwei-t- in ouher languages: Skt švetá-
'white, brighť, Av spaéta- id., Lith šviečiu,
švíestí 'to gleam', Slav *světb 'lighť.
Bartholomae 1609; Karsten NB II
xwitaz
202
xwotjanan
205-206; Zupitza Gutt. 54; Torp-Falk
1 18; Sohwentner FB 24-37; Trautmann
BSW 310-311; Feist 284-285; Holt-
hausen AEEW 182; Mayrhofer III
406; Pokorný I 629; Fraenkel 1043;
Vries ANEW 273-274; Onions 1004;
Vasmer-Trubachev III 575-576; Lůhr
Expr. 263-264; Lehmann GED 200;
Heidermanns 316—317; Kluge-Seebold
883.
*xwítilaz sb.m.: ON hvítill 'white bed-
cover', OE hmitel 'cloak, mantle'. Derived
from *xwítaz. Holthausen AEEW 182;
Vries ANEW 273.
*xwítin3az sb.m.: ON hvítingr 'a kind of
whale', E whiting, MLG mítink id. Derived
from *xwltaz. Vrtes ANEW 273.
*xwítin sb.f.: ON hvíti 'whiteness', OHG
wizi 'white color, white spoť. Derived
from *xwítaz. Heidermanns 317.
*xwitjaz sb.m.: Swed dial. hwíte 'wheať,
ME white id. An ablaut variant of *xwait-
jaz. Cf. also G dial. wwte id. < *xwitjo
(Holthausen IF XXXII 338). Lehmann
GED 197.
*xwítjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-hweitjan 'to
whiten', OE hwítan 'to make white, to
polish', OHG wizen 'to paint white'.
Derived from *xwitaz. Feist 284;
Onions 1 004; Heidermanns 317.
*xwopanan str.vb.: Goth tvopan 'to boasť,
OE hwópan 'to threaten'. Of unknown
origin. Grienberger Got. 125 (to *xau-
paz); Bloomfield PBB XXXVII 251
(formed after *wopan ~ *wópaz, *wop-
janan); Thumb R'Z XVI 193-196 (to Gk
KofSa^-óc; 'impudent rogue'); Uhlenbeck
PBB XXX 294 (to Lat cupio 'to desire');
Petersson PBB XXXVIII 321 (to Skt
kvánati 'to sounď); Feist 286; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 182; Kroes Nec
XXXI 14-16 (to Lith kvapas 'vapor');
Pokorný I 535-536 (from *kau-); See-
bold 285 (to *xwětanan); Lehmann GED
200-201.
*xwósanan str.vb.: OE hwósan 'to
wheeze'. Identical with Skt kasáte 'to
cough', Lith kósiu, kositi id. Further
cf. Toch B kosi 'cough', Alb kolte id.
(< *k"asla), Mír cassacht id., Lith kosulys id.,
Slav *kašlb id. Torp-Falk 1 1 8; Holt-
hausen AEEW 182; Mayrhofer I 206;
Pokorný I 649; Fraenkel 283-284; See-
bold 285; OílulAED 189; Adams TB 207.
*xw5st5janan wk.vb.: ON hosta 'to
cough', OE hwóstan id., MDu hoesten id.,
OHG huostón id. Derived from *xwó~stó~n.
Torp-Falk 1 18; Vries AV£II 7 250.
*xw5stón sb.m.: ON hosti 'cough', OE
hwósta id., MLG hoste id., OHG huosto id.
Structurally close to W pas id. < *k"ds-t-.
Derived from *xwosanan. Zupitza Gutt.
58; Torp-Falk 118; Holthausen AEEJ\ t
182; Pokorný I 649; Vries ANEW 250;
Zalizniak I 154; Seebold 285; Tru-
baohev ESSJa IX 160-161; Bammes-
berger Nom. 185; Kluge-Seebold 389.
*xw5tó sb.f: Goth hiota 'threat, repri-
manď, ON neut. pl. hit id. Derived from
*xwetanan, *xwatjanan. Aufrecht K~Z I
471; Bloomfield PBB XXXVII 250
(rhyme word); Feist 286; Mayrhofer I
400—401 (to Skt códati 'to incite, to ani-
mate'); Pokorný I 636 (to Lat tri-quetrus
'three-cornereď); Vries ANEW 250;
Seebold 284; Lehmann GED 201.
*xw5tjanan wk.vb.: Goth tvotjan 'to
threaten, to reprimanď, ON heeta 'to
threaten'. Derived from *xwoto. Auf-
recht KZ I 471; Torp-Falk 115; Feist
286; Vries ANEW 250, 278; Seebold
284; Lehmann GED 201.
*idiz sb.f.: ON id 'deed, doing'. Deriva-
tionally close to Skt ití- 'going, walking',
further to *ei- 'to go'. Torp-Falk 27;
Pokorný I 293-295.
*ičtura(n) adv.: ON idur-mieltr 'of a meter
repeating the samé syllable', MDu eder-
kauwen 'to repeat over and over'. Identical
with Lat iterum 'again' derived from *i-kro-\
Skt ítara- 'other'. Torp-Falk 27; Walde-
Hofmann I 723-724; Pokorný I 284.
*Í3Ílaz ~ Í3ulaz sb.m.: ON ígull 'hedge-
hog, ruff' (wiuh secondary lengthening),
OE i^il 'hedgehog', OS igil id., OHG igil
id. The name of a prickly animal or fish
is etymologically identical with the iso-
lated Slav *]bgla 'needle' < Hghula and,
probably, OPrus ayculo < *eighulá. On the
other hand, it could be influenced by the
continuants of IE *eghi- 'hedgehog'.
Forsterman A"^3 I 498 (to *esalaz); Pictet
KZ VI 185-186; Wrede Ostg. 144 (adds
Goth PN Igila); Fiok BB XXLX 237;
Bruch Festschr. Kretschmer 1 0—1 1 ; Torp-
Falk 23; Trautmann APSpr. 296, BSW 3;
Holthausen AEEW 187; Speoht Kš[
LXVI 56-57 (taboo term); Porzig Gliede-
rung 202; Pokorný I 292; Zalizniak I
133; Toporov PJa I 59; Trubaohev
ESSJa VIII 213-214; Lehmann GED 204;
Fvluge-Seebold 394.
*iz pron.: Goth is 'he', ON es id., OFris er
id., OS es, is id., OHG er id. Related to
Sktj'ó- 'who, which', Av yó id., OPhryg
yos id., Lat is 'this', Lidrjíj 'he', Slav *jb
'this'. Neut. *it (Goth ita 'iť, OS it id.,
OHG iz id.) is identical with Lat neut.
id 'this'. Bartholomae 1199-1227;
Torp-Falk 27; Walde-Pokorny I 96-
98; Walde-Hofmann I 720-721; Feist
296; Mayrhofer III 8; Pokorný I 283;
Fraenkel 194; Vries AMEW 105; Tru-
bachev ESSJa VIII 204-205; Lehmann
GED 207-208; Orel Phrygmn 469-470;
FvLuge-Seebold 227 (from IE *eis).
*i conj.: Godi ei 'in that čase, then,
thereby'. Identical widr Slav *i 'anď < *ei
(Feist 130). Sútterlin IF IV 93-95 (to
IE *io-)\ Pokorný I 281-284; Lehmann
GED 99.
*idalaz adj.: OE idel 'vain, empty, voiď,
OFris idel 'foolish, vain, empty', OS idal
'vain, empty', OHG ital 'empty'. Of un-
known origin. FvArsten JVB II 275-276;
Wood AÍZJVXVII 6, XXV 213; Torp-
Falk 3 (to IE *aidh- 'to burn'); Van
Wijk IF XXXV 266; Sturtevant
Language VI 25 (to Hitt idalu- 'bad, evil');
Holthausen AEEJ\ t 185; Pokorný I 12
(to Gk ai6á^.r| 'sooť); Onions 460;
Bonfante BSL LXLX 69-71 (samé as
Sturtevant); Heidermanns 321 (seg-
ments *i- as in Lith ypatiis 'speciál', Skt
Tdfk 'such-like, of such a kinď); Kluge-
Seebold 214.
*Ixwaz sb.m.: ON ýr 'yew-tree', OE eóh
id., OS íh id., OHG fem. iwa id. Other
WGmc forms háve the stress on the suf-
fix: OE íw < *T3waz, OHG igo < *iswon.
Continues IE *eik-uo-. Despite formal
difficulties, cannot be separated (as a
loanword to Celtic?) from Olr éo id., W
ywen id., OCorn hiuin id., Bret ivin id. On
the other hand, Celtic forms hardly can
be isolated from Lith ieva 'bird cherry',
Slav Hva 'willow; band, edge'. A difficult
word. Hoops Waldbáume 126-127, 239-
íxwaz
204
jamaz
240; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 62; Torp-Falk
28; Holthausen AEETr 92-93; Pokorný
I 297; Chemodanov SSGJa I 57;
Fraenkel 183; Vries AME] V 679; Zaliz-
niak II 182; Onions 1020; Ivanov Etim.
1971 298-302 (adds Hitt eia- 'evergreen
tree'); Trubaohev ESSJa VIII 248-249;
Orel Etim. 1985 35-37 ('willow' as a tree
"walking" along the river-banks, from *ei-
'to go'); Kluge-Seebold 207.
*Isa-kaldaz adj.: ON ís-kaldr 'ice-colď,
OE ís-ceald id., MLG u-kolt id., MHG is-
kalt id. Compound of *Tsaz ~ *isan and
*kaliaz. Carr Mom. comp. 89 (parallel
formations).
*Isaz ~ *ísan sb.m./n.: ON Iss 'ice', OE
ís id., OFris is id., OS ís id., OHG ís id.
Related to Av aexa- 'colď, isu- 'icy', Osset
yex 'ice' (Specht 18). Bartholomae 11;
Torp-Falk 28; Sievers PBB XXXVIII
324-329; Holthausen ^££ir 189; Vries
AME] V 29,1; Pokorný I 301; Zalizniak II
169; Onions 458; Kluge-Seebold 213.
*isarna-smibaz sb.m.: ON járn-smidr
'blacksmith', OE ísen-smib id., OS isarn-
smith id., OHG isarn-smid id. Compound
of *isarnan and *smi\)az. Carr Mom.
comp. 75 (parallel formations).
*isarnan sb.n.: Goth eisarn 'iron', ON ísarn
id., OE ísern, ísen id., OFris isern, irsen id.,
OS ísarn id., OHG ísarn, isan id. Bor-
rowed from Celtic: Gaul isarno-dori 'ferrei
ostii', Olr íam, W haiarn, OCorn hoern,
Bret houarn (Thurneysen apud Feist).
Johansson BB XVIII 17 (to *aizan);
Noreen AMF IV 110; Torp-Falk 28;
Holthausen AEE\V 189; Feist 131;
Pokorný I 300, KZ XLVI 292 (from
Illyrian); Vries AME1V 287; Zalizniak I
141; Onions 485; Lehmann GED 99;
Kluge-Seebold 213.
*Isarna-na3l5n ~ *ísarna-na3laz
sb.m.: ON járn-nagli 'iron nail', OHG
Isam-nagal id. Compound of *Tsarnan and
*na^laz. Carr Mom. comp. 84 (parallel
formations).
*itraz adj.: ON Ur 'excellent, glorious', OE
prop. Iter-mann. Derived from IE *iet-:
Toch A vat- 'to reach, to achieve', Skt
yátatc 'to pláce oneself (in the right posi-
tion)', W add-iad 'yearning'. Karsten
MB II 458; Holthausen AEE1T 423;
Jónsson A^FXLVI 334-335; Pokorný I
506-507; Vries AME\\ t 288; Heider-
manns 322 (segments *i- as in *idalaz).
*Izarnan sb.n.: ON járn 'iron', OE íren id.
An accentual variant of *isaman. Holt-
hausen AEEW 189; Pokorný I 300.
*ja ptcl.: Goth ja,jai 'yes', ON já id. (with
irregular lengthening), OE jeá id., OFris
je id., OS ja id., OHG ja id. Cf. also Goth
jah 'and, indeeď (< *jo xwe = Skt yácca
'and though'), Run ja(h) id., OE 3« id.,
OS ja id., OHG ja id. Fem. of dre
pronominal stem *io- or *í- (Brugmann
Grundrijj U/2 328). Grimm DG III
270; Torp-Falk 327-328; Holthausen
AEEW 141; Feist 299-300; Pokorný I
283; Vries AMEW 289; Onions 1018;
Lehmann GED 210; Kluge-Seebold 408.
*jaba ~ *jabói conj.: Goth jabai 'if, OE
3jf id., OFris jef id., OS efhá., OHG ibu
id. Pronominal stem Ho- followed by
particle *hhe ~ *bho. However, the root
vocalism does not match in individual
languages. Cf. Slav *i bo 'for, because'.
Aufrecht KZ I 287; Brugmann KVG
669 (derived from *ja); Torp-Falk
328; Holthausen AEEW 142; Feist
299-300; Trubachev ESSJa VIII 167
168; Lehmann GED 210; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*jainaz ~ *jenaz pron.: Goth jains 'that
(one)', OE jeo/z id., OFris jen id., MLG
jamaz
205
jexwlaz
jene id., OHG jeněr id. Not quite clear. It
is possible that *jainaz and *jenaz go back
to two different sources. While *jainaz
reflects demonstrative particle *j- (cf. Lith
jis 'he') followed by *aínaz (Brugmann
Gnindrifi II/2 335—339) and may be
derivationally close to Slav *jbm> 'other'
< *i-(o)inos (Berneker I 432, Lang CMF
I 97-99 but see differendy Trubaghev
VJa XXLX/1 143: Slav *jbin, = Phryg
ioq ví), *jenaz is a combination of the
samé *j- and *enaz. The situation is
further complicated by ON hann 'he'
< *jainaz with a secondary h- by analogy
with *xt. Cf. also a similar formation in
Lith víenas 'one' < *u-anos. Hoffmann-
Krayer K^XW 144-158; Grieneerger
Got. 135-136; Torp-Falk 328; Holt-
hausen PBB XIII 372, 590 (separates
*jai- < loc. *ioi), AEEW 142; Kock AMF
XXIV 186-189; Kieckers HG 145 (fol-
lovvs Brugmann); Feist 300; Pokorný I
319-321; Fraenkel 1239-1240; Vries
AMEW 209; Trubachev ESSJa VIII
233-234; Lehmann GED 210.
*jaindě adv.: Goth jaind 'thither', OE
3eond 'yond, yonder'. Derived from
*jainaz ~ *jenaz. Torp-Falk 328; Holt-
hausen AEE]\' 142; Feist 300; Lehmann
GED 210.
*jainjaz sb.m.: ON einir juniper'. Identical
with Mír din 'bulrush' < Hoini-, Lat iúni-
perus 'juniper- tree' (Fick II 223; Lidén IF
XVIII 507). Torp-Falk 328; Walde-
Hofmann I 731; Pokorný I 513.
*jaukiz sb.f.: ON eykr 'beast of draughť,
eyk-hestr 'cart-horse'. Close to Skt yógya-
id., further to *jukan. Karsten MB I
105-106; Torp-Falk 330; Schulze KZ
LXI 189; Mayrhofer III 20; Pokorný I
5 1 0; Matzel Festschr. Schrdder 96, KZ CV
99; Vries AMEW 107; Heidermanns 322.
*jexanan str.vb.: ON part. já 'to assenť,
OFris ja 'to confess', OS gehan 'to articu-
late, to pronounce', OHG jehan 'to say, to
speak, to admiť. Related to Skt ydcatí
'to ask, to solicite, to entreať, Mír with
'language', W iaith id. (Lldén ANF III
328). Torp-Falk 328; Hirt PhWschr.
XIV 609 (to Lat iacio 'to throw, to utter');
Jóhannesson IEW 96-98; Mayrhofer
III 14-15; Pokorný I 503-504; Vries
AMEW 289; Seebold 286-287; Boutkan
OFED s.v.
*jextiz sb.f: OFris jecht 'confession', OHG
jiht id. Derived from *jexanan. Derivation-
ally close to W iaith 'language' < Hekti-.
Torp-Falk 328; Pokorný I 503; See-
bold 286.
*jextojanan wk.vb.: ON játta 'to acknowl-
edge, to assenť, OFris iechta 'to confess'.
Derived from *jextiz. Torp-Falk 328;
Vries /LVETT 291.
*jexwla-čta3az sb.m.: ON jóla-dagr 'Yule-
day', OE ^eóhhel-dďj id. Compound of
*jexwlan and *da^az. Carr Mom. comp.
81 (parallel formations).
*jexwla-měn6bz sb.m.: ON jól-mánudr
'uhe Yule month', OE ^éol-mónad id. Com-
pound of *jexwlan and *mendpz. Carr
Mom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*jexwlan sb.n.: ON pl. jól 'feast of Yule
(later — Christmas)', OE jeóhlwl, jeó/ id.
Of unknown origin. Grimm DM II 664
(to *xwe3w(u)lan ~ *xwexwlari); Bugge^IVF
IV 135 (to Lat iocus 'game' and *jexanan);
Grienberger SBAW Wim CXLII/8
137 (to Lith jenku, jékti 'to become
blinď); Merwger WuS V 184 (to Av
yďcňa 'to ask'); Loewenthal PBB XLV
265 (compound with elements related to
Skt ísá 'pole, shaft of a carriage' and IE
*k»el- 'wheel'); Fay JEGP XVII 424-425
(a taboo modification of *xwe^w(u)lan
~ *xwexwlari); Karsten IF XXII 298;
PvOOth Wortst. 43 (follows Bugge); Iírog-
mann K~UÍ 1 14 (samé as Bugge); Torp-
Falk 328-329; Holthausen AEEW 141;
Feist 301-303, KZ LI 143-144 (in-
fluenced by *jeran); Walde-Hoffmann I
716 (to Gk É\|íía 'game, amusemenť);
Vries AME1V 292; Onions 1021; Leh-
mann GED 211 (against Fay).
*jexwljaz sb.m.: Goůijiuleis Yule-month,
December', ON ýlir 'mid-November to
mid-December', OE jrá/i 'December and
January'. Derived from *jexwlan. Torp-
Falk 328-329; Holthausen AEEW 142;
jexwlaz
206
jěz
Feist 301-302; Onions 1021; Lehmann
GED 211.
*jekilaz ~ *jekulaz sb.m.: ON JQkull 'ici-
cle', OE ýcel id., OFris itsil 'spur', OS
ichilla 'stiria'. Derived from *jekon. Fick
KZ I 1 1 (to Lith yíia 'floe'); Torp-Falk
328; Holthausen AEEW 142; Vries
AMEW 294; Onions 459.
*jekón sb.m.: ON jaki 'icicle', LG is-jack
id., G dial. jdch 'hoar-frosť. Related to
Hitt eka- 'cold, frost, ice', Mír aig 'ice'
< *iagi-. Torp-Faek 328; Pokorný I
503, Celtica V 236 (from Uralic, cf. Finn
jda 'ice', Hungjég id.); Vries AME]V 289;
Kammenhuber KZ LXXVII 67 (folio ws
Pokorný); Puhvel II 257-259.
*jesanan str.vb.: OHG jesan 'to ferment,
to brew'. Related to Toch AB yás- 'to
excite sexually', Skt yásyati 'to boil, to
become hoť, Av yah- 'to boil', Gk ^éto
'to boil, to seethe'. Bartholomae 1281;
Torp-Falk 329; Mayrhofer III 13;
Pokorný I 506; Frisk I 612; Onions
1019; Seebold 287; Keuge-Seebold 299;
Adams TB 500-501; Burlak IFTJa 253.
*jestuz sb.m.: ON jqstr 'yeasť, OE jirf id.,
MLG gest 'dregs, dirt', MHG gest, jest
'yeasť. Derived from *jesanan. Torp-
Falk 329; Holthausen AEEW 142;
Vries AMW 295; Onions 1019.
*jeuxtan sb.n.: OE 3eoht 'yoke'. Derived
from *jeukan. Structurally identical with
Skt neut. yuktá- 'harnessed, yokeď.
(Holthausen IF XLVIII 266). Holt-
hausen AEEW 142; Mayrhofer III 20;
Pokorný I 508-509; Lehmann GED 212.
*jeukan sb.n.: MHG jiuch 'yoke'. Close
to Gk í^eíiyoi; 'yoke of beasts, pair of
mules, oxen or horses'. Further see *jukan.
Torp-Falk 330; Frisk I 610.
*jeukěnan wk.vb.: Gothjiukan 'to fight, to
conquer', ga-jiukan 'to overcome', MHG
jouchen 'to chase, to drive'. Cf. also OE
3eócor 'strong, fierce, harsh'. Related to
Toch AB yuk- 'to conquer', Av yaozaiti 'to
be agitated, to be exciteď < *ieug-. See
*jeukan. Wood MP II 471; Bartho-
lomae 1231-1232; Holthausen AEEW
141; Feist 301; Pokorný I 512; Lehmann
GED 211 (further to *ieu-dh- 'to move, to
fighť).
*jěm(a)raz adj.: OE ^eámor 'sad, sorrow-
ful', OFris sbst. jámer 'ruefulness, crying
shame', OS sbst. jdtnar 'misery, misfor-
tune', OHG sbst. jamar id. Identical with
Gk línepoí; 'tame, cultivateď (Solmsen
KZ XXXII 147). Further related to Skt
yámati 'to subjugate'. Torp-Falk 329;
Pokorný I 505; Dybo VSJa 26; Frisk I
635-636.
*jěn5 ~ *jěnaz sb.f./m.: Swed dial. an
'reapers progress, a stroke of the scythe',
MHG jan 'row, line'. Identical with Skt
yana- 'going, riding', derived from *ie- :
Ha- 'to go'. Torp-Falk 329; Pokorný
I 296.
*jěra-měn5pz sb.m.: ON ár-mánadr 'month
of the year', OHG jar-manód 'January'.
Compound of *jěran and *měnopz. Carr
Mom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*jěran sb.n.: Qoúijer 'year', ON ár id., OE
jeár id., OFris jer id., OS jar, ger id., OHG
jar id. Related to Av yar- id., Gk tópa
'season', Slav *jaro 'heat, spring' and
the like. Bartholomae 1287; Torp-Falk
329; Schulze Kl. Schr. 831; Holthausen
AEE]V 141; Feist 301; Porzig Gliederung
115; Pokorný I 297; Dybo VSJa 26;
Vries AME]\ t 12; Zalizniak I 141; Frisk
II 1150-1151; Chantratne 1303-1304;
Onions 1019; Trubaohev ESSJa VIII
175-176; Lehmann GED 210-21 1;Kluge-
Seebold 408-409.
*jěra-talan sb.n.: ON ár-tal 'reckoning by
years', OFris kr-tel 'one year', MDu jaer-
tal 'number of years'. Compound of *jěran
and *talan. Carr Mom. comp. 1^—lb (par-
allel formations).
*jětjanan wk.vb.: ON jata 'to say "yes"',
OHG gi-jazen 'to agree'. Derived from
*ja. But cf. % jextojanan. Torp-Falk 328;
Vries ANE1\ t 291.
*jěz ~ *jíz pron.: ON ér 'you', OE y id.,
OFris gi id., OS gí id., OHG ir id.
Analogical modifications of *júz. Torp-
Falk 330; Holthausen AEE]V 141;
Pokorný I 513-514; Vries AMEW 103;
Onions 1018; Fvluge-Seebold 395.
ju
207
jun3az
*ju adv.: Goth ju 'just now, already', OE
3eó 'formerly, before', OS ju 'already',
OHG ju id. Identical with Lith jau id.,
Latv jau id., Slav *ju id. Rretschmer
KZ XXXI 466 (to IE *ieum- 'young');
Meillet MSL LX 52; Trautmann BSW
106; Torp-Falk 328; Holthausen
AEEW 141; Feist 303; Pokorný I 285;
Fraenkel 190; Stang LS 25; Trubaohev
ESSJa VIII 190-191; Lehmann GED
212.
*ju3unj)iz sb.f.: OE 3eÓ3uS 'youth', OFris
jogethe id., OS juguth id., OHG jugund id.
Identical with Skt yuvatí- 'young woman'
< Huunti-, with a taboo change of *-w- >
*-5-. Related to *jun^az. Brugmann
Grundňfi 11/ 1 439 (*-w- > *-$- by anal-
ogy with *du^unpiz > OE dugud, OHG
tugund); Torp-Falk 331; Holthausen
AEE]V 141; Mayrhofer III 23; Lehmann
Phon. 48 (*3 < *Hu), GED 213; Kluge-
Seebold 412-413.
*jukan sb.n.: Qoúi juk 'yoke', ON ok id.,
OE 3eoc id., OS juk id., OHG joh, juh id.
Etymologically related to Hitt i-ú-ga-an
id., Skt yugá- id., Gk i^vyóv id., Arm luc
id. < *iugio-, Lat iugum id., W z«zí id., Lith
júngas id. (with *-n- from the nasál infix
of the verbal present), Slav *jbgo id.
Pedersen &&. Gr. I 64, 98; Meillet MSL
VII 57; Torp-Falk 330; Trautmann
BSW 109; Holthausen AEEII' 141;
Walde-Hofmann I 728-729; Feist 304;
Pokorný I 508; Vries ANE) V 417; Mayr-
hofer III 19; Fraenkel 196; Zalizniak
I 142; Frisk I 615-616; Onions 1020;
Puhvel II 495-496; Trubachev ESSJa
VIII 206-208; Lehmann GED 212;
Kluge-Seebold 411.
*jukkjanan wk.vb.: OE jzcczzzz 'to itch',
OS jukkian id., OHG jucken id. Related
to *jeukenan. Bartholomae 1231-1232;
Holthausen AEE\ I T 142; Pokorný I 512;
Onions 488.
*jukojanan wk.vb.: ON oka 'to yoke', OE
3eoáan 'to preserve, to savé'. Derived
from *jukan. Cf. a structural similarity in
Lat iugo id. Walde-Hofmann I 728;
Vries ANEW 418.
*juk5n sb.m.: Goth ga-juka 'companion,
yoke-fellow', ON oki 'cross-beam'. Iden-
tical with Skt sam-yúj- 'joined through
friendship or relationship', Lat con-iux
'spouse'. Derived from *jukan. Walde-
Hofmann I 261; Feist 186-187; Vries
X7VEIK418; Lehmann GED 141.
*jukuzjó sb.n.: Goůijukuzi 'yoke' (with an
unclear -a), OE sýcer 'acre'. Fem. *(ie)-
iug-usí of a perfect participle from IE
*ieug- (Bammesberger Language XLI
416-419, Nom. 213). Noreen IFW 325
(Goth -uz,- < IE *-ues-)\ Streftberg IF
XIV 494; Unwerth PBB XXXVI 20 (s-
stem, cf. Gk C,evyoc, 'team', Lat iúgera
'acre', Slav *jbgo 'yoke'); Holthausen
AEEW 142; Feist 304; Lehmann GED
213.
*junďó sb.f: Goth junda 'youth'. Identical
with Lat iuuenta id. < *iuunta (Brugmann
Grundňfi 11/ 1 418). Torp-Falk 331;
Walde-Hofmann I 736; Feist 304-305;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 91; Lehmann GED
213; Bammesberger Nom. 148.
*jun3alin3az sb.m.: ON ynglingr 'young
person', OE 5eorej&5 id., OFris jungeling
id., OS jungling id., MHG jungeling id.
Derived from *jun^az. Onions 1021;
Ktuge-Seebold 413.
*jun3a-líkaz adj.: ON ung-ligr 'youthful',
OHG jung-llh id. Derived from *junsaz.
Heidermanns 326.
*jun3az adj.: Goth juggs 'young', ON ungr
id., OE 3eon3 id., OFris jung id., OS juiig
id., OHG jung id. Related to Skt yuvaéá-
'youthful', Lat iuuencus 'youth', Olr óac
'young', W ieuanc id. from Huun-kó- fur-
ther connected with *ieu- 'young'. Cf.
also Khwar 'yw'nk 'young' < Irán *aiwa-
nak (Teubner Gedenkschr. Gůntert 302).
Torp-Falk 331; Walde-Hofmann I
735; Feist 303-304; Holthausen AEEJ I'
142; Kluge 342-343; Mayrhofer III
23-24; Porzig Festschr. Debrunner
343-349; Hoffmann MSS VI 39-40;
Pokorný I 510-511; Vries AJ\EJV 635;
Eggers Festschr. Starek 62—81; Onions
1021; Hamp KZ LXXXIV 1; Lehmann
GED 212; Bammesberger Nom. 253;
juii3az
208
kalanan
Heidermanns 325-326; Rluge-Seebold
413.
*jun3Ón sb.m.: ON ungi 'young of a birď,
OHG jungo 'animal cub'. Derived from
*junsaz. Heidermanns 325.
*jutwó ~ *jetwó pron.: ON it 'you two',
OE 3Ít id., OFris iat id., OS git id. The
vocalism has been influenced by *wetwo.
Identical with Lidi judu id. Originally, a
compound of *iu 'you' an d *duo 'two'
(Meillet MSL XIII 208). For the oblique
cases cf. gen. *enkwara > Goth igqara, ON
ykkar, OE incer, Streitberg UGG 265;
Lotspeich JEGP XXX 150; Petersen
JEGP XXXIII 66; Torp-Faek 329-330;
Feist 291; Holthausen AEEW 142; Po-
korný I 513-514; Fraenkel 199; Vries
ANEU' 288, 677; Lehmann GED 204.
*júz pron.: Goth jus 'you'. Related to Av
yúš id., lAÚi jus id. Further to Skt yúyám
id., Av yužsm id., Gk vmíeq id. See *jez ~
*jiz. Bartholomae 1303-1305; Torp-
Falk 330; Feist 305; Mayrhofer III 26
Pokorný I 513-514; Fraenkel 199
Onions 1018; Lehmann GED 213
Ktuge-Seebold 395.
*kabisjaz ~ *kabisjó sb.m./f.: ON ke/sir
'slavě (?)', OE ciefes 'concubine', OS kevis
'concubine', OHG kebis, kebisa id. Pro-
bably related to Lith žabas 'branch,
bough', žabóju, zabiti 'to bridle', žebóju,
Žebóti id. The semantic development in
Gmc may be connected with that of the
Baltic verb or similar to that of Slav
*kopyl~b 'shoot, branch' ~ 'bastard, boy,
servant'. Lidén SSUF 1894 63-64 (to
Olr bé 'woman'); Torp-Falk 34; Zupitza
KZ XXXVII 391 (to Lat captluus 'captive,
captureď), Gutt. 183; Schroeder ,žjď%
XXXVIII 523 (to OHG keva 'shell;
cavea'); Trautmann BS1V 364; Holt-
hausen AEEW 47; Pokorný I 408 (from
*gabh- eventually related to *3etanari);
Fraenkel 1282-1283; Vries ANE1V 304;
Pisani TC XII 71 (to Gk áyarcóco);
Menges ZfslPh XLIII 400-406 (together
with the unclear Pol kobieta 'woman' from
Uralic); Kluge-Seebold 435.
*kablón sb.m.: ON kqfli 'cut off piece',
MDu cavele 'piece of wood ušed to throw
lots' (fem.). Probably related to Lith žabas
'branch'. See *kabisjaz ~ *kabisjo. Zu-
pitza Gutt. 183; Torp-Falk 34; Pokorný
I 353; Fraenkel 1282-1283; Vries
AMEW 296-297; Kluge-Seebold 415.
*ka3Ón sb.m.: Norw dial. kage 'low bush',
E dial. cag 'stump', G dial. Kag id. Of
unknown origin. Torp-Falk 33.
*kaibaz adj.: ON ákafr 'vehement, fiery',
OE cáf 'quick, sharp, nimble'. Derived
from *klbojanan. Torp-Falk 43; Holt-
hausen AEEW 42; Heidermanns 327.
*kailón ~ *kailaz sb.f./m.: Norw keila
'channef, MLG kel 'narrow bay'. Related
to *kllaz. Torp-Falk 43; Vries AME]\ t
304.
*kaipaz ~ *kaipó sb.m./f: ON keipr
'rowlock', MLG kep 'cut, notch'. Related
to Lat gibbus 'hunch, hump', Latv gibstu,
gibt 'to benď (Holthausen PBB LXVI
272). Torp-Falk 44; Jóhannesson IEW
298 (to Icel kápa 'to move the fishing line
up and down); Vries AJÍEW 80b.
*kak5n sb.f: ON kaká 'cake', ME cake id.
Probably related to Lith žagas 'conical
stack'. Pokorný I 349 (to Lith gúogě
'cabbage-heaď); Fraenkel 1284; Kluge-
Seebold 490.
*kalanan str.vb.: ON kala 'to freeze', OE
calan 'to be cold, to become colď.
Related to Lat gelu 'cold, frost, ice', Slav
*Zolb 'bad weather'. Zupitza Gutt. 143;
Torp-Falk 40; Holthausen AEEW 42;
Walde-Hofmann I 585-586; Johan-
kalanan
209
kan(i)paz
nesson IEW 373-375; Pokorný I 365;
Trubaohev Slav. jaz. V 1 79; Vries ANE] I '
297; Seebold 288-289; Lehmann GED
214.
*kalbaz sb.m./n.: ON kálfi 'calf ', OE cealf
id., OFris calf id., OS fozí/id., OHG fozffl
id. (z-stem). Despite the difference in the
anlaut (*g- as opposed to *g*-), related to
Skt gárbha- 'womb', Av garnwa- id., Gk
SeXqrúc; 'womb', 8éX<paE, 'pigleť, 8oX<pó<;'
ripriTpa, Hes. Zupitza Gutt. 11; Pers-
son Beitráge 14-15 (to *kalbon I); Torp-
Falk 42; Holthausen AEEW 45;
Mayrhofer I 329; Pokorný I 359 (to
*katbon I), 473; Vries ANEW 298;
Zalizniak II 223; Frisk I 363; Onions
136; Lehmann GED 214 (to Gaul galba
'very fat man', Lat globus 'globe, heap');
Bammesberger Nom. 2 1 1 (old j-stem);
Kluge-Seebold 418.
*kalfoón I sb.m.: ON kálfi 'calf (anat.)', E
calf id., G dial. Kalb 'muscle'. Of uncer-
tain orígin. A descriptive stem? Cf. *kla-
bón. Persson Beitráge 14-15 (to *kalbaz);
Pokorný I 359.
*kalbon II sb.f.: Goth kalbo 'heifer', OHG
kalba id. Derived from *kalbaz. Torp-
Falk 42; Zupitza Gutt. 11, 143; Feist
305-306; Pokorný I 359; Zalizniak II
223; Lehmann GED 214.
*kaldaz adj.: Goth kalds 'colď, ON kaldr
id., OE ceald id., OFris kald id., OS kald
id., OHG kalt id. Derivative of *kálanan
(in *-to-?). Somehow related to Slav sb.
*xoldb 'colď, despite die phonetic difncul-
ties (Zupitza KZ XXXVII 390). Kars-
ten NB II 332; Bezzenberger BB XVI
242 (to Slav *želdica 'black ice'); Zupitza
Gutt. 143; Torp-Falk 40; Holthausen
AEEW 45; Feist 306; Pokorný I 366;
Chemodanov SSGJa I 56; Vries AME1V
298; Onions 190; Seebold 288; Tru-
bachev ESSJa VIII 57-58; Lehmann
GED 214; Bammesberger Nom. 251;
Heidermanns 328; Kluge-Seebold 420;
Boutkan OFED s.v.
*kalčtěnan wk.vb.: ON kalda 'to become
colď, OE cealdian id., OHG kaltěn id.
Derived from *kaliaz. Structurally close
to Slav *xolditi 'to become colď. Vries
ANEW 298; Trubachev ESSJa VIII 56;
Heidermanns 328.
*kalzan sb.n.: ON kalí 'calf. Derivation-
ally close to Slav *golsb 'voice'. Further
related to W galw 'to calf < *galu-, Slav
*golgotb 'speech'. Torp-Falk 42; Po-
korný I 350; Chemodanov SGGJa I 84.
*kalzójanan wk.vb.: ON kalia 'to call, to
cry', OFris helia 'to name', MLG kolsen 'to
call', OHG kallon 'to talk'. Derived from
*kalzan. Zupitza Gutt. 143; Torp-Falk
42; Pokorný I 350; Vries ANEW
298-299; Onions 137.
*kalwaz adj.: OE calu 'balď, MDu kalu
id., OHG kalo id. Closely connected with
Slav *gotb 'bare, nakeď. Torp-Falk 42;
Zupitza Gutt. 144; Torp-Falk 42; Holt-
hausen AEEW 43; Senn JEGP XXXII
521; Kluge 346-347; Pokorný I 349-
350; Stang LS 24; Trubachev ESSJa VI
204-205; Heidermanns 329; Kluge-
Seebold 417.
*kamfoaz sb.m.: ON kambr 'comb', OE
camb id., OS kamb id., OHG kamb id.
Identical with Toch A kam 'tooth', B kane
id., Skt jámbha- 'tooth, tusk', Gk yóntpoi;
'peg, naif, Alb dhemb ~ dhamb 'tooth',
Lith žambas 'sharp edge', Latv zúobs
'tooth', Slav *zob~b id. Kuhn K£ I 131;
Zupitza Gutt. 192; Torp-Falk 37-38;
Trautmann BSW 369; Holthausen
AEE]V 43; Specht 86; Mayrhofer I
419; Pokorný I 369; Fraenkel 1288-
1289; Frisk I 319-320; Vries ANEW
299; Zalizniak I 133; Onions 193;
Vasmer-Trubachev II 106; Bammes-
berger Nom. 53; Kluge-Seebold 420;
Orel AED 82.
*kambjanan wk.vb.: ON kemba 'to
comb', OE cemban id., OS kembian id.,
OHG kemben id. Derived from *kambaz.
Torp-Falk 38; Holthausen AEEW 46;
Vries ANEW 306.
*kan(i)paz sb.m.: ON kampr 'beard, mous-
tache', OE cenep 'moustache', OFris kenep,
kanep id., MDu caruf-been 'cheek bone'.
Of unknown origin. Holthausen AEE\ V
46; Trier Holz 86 (to *kenuz)\ Vries
kan(i)paz
210
káro
ANEW 299 (to *knatm, see *knappaz I);
Kluge-Seebold 455.
*kanna pret.-pres.vb.: Goth kann 'to get to
know', ON kann 'to know', OE can id.,
OFris kan id., OS can id., OHG kann id.
Related to IE *gem- 'to know': Toch A
kna-, Skt janati, Gk Ep perf. ysytova 'to
shout, to be made hearď, Alb njoh ~ njof
'to know', Lat (gjnosco 'to know, to
acknowledge', Lith žinóti 'to know', Slav
'''znáti id. Zupitza Gutt. 1 93; Torp-Falk
35-36; Trautmann BSW 371; Feist
316-317; Holthausen AEE]\' 63;
Walde-Hofmann II 176-177; Kluge
319-320; Jóhannesson IEW 331-332;
Mayrhofer I 429; Pokorný I 376-378;
Fraenkel 1310; Vries ANEW 334; Frisk
I 293; Onions 139-140; Seebold 289-
290, KZ LXXX 273-283 {*-nn- < *-nH-)\
Vasmer-Trubachev II 100-101; Leh-
mann GED 141, 222; Kluge-Seebold
471-472; Orel AED 305; Burlak IFTJa
243; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*kannin3Ó sb.f.: ON kenning 'doctrine,
teaching', MLG kenninge 'feeling, recogni-
tion', MHG kennunge id. Derived from
*kannjanan Vřes ANE]V 306.
"kannjanan I wk.vb.: Goth kannjan 'to
make known', ON kenna 'to teach', OE
cennan 'to choose, to prove, to declare',
OFris kenna 'to know', OS ant-kennian 'to
perceive', OHG in-kennen 'to know'.
Causative of *kanna. Zupltza Gutt. 193;
Torp-Falk 36; Holthausen AEE\V 46;
Feist 307; Vries ANEW 306; Onions
503; Seebold 289; Lehmann GED 215;
Kluge-Seebold 437.
"kannjaiiaii II wk.vb.: ON kenna (barn) 'to
father a chilď, OE cennan 'to beget, to
conceive'. Related to *kunjan. At a deeper
level of reconstruction identical with
*kannjanan I (Sghróder PBB XLIII 495;
Gůntert WuS XI 128-130). Torp-
Falk 34; Holthausen AEEW 46; Vries
ANEW 306.
*kannón sb.f.: ON kanna 'can, tankard,
jug', OE canne 'can, cup', OS kanna id.,
OHG kanna 'vesseP. Related to *kanon
(Lidén BB XXI 109). Hardly borrowed
from latě Lat canna 'mug, jug' (Frtngs
apud Vries) which is from Gmc. Torp-
Falk 35; Lidén BB XXI 109 (to Mír
gann 'vessel' < *gandh-n-)\ Holthausen
AEEW 43; Pokorný I 351; Vries
ANE1V300; Onions 139; Kluge-Seebold
422.
*kanón sb.m.: ON káni 'bowl, dish', MLG
kane 'boať. Of unknown origin. Torp-
Falk 35; Lidén BB XXI 109 (to *kannon);
Falk ]VuS IV 89 (to Norw kana 'to crane
one's neck'); Loewenthal IKaSX 184 (to
Gk yívvq 'chin'); Pokorný I 351 (to Mír
gann 'vessel' < *gandh(n)-)\ Vries ANE]V
300; Kluge-Seebold 417.
*karla-fulkan ~ *kerla-fulkan sb.n.:
ON karl-fólk 'male folk', OE ceorl-folc
'common people, public'. Compound of
*karlaz ~ *kerlaz and *fulkan. Carr Nom.
comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*karlaz ~ *kerlaz sb.m.: ON kari 'man',
OE carl 'churl, rustic', ceorl 'freeman of
the lowest class, man, husbanď, OFris
zerl 'adult man', MLG kerle id., OHG kari
'man, spouse'. Related to *karskaz and
further derived from IE *ger(sj- 'to ripen,
to grow old, to become frail', cf. Skt
járant- 'old', Arm cer id., Gk yépcov
'old man' and uhe like. Torp-Falk 38;
Holthausen AEE1V 46-47; Porzig
Festschr. Debrunner 348 (separates Gmc
from this root); Pokorný I 391; Vřes
ANEW 301; Zalizniak I 133; Frisk I
301-302; Onions 146, 175; Kluge-
Seebold 438.
*karm(j)az sb.m.: OE cirm 'noise, shout,
clamor', OS karm 'shout, cry'. Derivation-
ally identical with Olr gairm 'cry, call', W
garm id., Corn garm id., Bret garm id.
Further related to *karó. Zupitza Gutt.
78, 193; Holthausen AEEW 45, 47;
Pokorný I 566.
*karó sb.f: Goth kára 'care', ON kqr 'bed
in which one lies bedridden', OE caru,
cearu 'care, sorrow, grief ', OFris kar-jestere
'fasting penitenť, OS kára 'care, sorrow,
mourning', OHG kára 'mourning'. Re-
lated to Lat gamo 'to prattle', Olr gáir-
'clamor', W gair 'worď < *gario- and the
káro
211
kawo
like. Zupitza Gutt. 78, 193; Torp-Falk
39; Holthausen AEEW 44; Walde-
Hofmann I 583; Feist 307-308; Po-
korný I 352; Zalizniak I 147; Onions
146; Lehmann GED 215; Bammesberger
Nom. 107-108; Kluge-Seebold 427.
*karójanan wk.vb.: Goth karon 'to care
abouť, OE carian 'to také care, to regard,
to heeď, OS kárán 'to mourn', OHG karon
'to bewail'. Derived from *karo. Torp-
Falk 39; Holthausen AEEW 44; Feist
307; Onions 146; Lehmann GED 215.
*karskaz adj.: ON karskr 'brisk, bolď,
MLG karsch 'lively, fresh', MHG karsch id.
Derived from IE *ger(d)- 'to ripen, to
grow old, to become frail', cf. Sktjárati 'to
make old, to grow old, to decay', Slav
*Zbrěti 'to ripen'. Karsten NB II 449;
Zupitza Gutt. 144; Torp-Falk 39;
Mayrhofer I 420; Pokorný I 390; Vrtes
ANEW 302 (to Gk éyeípco 'to wake');
Vasmer-Trubachev II 106; Wissmann
AWNP 36; Hetdermanns 330.
*katilaz sb.m.: Goth katils 'ketde', ON
ketill id., OE cytel id., MLG ketel id., OHG
kezzil id. An old borrowing from Lat catil-
lus 'small dish, deep vessel for cooking',
dem. of catinus (Luft Z dadl xli 242).
Schwentner PBB XLIV 498; Bruch
Festschr. Kretschmer 6— 12; Jelltnek ZDADL
LXVI 129; Holthausen AEE]V 48; Feist
308; Vries ANEW 307; Onions 504;
Lehmann GED 215-216; Kluge-Seebold
439.
*kat5n sb.m.: ON kati 'small ship', LG kat
'small vehicle'. Of unknown origin.
Falk II ~uS IV 88; Bruch Festschr.
Kretschmer 12—14 (from OPic cat 'man of
war'); Vries ANEW 303.
*kaunan ~ *kauno sb.n./f: ON kaun
'sore', MDu coon jaw'. Derived from
*kewwanan. Derivationally close to Lith
Žiáuna 'gill', Latv žaúnas 'gills, jaw', Slav
*Žuna 'lip, mouth' < *geuna. Bugge KJ?
XLX (1870) 431-432 (to Skt gavlní
'groins'); Torp-Falk 45; Zupitza Gutt.
78; Pokorný I 397; Fraenkel 1302-
1303; Vries ANEW 303 (to ON ká 'to
harass'); Lehmann GED 222.
*kaupa-mannz sb.m.: ON kaup-maSr
'merchanť, OE ceáp-man id., OFris kap-
mon id., MLG kop-man id., OHG kouf-man
id. Compound of *kaupaz and *mannz.
Carr Nom. comp. 75 (parallel formations).
*kaupa-skipan sb.n.: ON kaup-skip 'mer-
chant ship', OE ceáp-scip id., MLG kop-
schip id., OHG kouf-skif \á. Compound of
*kaupaz and *skipan. Carr Nom. comp. 75
(parallel formations).
*kaupa-stadiz sb.m./f.: ON kaup-stadr
'market-town', OS kóp-stedi 'market-
place', OHG fem. kouf-stat id. Compound
of *kaupaz and *staiiz. Carr Nom. comp.
75 (parallel formations).
*kaupaz sb.m.: ON -kaup 'purchase' (in
cmpn.), OE ceáp 'catde, price, sále', OFris
kap 'sále', OS kop 'bargain, purchase',
OHG kouf id. A modification of Lat caupo
'small tradesman' (Bruch ^DADL
LXXXIII 92-103). Holthausen AEEW
45; Vries ANEW 303; Onions 166;
Bammesberger Nom. 97; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*kaupjanan ~ *kaupojanan wk.vb.:
Goth kaupon 'to trade, to do business',
ON kaupa 'to buy' (irreg.), OE cýpan 'to
seli', OFris kapia 'to buy, to seli', OS
kópian 'to buy, to trade', OHG koufen
id. Derived from *kaupaz, cf. Lat cauponari
'to haggle' (Jellinek GGS 185). Feist
309; Holthausen AEEW 48; Vries
XY£ir308; Onions 166; Benveniste IEL
110-112; Lehmann GED 216; Kluge-
Seebold 434; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*kauraz sb.m.: Norw kaure 'frizzy curi', cf.
also neut. kaur 'wool'. Close to Mír gúaire
'hair', Lidi pl. gauraí id., Latv gaup 'pubic
hair' (Lidén IF XLX 341). Pokorný I
397; Fraenkel 140; Vries ANEW 302.
*kausjanan ~ *kauzjanan wk.vb.:
Goth kausjan 'to sample, to experience,
to taste', OFris kera 'to choose'. Structur-
ally identical with Skt josáyate 'to caress,
to také delight in'. Iterative-causative of
*keusanan. Feist 310; Mayrhofer I 445;
Pokorný I 399-400; Seebold 294.
*kaw5 sb.f: Dan kaa 'daw, jackdaw', OE
ceó 'a kind of crow, jay', MLG ká 'daw,
kawo
212
kenfian
jackdaw', OHG ka 'crow'. Of imitative
origin, cf. Slav *kaut>ka 'daw, gulT. Torp-
Falk 45.
*kazan sb.n.: Goth kas 'jar, vessď, ON ker
id., MLG kar id., OHG kar id. Cultural
loanword, probably (indirectly) from Sem
*ka'su- 'beaker' > Akk kasu- (Gůntert
Festschr. Panzer 12). Curtius Gr. Et. 476
(to Lat uás 'vessel, dish'); Osthoff BB
XIX 321 (to Lat gero 'to carry, to leaď);
Zupitza Gutt. 82, 193; Torp-Falk 42;
Sutterlin ZFXXLX 125 (to Gk yamUi;
'buckeť); Feist 308; Vries ANEW 306;
Lehmann GED 215; Kluge-Seebold
426.
*kebran sb.n.: MHG kiver 'jaw, jawbone'
(neut. or mase). Identical with Av zafar-
'mouth'. Bartholomae 1657; Torp-
Falk 34 (reconstruct *kefru)\ Pokorný I
382; Kluge-Seebold 440.
*kelkaz ~ *kelkón sb.m.: ON kjalki
'jowF, OHG kelh, kelah 'goitre, swelling'.
Related to *kulkaz. Torp-Falk 41;
Vries ANEW 310-311.
*kelpon ~ *kelpaz sb.f./m.: ON kelpa
'otter trap', MLG kelp 'low fellow'.
Probably related to Lat galba 'lat paunch,
big belly' (from Celtic). Vrles ANEW
306 (to ON kilpr 'handle of a vessel').
*kelpaz sb.n.: OE cild 'chilď. From here
Goth kilpei 'womb' < *kelpin is derived.
Of uncertain origin. Fortunatov BB
VI 217 (to Skt jathára- 'belly, stomach,
womb'); Lidén ZFXLX 335; Zupitza Gutt.
77, 211; Torp-Falk 42; Mikkola 5BB
XXI 225 (to Swed kolla, kulla 'girl'
< *kulp-); Holthausen AEE]V 48; Feist
311; Pokorný I 358; Onions 169; Leh-
mann GED 218 (from IE *gel- 'roundeď);
Bammesberger Nom. 211.
*keluz ~ *kel5n sb.m./f.: ON kjqlr 'keel',
OE ceole 'drroať, MLG kde id. Related
to Olr gelid 'to swallow, to eať, gaile
'stomach'. Torp-Falk 41; Holthausen
AEEW 46; Pokorný I 365; Vries
ANEW 312-313 (to Skt giráti 'to swaUow,
to eať).
*kemfoaz ~ *kembó sb.m./f: Swed dial.
kimb 'ends of a stave protruding over the
grounď, MLG kimme 'rim'. Probably
related to *kambaz. Cf. also Lith gémbé
'wooden hook'. Torp-Falk 37-38;
Persson SVSVK 80; Holthausen AEEW
49; Pokorný I 368; Fraenkel 146; Vries
ANEW 309 (to Gk yé^co 'to be full').
*kembilaz sb.m.: ON kimbill 'bundle',
MLG kimmel 'gag, toggle', OHG kembil
'fetter, shaekle'. Derived from *kembaz ~
*kembó. Torp-Falk 37; Vries ^ijVEII'309.
*kendiz sb.f: ON kind 'kind, variety'.
Derivationally close to Lat gens 'race,
clan', OW -gint (in compounds). Further
related to *kenpan. Persson Beitrdge 686
(on Av fra-zaintiš 'progeny'); Brugmann
Grundrifi 11/ 1 434; Torp-Falk 35;
Walde-Hofmann I 592; Pokorný I 373-
374.
*kennu-bainan sb.n.: ON kinn-bein 'cheek-
bone', OE cin-bán id., MLG kinne-bin id.,
OHG kinni-bein id. Compound of *kennuz
and *bainan. Garr Nom. comp. 50.
*kennu-ber3o sb.f: ON kirm-bjqrg 'cheek-
piece (of a helmet)', OE cin-ber^ id.
Compound of *kennuz and *ber^5. Carr
Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*kennuz sb.f: Goth kinnus 'cheek', ON
kinn id. (root stem), OE cin 'chin', OFris
kin id. The geminate is believed to reflect
the generalized *-nu- of gen. sg. in *genus,
*genuos (Hirt Urgerm. II 47). Related to
Toch A duál. šanwem 'jaw', Skt hanu- id.
(with irregular h-), Av duál zanva id., Gk
yévoi; 'chin', Lat gena 'cheek', Olr gin, giiin
'mouth'. Wood IF XVIII 32 (identical
with *genu- 'knee'); Back/FXL 162-167
(to *gem- 'to give birth'); Zupitza Gutt.
193; Torp-Falk 37; Holthausen AEEW
49; Walde-Hofmann I 589-590; Feist
312; MARTrNET Gem. 69; Porzig Gliederung
126; Mayrhofer III 574-575; Pokorný
I 381; Vries ANEW 309; Zalizniak II
208; Frisk I 298; Onions 170; Lehmann
GED 218-219; Bammesberger Nom. 161;
Fvluge-Seebold 442.
*kenj)an sb.n.: Norw dial. kind 'chilď,
OS kind id., OHG kind id. Identical with
Lat part. genitus, further connected with
*gem- 'to give birth'. Zupitza Gutt. 193;
kenpan
213
kewwanan
Persson Beitráge 686; Torp-Falk 35;
Hermann IF LIII 1 02; Walde-Hofmann
I 592; Pokorný I 373-375; Vries AMEW
309; Humbach MSS VII 55 (to Lat Genita
(Mana), OSc Genetaí, W geneth 'girl');
Lehmann GED 218; Hamp IF LXXXVII
77; Bammesberger ZF LXXIII 134 (OFris
kind, OS kind < OHG), Mm. 94-95;
Kluge-Seebold 442.
*keppón sb.m.: ON kjappi 'he-goať, G
dial. kippe 'newly born calf. Cf.
Alb c(j)ap, sqap 'goať < PAlb *tsapa,
Slav *cap~b id., Rum fap id., Ital zappo id.
continuing an oriental JVanderwort of
Iranian or Altaic origin, cf. NPers čapiš
'one year old goať, Osset ciew 'goať,
OTurk čdbiš 'six-months old kiď. Mar-
tinet Gém. 116, 139; Vries AMEW 311.
*kerbanan str.vb.: OE ceorfan 'to carve, to
cut, to hew', OFris kewa id., MDu kerven
id., MHG kerben 'to notch'. Related to Gk
ypátpco 'to scratch, to write'. Zupitza
Gutt. 144; Torp-Falk 40; Holthausen
AEEW 46; Jóhannesson IEW 362-363;
Pokorný I 392; Onions 149; Frisk I
324-326; Jegers KZ LXXX 63-66 (on
the connection with OPrus gírbin 'num-
ber', Slav *žerbbjb 'loť); Seebold 292—
293; Kluge-Seebold 438.
*kernó(n) sb.f.: ON kirnu-askr 'churn-paiT,
OE ctem 'butter tub' (o-stem), MLG kerne
id., early G kerne id. Probably related to
*kernon. Torp-Falk 38; Holthausen
AEEW 46; Vries AMEW 310; Kluge-
Seebold 428.
*kernon sb.m.: ON kjarni 'kernel, nucleus',
MLG kerne id., OHG kerno, kern id. An
ablaut variant of *kurnan. Zupitza Gutt.
193; Torp-Falk 38; Porzig Gliederung
195; Pokorný I 391; Vries AMEW 312;
Zalizniak II 227; Lehmann GED 217;
Kluge-Seebold 438.
*kerranan str.vb.: OE pret. pl. curran 'to
creak', OHG kerran id. An onomatopoeic
form that might be close or similar to Skt
járate 'to crackle, to roar'. Zupitza Gutt.
78, 193; Holthausen AEEW 47; Mayr-
hofer I 421; Pokorný I 383-385; See-
bold 293.
*kerzan sb.n.: ON kjarr 'copsewooď.
Identical with Gk yéppov 'wicker-work,
oblong shield, wattled screens' < *yépoov
(Lidén^FSÍ/VI/I 7-9). Torp-Falk 40;
Pokorný I 392; Vries AMEW 312; Frisk
I 300-301.
*keulaz sb.m.: ON kjóll 'keel, barge, ship',
OE ceól 'keel, ship', OS kiol 'ship', OHG
kiol 'big ship'. May be close to Gk yaiAói;
'round vessel', yaíXoc; 'kind of ship'
(Pedersen KZ XXXLX 459). Bodr Gmc
and Gk, however, can go back to the
samé Semitic source, cf. . . . kcxÍ xá
3>oiviKiK« likoia yaútan koAoíivtou, Hes.
(Lewy Fremdw. 151,210). Falk WuS IV
88-89 (ON < OE); Zupitza Gutt. 145;
Torp-Falk 46, 561; Holthausen AEEW
46; Pokorný I 397 (to Skt gola- 'globe,
balí', Gk yúaA.ov 'cavity of tíre cuirass');
Vries AME) V 312; Zalizniak I 133; Frisk
I 291-292; Onions 502; Chantraine
239-240; Kluge-Seebold 440.
*keusanan str.vb.: Goth kiusan 'to tesť,
ON kjósa 'to elect, to choose', OE ceósan
id., OFris kiása id., OS kiosan id., OHG
kiosan id. Identical widr Skt jusáte, jásati 'to
be fond of, to like, to enjoy', Av zaoš- 'to
be pleased widr', Gk yeúouai 'to taste',
Alb dua ~ due 'to love' < *gěus-n-o, Olr
asa-gú 'to wish'. Zupitza Gutt. 194; Bar-
tholomae 1656; Torp-Falk 48; Feist
312-313; Holthausen AEE) I ' 47; Jóhan-
nesson IEW 322-323; Mayrhofer I 441;
Pokorný I 399-400; Vries AhEW 312;
Frisk I 302; Onions 1 72; Seebold
293-294; Lehmann GED 219; Kluge-
Seebold 441; Orel AED 77-78.
*kewwanan str.vb.: OE ceówan 'to chew',
MLG keuwen id., OHG kiuwan id. Cf. also
ON tjiggja, tyggva id. with abnormal t-
(? < *kjujja-). Related to Slav *žuti id.,
Toch AB šuwá- 'to eať. Zupitza Gutt.
145; Torp-Falk 44; Holthausen AEEh'
47; Jóhannesson IEW 390; Pokorný I
400; Vries AMEW 602; Onions 168;
Seebold 294-295; Dybo BSJaO 16-18
(Gmc gemination in a mobile paradigm);
Kluge-Seebold 434; Adams TB 631—
632; Burlak IFTJa 259.
kemaz
214
klainiz
*kěmaz adj.: Norw dial. kaam 'dark,
cloudeď, MLG sbst. kam 'mould on liq-
uids', MHG sbst. kam id. Related to or,
at least, similar with IE *kiěmo-\ Skt
šyamá- 'dark gray, black', Lith šemas 'gray
and blue, blue'. Torp-Falk 37; Pokorný
I 541.
*kidjan ~ *kittjan sb.n.: ON kio 'kiď,
OHG kizzi id. Borrowed from an un-
known IE source continuing *ghaido- (see
*3aitz ~ *3aitiz). Torp-Falk 44 (to Alb
kedh 'kid'); Pokorný I 409; Onions 505;
Kluge-Seebold 444.
*kip(p)az sb.m.: ON keppr 'cudgel, club',
OE cipp 'log, coulter, plowshare', OS kip
'post'. Cf. also OHG kipfa 'axle, stave'
(fem.). Related to *kaipaz ~ *kaipo.
Torp-Falk 44 (to Lat scipió 'walking
staff'); Holthausen yfEíTr 49; Martinet
Gém. 195; Vries ANEW 306; Onions 170.
*kippjanan wk.vb.: ON kippa 'to pull, to
snatch', MLG kippen 'to hatch', G kippen
'to knock over'. Derived from *kip(p)az.
Falk-Torp ND 511 (to Oir scibiud 'to
move'); Torp-Falk 43 (to Slav *cěpiti 'to
clutch'); Vries ANE]\ t 310.
*kippon ~ *kippan sb.m./n.: ON kippa
'bundle', MLG kip 'bundle (of furs, fish)'.
Derived from *kip(p)az. Martinet Gém.
197; Vries ANEW 310.
*kitilójanan wk.vb.: ON kitla 'to tickle',
OE citelian id., OS kitilon id., OHG
kizzilon id. A descriptive stem. Schef-
telowttz BB XXLX 30 (to Arm kcem 'to
itch, to tickle' < *gidió); Torp-Falk 44;
Holthausen AEEW 50; Vries ANEW
310; Onions 507; Kluge-Seebold 444.
*kťbójanan wk.vb.: ON kífa 'to strive, to
quarrel', OFris zivia id., MLG kiven id.,
MHG klben id. Retains elements of a
strong paradigm. Probably related to Lith
geibstú, géibti 'to weaken'. Persson
Beitrdge 84-85; Torp-Falk 43; Holt-
hausen AEE] V 42; Pokorný I 354; Vries
ANEW 308; Heidermanns 327; Kluge-
Seebold 436.
*kíkjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. kikja 'to
gasp, to pant', MHG kichen id. A redupli-
cated form similar to Toch AB kak- 'to
call' further related to Skt gati, gayati 'to
sing', Slav *gajati 'to shouť. Torp-Falk
44; Pokorný I 355.
*kilaz sb.m.: Norw kile 'wedge', MLG kil
id., OHG kil id. Related to *kinanan.
Torp-Falk 43; Pokorný I 355 (recon-
structs *kiilaz).
*kimón ~ *kímaz sb.m.: Norw dial. kime
'strip, piece', OS kimo 'germ', OHG chimo
'sprouť. Related to *kínanan. Torp-
Falk 43; Pokorný I 355.
"klnanan str.vb.: Goth keinan 'to sprout, to
buď (wk. pret), OE cínan 'to gape, to
break into chinks', OS kinan 'to germi-
nate', OHG kinan 'to sprout, to germi-
nate'. Related to Latv sýliju, ziét 'to blos-
som' and, further, to Lith žý džiu, žydeti id.
(Zupitza Gutt. 79, 193). Pedersen K~
XXXIX 402 (to Arm cel, ciwl 'stalk');
Torp-Falk 43; Feist 310; Holthausen
AEEW49; Pokorný I 355; Onions 170;
Seebold 290-291; Lehmann GED 217 (to
IE *skei- 'to cut, to separate'); Kluge-
Seebold 437.
*klabon sb.m.: ON klaji 'a kind of fork put
on the neck of cattle', MLG klane 'yoke'.
Related to Lith glěbiu, glebti 'to embrace',
glóbiu, glóbů id., Slav *globa 'kind of pole'.
Zupitza Gutt. 146; Torp-Falk 57;
Pokorný I 359; Fraenkel 156; Vries
ANEW 313; Stang LS 22; Trubaohev
ESSJaVl 131-132.
*klaimjanan wk.vb.: ON kleima 'to daub,
to smear', OE daman 'to smear, to
anoinť, MDu klaněn id., OHG part. bi-
kleimenti. Derived from *klaimon ~
*klaimaz. Holthausen AEE] V 50; Vrtes
ANEW 315; Onions 179.
*klaim5n ~ *klaimaz sb.f./m.: ON
kleima 'blot, dab', OE clarn 'mud, clay',
MDu kleem 'glue', OHG kleim 'clay'.
Related to Lith gléima 'slime', Latv glaima
'flattery'. Torp-Falk 57 (to Lith glemhs
'slime'); Holthausen AEE] V 50; Pokorný
I 364; Fraenkel 157; Vries ANEW
315; Onions 179, 181; Kluge-Seebold
448.
*klainiz adj.: Burg *klaini 'tender, shining',
OE cldne 'clean', OFris klene 'narrow,
klainiz
215
klembanan
thin', OS kleni 'narrow, slim, delicate',
OHG kleini, klein 'delicate, fine, small'.
Identical with Slav *glinb 'clay, dregs'
< *gloini-. Cf. *klajjaz. Torp-Falk 57;
Holthausen AEE]\ r 50; Trier Lehm
30-33; Pokorný I 366-367; Onions 180;
Trubaohev ESSJa VI 120-121; Kobler
711; Heidermanns 332-333; Kluge-
Seebold 448.
*klaiwaz sb.m.: OS kle 'clover', OHG klěo,
kle id. Cf. also OE cLefre id., MLG klaver
id. Identical with Gk yA.oió<; 'glue, tar',
Slav *glězrb 'slime'. Cf. *klenanan. Torp-
Falk 58; Holthausen AEE]V 50 (to
Slav *glbbiti 'to stick fasť); Pokorný I
364; Frisk I 312-313; Onions 183; Tru-
bachev ESSJa VI 121-122; Kluge-
Seebold 447.
*klajjaz sb.m.: OE c/«3 'clay', OFris klay
id., MLG klei id. Related to Gk yXoióq
'glutinous substance, gum' and particu-
lariy close semantically to Slav *gh>jb
'clay, glue'. See *klaiwaz. Torp-Falk 57
(add ON kleggi 'cleg, horsefly' < *klajjori)\
Holthausen AEE]V 50; Pokorný I
362-363; Frisk I 312-313; Onions 180;
Trubachev ESSJa VI 162; Dybo BSA
40.
*klak(k)az sb.m.: ON klakkr 'peg', MDu
klak 'stain', G Kleck 'stain, fleck'. Related
to Slav *glazt> 'stone, pebble' (Persson
Beitrdge 792). Zupitza Gidt. 211; Torp-
Falk 55; Holthausen ^ITII/V 154 (to Slav
*glezna 'ankle'); Persson SVSU^K 70 (to E
dial. clink 'boulder'); Jóhannesson IEW
366 (to *klan$janan); Pokorný I 357-358;
Vries .i/VETT 313-314.
*klamforjanan wk.vb.: ON klembra 'to
jam, to pinch in a smith's vice', MHG
klemberen 'to cotter'. Derived from
*klambró. Vries ANEIV 316 (to IE
*glembh-).
*klamforó sb.f: ON klqmbr 'smith's vice',
E clammer 'clip, brackeť, MHG klammer
id. Derived from *klembanan. Torp-Falk
56; Vries AMEW 318.
*klampo sb.f: ON klqpp 'pier-like rock,
stepping stones over a stream', MLG
klampe 'hook, footbridge'. Related to
*kle7nbanatíí Torp-Falk 57; Pokorný I
360.
*klan3Janan wk.vb.: ON klengjask 'to piek
up a quarrel', OE clen^an 'to exhilarate'.
Causative of *kleri3anan. Holthausen
AEEIV 51; Vries AMEW 316; Seebold
300.
*klappan ~ *klappaz sb.n./m.: ON
klapp 'clapping the hands', MHG klapf
'erash'. Of imitative origin. Torp-Falk
56; Holthausen AEEW 50; Onions 179.
*klappójanan wk.vb.: ON klappa 'to
pack, to clap', OE clappan 'to move, to
palpitate', OFris klappia id., MLG klappen
id., MHG klaffen 'to sounď. Of imitative
origin. Cf. *klappan ~ *klappaz. Torp-
Falk 56; Wissmann JVP 175; Holthausen
AEEW 51; Martinet Gém. 168, 170;
Vries ANE1V 314; Onions 179.
*klatrójanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. klatra 'to
beat, to knock', LG klateren 'to ratde, to
clatter'. Cf. also OE clalrun^ 'drum, rat-
tle'. Of imitative origin. Torp-Falk 55.
*klautaz sb.m.: ME cleat 'wedge', MDu
cloot 'balí, sphere', OHG kloz 'clod, lump,
wedge' (mase, neut.). Close to Slav *gluda
'lump'. Berneker I 307-308; Onions
180; Trubachev Slav. jaz- V lil, ESSJa
VI 144-145; Kluge-Seebold 452.
*klawiban sb.m.: ON kláSi 'itch', OE
cleweda 'clawing, seratching', OHG kla-
wido 'scabies'. Derived from *klawjanan.
Holthausen AEEIV 51; Pokorný I 361;
Vries ANE1\ t 313.
*klawjanan str. /wk.vb.: ON klá 'to
serateh' (secondary *klaxanan), kleyja id.,
OE clawan 'to claw', OHG klawen 'to
serateh'. Of unknown origin. Torp-
Falk 58; Holthausen AEEIV 51;
Jóhannesson IEJV 371; Pokorný I 361;
Vries ANEJV 313; Onions 180; Seebold
295-296.
*klembanan str.vb.: OE climban 'to
climb', MLG klimmen id., OHG klimbán
id. Probably related to Lith glebiu, glebti
'to grasp', Slav *globiti 'to fix together, to
assemble'. See *klabon. Torp-Falk 56;
Trautmann BSl\ r 91; Holthausen
AEEW 52; Pokorný I 360; Onions 182
klembanan
216
klubjo
(nasalized form of *kkianan); Vasmer-
Trubachev I 413; Trubachev ESSJa VI
131-132.
*klempaz ~ *klemp5 sb.m.: ON kleppr
'plummet, lump', LG klimp 'small clifF'.
Connected with *klampo. Zupitza Gutt.
146; Torp-Falk 57; Vries ANEW 316 (to
IE *glembh-).
*klenanan str.vb.: OHG klenan 'to glue, to
stick, to smear'. Transformation of the
originál *klinanan identical with Olr gle-
naid 'to adhere' < *gli-na- (Braune AHDG
307). Cf. *klaiwaz. Pokorný I 32-363;
Dybo BSA 39.
*klen3anan str.vb.: OE clinsan 'to cling,
to stick close', MDu clingen id., OHG
pres. clinget 'crispať. If assimilated from
*klem3anan, probably related to Lith
glemžti 'to sweep, to snatch up'. Torp-
Falk 56; Holthausen AEEW 52; Fraen-
kel 156; Onions 182; Seebold 300;
Pokorný I 361; Fvluge-Seebold 450.
*klenkwaz adj.: ON klqkkr 'bending, soft',
LG klinker 'weak'. Further connected with
ON klqkkva 'to soften' < *klenkwanan re-
lated to Lith gl^žtú, glizti 'to become
flabby' < *gleng-. Torp-Falk 56; Jóhan-
nesson IE] V 293-294; Pokorný I 401 (to
Lith glěžnas 'weak'); Chemodanov SGGJa
I 84; Vries ÁNEW 318; Fraenkel 157;
Seebold 300-301.
*kleubanan str.vb.: ON kljúfa 'to cleave,
to spliť, OE cleófan id., OS pret. sg. klof
id., OHG klioban id. Related to Gk yXíxptů
'to hollow ouť and identical with Lat
glubo 'to deprive of the bark, to bark, to
peef < *gleubh5 (Zupitza Gutt. 211).
Torp-Falk 59; Holthausen AEE]V 51;
Walde-Hofmann I 610—611; Jóhannes-
son IEW 404-405; Pokorný I 401-402;
Vries ANEW 317; Frisk I 315; Onions
180; Seebold 301—302; Kluge- Seebold
449.
*klewón sb.m.: ON klé 'one of the stones
to keep the warp straight in the old up-
right loom', OE cleowe 'balí of ťhreaď.
Related to *klaujanan. Torp-Falk 58.
*kliběnan ~ *klibójanan wk.vb.: ON
klifa 'to repeať, OE clifian 'to cleave, to
adhere', OS klibon 'to adhere', OHG kle-
běn 'to glue, to stick'. Derived from *ktiba-
nan. Holthausen AEE]V 52; Seebold
297; Fvluge-Seebold 447.
*klibrójanan wk.vb.: ON klifra 'to climb',
OE clifian 'to scratch, to claw'. Related
to *kllbanan. Holthausen AEE]V 52;
Vries ANEW 317.
*klifan sb.n.: ON klif 'clifF, OE elf id., OS
klif id., OHG kleb id. Related to *klíbanan.
Torp-Falk 58; Holthausen AEEW 52;
VRiEs/ljVETr316-317; Onions 182.
*klíbanan str.vb.: ON klífa 'to climb', OE
clífan 'to cleave, to adhere', OFris kltva 'to
hang', OS bi-kliban 'to také rooť, OHG
az-klíban 'to stick fasť. Related to Slav
*glibati 'to stick, to get stuck'. Zupitza
Gutt. 147; Torp-Falk 58; Holthausen
AEEW 52; Jóhannesson IEW 365-373;
Pokorný I 363-364; Vries ANEW 316-
317; Onions 181; Stang LS 22 (to Slav
*glbběti 'to stick fasť); Trubachev ESSJa
VI 124; Seebold 296-297.
*klíd5n sb.m.: OE clída 'plaster, salvě,
poultice'. Close to Gk yMttov y^.oióv
(Hes.), Lith glitiis 'smooth, sticky', Latv
glist 'to be slimy'. Torp-Falk 58; Holt-
hausen AEE]V 51; Pokorný I 364; Frisk
I 313; Onions 183.
*klowo ~ *klěwó sb.f: ON klá 'claw',
OE clawu 'nail, claw, hoof, OFris klaune,
kle 'claw', MLG kla, klouwe id., OHG
klawa id., kloa id. Connected with *klaw-
janan. May be further related to Toch B
kolyi 'clawed paw (?)' (Adams TB 205).
Kock ANF XXXII 198; Zupitza Gutt.
146; Torp-Falk 58; Holthausen AEE]Y
51; Pokorný I 361 (to Skt gláu- 'round
lump'); Vries AJíE]V 317; Zalizniak II
209; Onions 180; Fvluge-Seebold 447.
*kluban ~ *klubó sb.n./f: ON klof
'cleft between the legs', OE clufu 'ear of
corn, clove of garlic'. See *klubon. Holt-
hausen AEEW 53; Vries ANEW 317.
*klubjó ~ *klubjón sb.f: ON klyf
'trunk on a pack-horse', OHG klubba
'tongs, a split piece of wood ušed as
tongs'. Derived from *klubon. Torp-
Falk 59.
klubou
217
knatrojanan
*klubon sb.m.: ON klofi 'cleft, rifť, OE 3 e-
clofa 'copy of a destroyed documenť,
OFris klova 'chasm', OS fugal-klovo 'perch
(of the bird-catcher)', OHG klobo 'snare,
trap'. Derived from *kleuíanan. Zupitza
Gutt. 211; Torp-Falk 59; Holthausen
AEE\V 53; Vries ANEW 317; Seebold
302; Keuge-Seebold 451.
*klunčtraz sb.m.: Norw klundr 'balí, lump',
LG klunder 'bush'. Of unknown origin.
Vries ANEW 318 (to ON klettr 'rock,
clifT').
*klun3az ~ *klun3o sb.m./f.: ON klungr
'bramble', OHG klunga 'balí'. Derived
from *kkn^anan. Vries ANE]V 318 (to
*klanyjanan).
*klunjanan wk.vb.: ON klunna 'to cling',
OE clynian 'to wrap'. Related to *klewon.
Holthausen AEE]V 53; Pokorný I 361;
Vries ANEW 318 (related to *klów5 ~
*klewo).
*kluppjanan wk.vb.: OE clyppan 'to
embrace, to clasp', OFris kleppa id.
Related to Toch B klup- 'to squeeze'
(Adams TB 226). Zupitza Gutt. 146;
Holthausen AEE]V 53; Pokorný I 362
(to Slav *glyba 'clod, lump'); Onions 182
(to Lith glebti 'to embrace').
*kluttaz sb.m.: OE clott 'cloť, MHG klotz
'lump'. With *-tt- < *-dh- close to Lith
gludús 'smooth, soft' (related to glaíísti 'to
cling'). Holthausen AEES I '53; Pokorný
I 362; Fraenkel 155-156; Onions 183.
*klútaz sb.m.: ON klidr 'kerchief, OE clút
'small piece of cloth, patch', MLG klút,
klúte 'patch'. See *kluttaz. Torp-Falk
59; Holthausen AEE]V 53; Onions
183.
*knabilaz sb.m.: ON knefill 'post, pole',
OS knevil 'short crossbar', OHG knebil
'columbar, horse's collar'. Derived from
*knabon (see *knappaz I). Zupitza Gutt.
147; Torp-Falk 49; Vries ANEW 321 (to
*knappaz L); Fvluge-Seebold 455.
*kna33az sb.m.: Swed kiiagg 'knag, gnarl',
ME knagge id., MLG knagge id. A pho-
netic variant of *knakkaz ~ *knakko. Torp-
Falk 49.
*knakkaz sb.m.: Icel knakkr 'fracture,
crash', ME cnak id., G Knack id. His-
torically identical with *knakkaz ~ *knakkó.
Kluge-Seebold 453.
*knakkaz ~ *knakk5 sb.m./f: ON
knakkr 'littie chair, high stool', LG knacke
'peg'. Cf. verbal derivatives in MLG
knacken 'to crash', early G knacken id. Of
unknown origin. Can be the source of
WGmc *knextaz > OE cniht 'boy, youth,
servant, knighť, OFris knecht, kniucht
'servant, soldier', OS knecht 'lad, youth',
OHG kneht 'youth, servant' (for the
semantics see *knappaz I). Zupitza Gutt.
194; Torp-Falk 35 [*knextaz to *kenpan),
48-49; Holthausen ÍT~ XLVII 307
(*knextaz to *kna^az), AEE]V 54;
Marttnet Gém. 137, 196; Pokorný I
370; Vries ANE1V 319, 321; Onions 508;
Fvluge-Seebold 453.
*knappaz I sb.m.: ON knappr 'knob, stuď,
OE cnepp 'top, cop, knop', OFris knapp
'knob', MLG knapp 'hilT. Of unknown
origin. WGmc words for 'boy' reflecťing
*knap(p)an and *knaidn probably belong
here (OE cnapa, cnafa, ODu mapo, OHG
knapo, knappo, knabó). For the semantics cf.
Slav *kopyl~b 'shoot, branch' ~ 'bastard,
boy, servant'. Torp-Falk 49; Holt-
hausen AEE] V 54; Marttnet Gém. 117,
196; Vries ANEW 320 (to Gk yóntpoq
'bolt, dowel', yvánnTto 'to bend, to
curve'); Onions 507; Luhr Expr. 274-
275; ííluge- Seebold 453.
*knappaz II adj.: ON knappr 'scanty',
MLG knap 'scanty, scarce, rare, spáre'.
Probably connected with *knappaz I.
Karsten NB II 228-229, 455; Torp-
Falk 49; Pokorný I 370; Vries ANEW
320 (to Gk yvánTO), Kvájtxco 'to bend, to
curve'); Heidermanns 337.
*knarruz sb.m.: ON knqrr 'merchant ship',
ME knarre 'knag, gnarl', Du knar 'tree
stump'. Similar to *kna$3az and *knappaz
I. Falk WuS, IV 109; Vries A7VEIK323.
*knatrójanan wk.vb.: Norw knatra 'to
crackle', MDu cnateren 'to growl, to grum-
ble', G knattern 'to crackle'. Somehow
connected with *knakkaz. Vries ANE]\ 7
321.
knausaz
218
knuppaz
*knausaz sb.m.: ON knauss 'knoll, crag',
G dial. knaus 'button-like topping on the
bread loaf. Derived from *knusjanan ~
*knusojanan. Vries IF LXXII 136-150
(to Notw kmist 'knotty log'), ANEW 320.
*knedanan str.vb.: OSwed pres. knodha 'to
kneaď (< *knuia-), OE cnedan id., OS
part. gi-knedan id., OHG knetan id.
Compared with Slav *gnetq, *gnesti 'to
press' (Lottner K% XI 193). Zupitza
Gutt. 147; Torp-Falk 49; Holthausen
AEEW 54; Jóhannesson IEW 332-337;
Pokorný I 370—373; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 72; Vries ANEW 322; Onions
507; Seebold 303-304; Stang LS 23;
Trubaohev ESSJa VI 165-166; Kluge-
Seebold 455.
*knewan sb.n.: Goth kniu 'knee', ON kné
id., OE cneó id., OFris km, kně id., OS knio
id., OHG knio id. From *gneuo-, a ťhe-
matic derivative of IE *genu- id.: Hitt
genu-, Toch A duál. kanwem, B keni, Skt
janu, Arm cum, Gk yóvu, Lat genii and the
like (Kuhn KZ I 129). Petersson SVSL
I 7; Zupitza Gm/í. 194; Torp-Falk 49;
Lohmann Genus 13; Holthausen AEE]\ j
54; Walde-Hofmann I 592-593; Feist
313; Mayrhofer I 429; Pokorný I 381;
Vries ANEW 320; Zalizniak I 146; Frisk
I 321; Onions 507; Lindeman Verschárfung
16.18; Lehmann GED 220; Puhvel IV
146-151; Kluge-Seebold 456; Adams
TB 193; Burlak IFTJa 240.
*kněanan str.vb.: ON kná 'to be able', OE
cnáwan 'to know'. An archaic morphono-
logical variant of IE *gem- 'to know': Skt
pass. jňayáte 'to be known', Toch A kna-,
Gk YiyvróoKeo 'to come to know, to per-
ceive', Lat (gjnosco 'to know', Lith žinóti,
Slav *znati. See *kanna. Zupitza Gutt.
193; Torp-Falk 36; Holthausen AEEW
54; Walde-Hofmann II 176-177; Jóhan-
nesson IEW 331-332; Mayrhofer I 447
Pokorný I 376-378; Fraenkel 1310
Vries ANEW 319; Frisk I 308-309
Onions 508; Vasmer-Trubachev II
100-101; Seebold 302-303; Burlak
IFTJa 243.
*kněwaz ~ *kněwiz adj.: Crim. Goth
acc. sg. knauen 'gooď, ON knár 'pithy, vio-
gorous', OE on-cnéwe 'known, recog-
nizeď. Related to Mír gnóe 'excellent,
beautiful' (Much Idg. Anz- LX 198), Lat
gnduus 'busy, diligenť. See *kneanan.
Fíarsten NB II 193-194; Bezzenberger
BB III 81; Torp-Falk 36; Feist 313; Po-
korný I 378; Vries ANEW 320; Seebold
303; Hamp IF LXXXI 39; Hamp IF
LXXXI 39 (Celto-Germanic parallel);
Lehmann GED 219; Heidermanns 337—
338 (reconstructs *knawaz and *kněwiz).
*kníbaz sb.m.: ON knífr 'knife', OE cníf
id., OFris haf id., MLG haj id., G dial.
Kneij í shoemaker's knife'. Related to *km-
panan despite the difference in the inlaut
consonantism. Zupitza Gutt. 148; Torp-
Falk 50; Falk ANF XLI 1 1 8; Pokorný I
370-371; Vries ANEW 321; Onions
508.
*knípanan str.vb.: Norw dial. knipa 'to
pinch', MLG knipen id. Identical with
Lith gnýbti id., žnýbti id. Torp-Falk 50;
Trautmann BSW 93; Pokorný I 370-
371; Fraenkel 159; Stang LS 23.
*knočtiz sb.f: Goth knops 'race, stock',
OHG knot, knuot 'origin, nature'. Conti-
nues *gnotís close to Skt jňatí- 'kinsman',
Gk yviatóq 'related by blood, brother'.
Derived from *gem- 'to know'. Forste-
mann KZ I 238; Torp-Falk 35; Feist
313-314; Mayrhofer I 446; Pokorný
I 373-375; Frisk I 306; Lehmann GED
220; Bammesberger Jíom. 146.
*knukójanan wk.vb.: ON knoka 'to
knock', OE cnucian id., MHG knochen id.
An imitative stem. Hellouist GHA
XIV/2 12; Zupitza Gutt. 148; Torp-Falk
50; Vries ANEW 322; Onions 508;
Ktuge-Seebold 453 (to *knakkaz).
*knuk5n sb.m.: MLG knoke 'bone', MHG
knoche id. Probably related to *knewan. No
direct connection with Gk yvúí; 'on uhe
knees', where -\ is analogical (Schwyzer
I 620). Torp-Falk 50; Pokorný I 381;
Frisk I 317; Lůhr Expr. 219-220;
Ktuge-Seebold 457.
*knuppaz sb.m.: Norw dial. knupp 'buď,
MLG knuppe id., OHG knopf 'knot'.
knuppaz
219
kowz
Identical with Olr gnobh 'knot, knag'.
Torp-Falk 50; Pokorný I 371.
*knusjanan ~ *knusojanan wk.vb.:
ON knosa 'to bruise, to beať, OE cnyssan
'to press, to strike, to punch', MDu cnosen
'to pinch', OHG knussen 'to strike, to
strike together'. An onomatopoeic for-
mation, cf. *kmpanan. Torp-Falk 51;
Holthausen AEE]V 55; Pokorný I 372;
Vries AAEir 322.
*knut(t)janan ~ *knut(t)j5janan
wk.vb.: ON knytja 'to knit, to trass', OE
cnyttan 'to tie, to bind, to kniť, MHG
knutzen 'to squeeze'. Derived from *knut-
ton. Holthausen AEEW 55; Vries
AVEIT323 (to *knuta Z ).
*knuttón sb.m.: OE motta 'knot, fasten-
ing', MLG knotte 'knot, knob', MHG
knotze id. Cf. *knútaz and *knuppaz.
Holthausen AEE]V 55; Pokorný I
372^373 (to Lith gniutú, gniústi 'to press,
to push'); Onions 508.
*knuzljanan wk.vb.: ON knylla 'to beat
with a blunt weapon', OE cnyllan 'to
knell, to sound a bell', MHG kniillen 'to
punch, to kick'. Of imitative origin.
Torp-Falk 51; Holthausen AEE\V 55;
Pokorný I 372 (from *knusjanan ~ *knuso-
janari); Vries AMEW 323.
*knúbilaz sb.m.: ON knýjill 'short horn',
latě OHG knobel 'small bone'. Of un-
known origin. Cf. *knukon? Pokorný I
371—372 (to Lith gniáubti 'to embrace';
Vries AMEW 322-323; Kluge-Seebold
457 (OHG < *knuwilaz).
*knútaz adj.: ON sbst. knútr 'knot', MHG
knúz 'bold, pert, overconfidenť. Related
to *knuwjanan. Zupitza Gutt. 148; Torp-
Falk 50; Wissmann MP 42-43; Pokorný
I 371-373; Lerchner 152; Luhr Expr.
281-282; Heidermanns 338-339; Kluge-
Seebold 458.
*knúwjanan wk.vb.: ON knýja 'to knock,
to press', OE cnuwian 'to knock, to
pounď, EFris knojen 'to press'. Distantiy
related to Toch B nusk- 'to squeeze'
< *gnu-sk- and Lith žniungú, žniúgti 'to
falT, žniáugu, zniáugti 'to choke, to gag'
< *gneu-g(h)-. Torp-Falk 50; Holt-
hausen AEE\V 54; Pokorný I 371;
Fraenkel 1321; Vries AMEW 323; Hei-
dermanns 339; Adams TB 341.
*kólaz ~ *koliz adj.: OE ml 'cool', MLG
kol id., OHG kuoli id. Derived from
*kalanan. Zupitza Gutt. 143; Torp-Falk
40-41; Holthausen AEEW 56; Onions
213; Seebold 288; Heidermanns 339.
*kóljanan wk.vb.: ON kala 'to cool', OE
célan 'to be cold, to become colď, OFris
kěla 'to relieve', OHG kuolen 'to cool'.
Derived from *kó~laz ~ *kb~liz. Torp-
Falk 40-41; Holthausen AEE]V 56;
Vrles AMEJV 342; Onions 502; Seebold
288; Heidermanns 339; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*kóniz adj.: Burg *konis 'bold', ON karnn
'wise, skilful', OE céne 'keen, fierce, bolď,
MLG koně 'valiant, brazen', OHG kuoni
'valiant, brave, strong'. Derived from
*kanna. Karsten VB 1113; Torp-Falk
36; Holthausen AEEW 56; Pokorný I
378; Vrks AMEW 342; Onions 502;
Seebold 290; Piirainen 49-50; Matzel
Festschr. Schroder 98, 109-110, KZ CV
136; Luhr Expr. 537-538 (from *kno-niz)
Bammesberger Mom. 243 (follows Luhr)
Kobler 711; Heidermanns 339-340
Fvluge-Seebold 491.
*kónín sb.f.: ON Iqg-komi 'skill in the law',
OHG kuoní 'courage, strengdr'. Derived
from *komz. Heidermanns 340.
*kopjanan ~ *kóp5janan wk.vb.: ON
kápa 'to staré, to gape', OE cépan 'to
observe, to keep, to regarď. Related to
Lith žébiu, zébtí 'to eat unwillingly', Slav
* zobati ~ *zobiti 'to peck, to care'. The
originál meaning seems to be preserved
in ON (Zupitza Gutt. 194). Torp-Falk
34; Trautmann BS1 V 364; Holthausen
AEEW 56; Pokorný I 349; Vries AMEW
326; Vasmer-Trubaghev II 102 (against
Zupitza).
*kowz ~ *kúz sb.f.: ON kýr 'cow', OE cú
id., OFris ku id., OS kó id. (< *kb~wiz),
OHG kuo id. (z-stem witír traces of a root
stem in pl.). Related to Toch A acc. sg.
ko, B ke u id. Skt gáu- 'bull, cow', Av gmš
id., Arm kov 'cow', Gk fJoíi<; 'bullock,
kowz
220
kranon
bull', Lat bos 'ox, bull, cow', Olr bó 'cow',
Latv guovs id., Slav *gov-^do 'cattle'
(Fórsterman KZ I 493). Kern KZ I
237-240; Bartholomae 505-509; Torp-
Falk 45; Holthausen AEE]V 62;
Walde-Hofmann I 112; Mayrhofer I
351; Pokorný I 482-483; Vries ANEW
340-341; Zalizniak II 209; Frisk I
260-261; Onions 223; Trubachev ESSJa
VII 74-75; Peeters KZ LXXXVIII
134-136 (reconstructs *kwoz); Bammes-
berger Nom. 200; Griepentrog ]Vurzel-
nomina 233-256; Kluge-Seebold 491;
Adams TB 189.
*krabl5janan wk.vb.: ON krafla 'to paw,
to scrabble with the hands', MLG krabbeln
'to crawl'. Probably derived from *krat-
bon. Vries ANEW 328.
*krabb5n sb.m.: ON krabbi 'crab', OE
crabba id., MLG krabbe id. Borrowed from
an unknown Mediterranean source, cf.
Gk Kapapo? 'horned beede, crayfish' >
Lat cárabus 'a kind of sea-crab' of the
samé origin. Cohen BSL XXVII 100
(Ethio-Sem parallels); Torp-Falk 52;
Walde-Hofmann I 164; Holthausen
AEE]V 58-59; Marttnet Gém. 87; Cohen
BSL XXVII 100; Vries ANEW 328
(*'scratching animal', to Gk ypáipco 'to
scratch, to write'); Onions 223; Lůhr
Expr. 296; Kluge-Seebold 481.
*krafjanan wk.vb.: ON krejja 'to demanď,
OE crafian 'to ask, to implore'. Of uncer-
tain origin. ZuprrzA Gutt. 212; Holt-
hausen AEEW 59; Pokorný I 388; Vrtes
ANEW 329.
*kraftiz ~ *kraftuz sb.m.: ON haptr,
hqptr 'might, strength, power', OE cncft
'power, might, art, skill', OFris heft
'might, strength, power', OS krajt id. (also
fem.), OHG kraji id. (fem.). Derived from
*krajjanan. Zupitza Gutt. 149; Torp-
Falk 52 (to Slav *krěprt>kb 'strong');
Holthausen AEE]V 59; Pokorný I 388;
Vries ANEW 329 (to *krappaz); Zalizniak
II 201; Onions 224.
*krakon sb.m.: ON kraki 'pale, stake',
OHG kracko, krahho 'hook, harpuně'.
Of unknown origin. Torp-Falk 51;
Pokorný I 385 (to Gk yupyaOóc; 'wicker-
baskeť); Vries ANEW 328; Lerghner
161.
*krammjanan wk.vb.: ON kretnja 'to
squeeze, to bruise', OE crammian 'to
cram, to stuff', MLG krammen 'to clutch
with claws'. Derived from *hemmanan.
Zupitza Gutt. 149-150; Torp-Falk 52;
Holthausen AEE1V 59; Onions 224.
*krampjanan wk.vb.: ON kreppa 'to
clench', OHG part. widar-gi-chrampft 'to
rise'. Derived from *krempanan. Torp-
Falk 53; Seebold 308.
*kran3az adj.: ON krangr 'weak, crank',
MLG krangh 'weak, worn out, ill', OHG
kranc 'weak'. Derived from *hen^anan.
Karsten NB I 69; Torp-Falk 52
Seebold 309; Heidermanns 341.
*kranx5 sb.f: OM há 'angle', OE cró^.
cróh 'corner', MLG hoch 'fenced lanď
Connected with *heri3az despite the
unvoiced *-*-? Holthausen AEE][' 6
Pokorný I 385; Vries ANEW 327 (to
*xren^az).
*krankaz adj.: OESc kranker 'bad, wickeď,
OFris kronk 'weak, ill', MLG hank id.,
OHG kranc 'weak, invalid'. A phonetic
variant of '"kran^az. Torp-Falk 52;
Seebold 308-309; Toporov PJa II
289-290 (to Lith gr^žti 'to drill, to bore');
Hetdermanns 341—342; Kluge-Seebold
483.
*krankjanan wk.vb.: OESc hienkas 'to get
worse', OFris krenza 'to damage', OHG
bi-hanken 'to make ill'. Derived from
*hankaz. Heidermanns 342.
*kranón sb.m.: ON trani 'crane' (with
irregular Í-), OE cran id. (< *hanaz), OS
hano id., OHG hano id. Etymologically
and derivationally close to Gk yépavoq
id., Gaul (tri)garanos id., W garan id., Corn
garan id., Bretgflran id., Lith gamy s 'heron,
stork'. Probably further related to *ker-
ranan. Zupitza Gutt. 149; Suolahti
DVN 292; Torp-Falk 39; Holthausen
AEE]V 59; Pokorný I 384; Fraenkel
137-138; Vries ANE]V 596; Zalizniak II
179; Frisk I 299; Onions 225; Kluge-
Seebold 483.
kranukaz
221
kreso
*kranukaz sb.m.: OE cranoc, cornuc
'crane', MLG kranek id., OHG kranuh,
kranih id. Close to Arm krunk id. <
*gerungo- (Meillet BSL XXXVI 121-123).
On the otíier hand, may be a later deri-
vative from *kranon. Zupitza Gutt. 149;
Holthausen AEEW 59; Pokorný I 384;
Kluge-Seebold 483.
*krappaz adj.: ON krappr 'narrow,
straighť, MLG krap 'meagre, moderate',
G dial. krapj 'unprepossessing'. Of
unknown origin. Karsten JVB I 51;
Torp-Falk 52; Martinet Gém. 1 75;
Pokorný I 387-388; Vries ANE]V 328
(to Slav *grab~b 'hombeam'); Lůhr Expr.
269, 288; Heidermanns 342-343;
Kluge-Seebold 482 (reconstructs *kram-
paz > OHG krampfcmokeď, ON krappr).
*krattaz ~ *krattón sb.m.: ON kartr
'carť (with metathesis), OE crnet 'cart,
charioť, MDu crat 'hamper', OHG kratto
'basket'. Of unknown origin. Bugge
Indf. 258; Torp-Falk 51; Holthausen
AEEW 59; Pokorný I 386 (to Lith grandu
'braceleť); Vries AMEW 302-303.
*kraunjan ~ *kraunójanan wk.vb.:
ON krauna 'to splash, to patter', MDu cro-
nen 'to moan, to groan', OHG kronen 'to
chat'. Of imitative origin. Pokorný I
384; Vries ANEW 329 (to Lat grús).
*kremmanan str.vb.: OE crimman 'to
crumble', OHG krimman 'to bite, to de-
vour'. Probably related to Lat grémium
'lap, bosom', Lith grumiúos, grúmtis 'to
struggle, to wrestle'. Torp-Falk 52;
Walde-Hofmann I 621; Pokorný I 383.
*krempanan str.vb.: ON part. kroppinn 'to
cripple', MLG krimpen 'to slavě away, to
grab', OHG krimpfan 'to rub'. Probably
related to Toch B krdmp- 'to disturb, to
check' (Hilmarsson Mat. 174). Torp-
Falk 53; Jóhannesson IEW 347-355;
Pokorný I 385-390; Vries AMEW 331
(to Lith grúbti 'to congeal', Slav *grqbrb
'rough'); Seebold 308 (to Latv grumbt 'to
get wrinkleď); Adams TB 216.
*kren3anan str.vb.: OE crin^an 'to yield,
to fall, to perish', OFris pret. pl. krungon
'to receive'. Related to Lith grgžiú, gr^žti
'to turn'. Torp-Falk 52; Holthausen
AEEW 60; Jóhannesson IEW 350;
Pokorný I 385-390; Fraenkel 167-168;
Vries ANE]V 328; Seebold 308-309.
*kren3az sb.m.: Gep *krings 'aréna', ON
adv. kring 'rounď, MLG krink 'circle,
ring', MHG krinc id. Derived from
*krensanan. The relation to *xren^az is not
clear. Karsten NB I 33, II 272; Torp-
Falk 52; Pokorný I 385-386; Vries
ANEW 330; Kobler 715; Heidermanns
344; Kluge-Seebold 487.
*kren3lón sb.f: ON kringla 'circle, disk',
MLG kringel id. Derived from *kren^az.
Zupitza Gutt. 82, 205; Vries ANEW 330.
*kreupanan str.vb.: ON hjúpa 'to creep,
to crouch', OE creópan 'to creep, to
crawť, OFris křupa, kriápa id., MLG krepen
id. Related to Lith grúbti 'to stiffen', Slav
*grub~b ~ *grqbrb 'rough' (for the meaning
cf. *kruppaz I). Zupitza Gutt. 212; Torp-
Falk 54; Holthausen AEE]V 60;
Jóhannesson IEW 347-355; Pokorný I
389 (from *greu-b-); Fraenkel 172-173;
Vries ANEW 331; Onions 227; Seebold
310; Trubachev ESSJa VII 145-146;
Trubachev ESSJa VII 145-146.
*kreustanan str.vb.: Goth kriustan 'to
gnash teeťh', OSwed krýsta id. Close to
Latv skraustét 'to crackle', Slav *xrustěti
id. < *skrou-st-. Meyer Goth. 3 (to Gk
ypTJ^co 'to grunt'); Zupitza Gutt. 82;
Torp-Falk 54 (to Gk Ppt>xco 'to gnash, to
devour'); Feist 315 (to Lith gráužti 'to
gnaw, to bite off'); Pokorný I 405-406
(to Lith grukšeti 'to crash'); Trubachev
ESSJa VIII 104; Lehmann GED 221.
*krě[kaz sb.m.: Goth Kreks 'Greek', OE pl.
Crécas id., OFris Crec-land 'Greece', OHG
pl. Kriehhi 'Greek'. Despite phonetic
difficulties, an early (indirect?) borrowing
from Lat Graecus id. (ííretschmer Festschr.
Much 279-280). Thumb ~ř/IIJVII 264:
Jacobsohn Z dadl lxvi 223-225
Holthausen AEE]V 60; Feist 314-315
Onions 412-413; Lehmann GED
220-221.
*krěsó sb.f: ON krás 'dainty', OE créas
'delicacy, fooď. Of unknown origin.
křes o
222
kukjanan
Walde IF XIX 101 (to Skt pásati 'to
swallow, to consume'); Zupitza Gutt. 150;
Torp-Falk 53; Pokorný I 474-476 (from
*§V- 'to swallow'); Vries ANEW 329.
*krítanan str.vb.: Crim. Goth criten 'to
cry', MLG kuten 'to scream', MHG kňzen
'to cry loudly'. Eventually connected with
the group continuing IE *ger-\ Skt járate
'to sough, to sounď, Lith gúrti 'to sound
loudly'. Torp-Falk 53; Feist 112;
Pokorný I 383-384; Lehmann GED 85.
*kr5t5janan wk.vb.: Godr ga-kroton 'to
crush, to smash', OSwed refl. krootas 'to
break into pieces'. Cf. also *krattojanan >
MLG kraben 'to scratch', OHG krazzon
id. Of imitative origin. Holthausen IF
XXXLX 71; Feist 187; Pokorný I 391;
Onions 801; Lehmann GED 141 (to *ger-
'to ripen').
*krubb5(n) sb.f.: ON krubba 'crib', OE
cryb id., MLG krúbbe id. Of unknown ori-
gin. See *kruppaz7 Holthausen AEE]V
62; Vries ANEW 332 (to ON /b'o/'carcass
of an animal').
*krudjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. kryda 'to
swarm, to abounď, MLG kroden, kruden
'to pester, to trouble', MHG kroten id.
Related to Lith grúdžiu, grústi 'to stomp,
to bruise'. Torp-Falk 54; Pokorný I
461; Fraenkel 173.
*krumaz ~ *krumón sb.m.: Icel krumr
'intestines', OE cruma 'crumb, fragment',
MLG kromě, kromě id. Related to Gk
ypí>|iéa 'bag for old clothes', Lat grúmus
'litde heap, hillock' (Osthoff Morph.
Unt. rV 124; Persson Wurzelerw. 124).
Torp-Falk 54; Walde-Hofmann I 623;
Pokorný I 388-389; Frisk I 329.
*kruppaz I sb.m.: ON kroppr 'bump,
bunch', OE crop 'sprout, bunch, cluster',
MLG krop 'body, shooť. Based on *kreu-
panan, with an unaccountable gemination
of -p- > -pp-- Zupitza Gutt. 77;
Holthausen AEE\V 61; Martinet Gem.
187; Torp-Falk 55 (to Gk ypúrcót; 'hook-
nosed, hooked, curveď); Pokorný I 389
(reconstructs *greu-b-); Vries AjYEl\ z 331
(< *krubnaz); Zalizniak I 133; Frisk I
329-330.
*kruppaz II sb.m.: ON pln. Kroppr, OE
crop 'crop, craw', MLG krop 'crop', OHG
kropf id. Identical with *kruppaz I.
Holthausen AEE]V 61; Pokorný I 389;
Onions 230; Kluge-Seebold 489 (to IE
*g , ers-).
*kruppilaz sb.m.: ON kryppill 'cripple',
OE crypel id., MLG kroppel id., dial. G
Kriipel id. Derived from *kruppaz I.
Torp-Falk 55; Kluge-Seebold 490.
*krutjanan wk.vb.: ON krytja 'to mur-
mur'. Identical with Gk ypú^co 'to say, to
grumble'. Zupitza Gutt. 212; Pokorný I
406; Vries AMEW 332.
*kruwilaz ~ *krauwilaz sb.m.: Norw
dial. kryl 'hump, hunch', MLG krouwel 'a
kind of gable', MHG krouwel 'crooked
fork'. Of unknown origin. Torp-Falk
53; Pokorný I 388.
*kubbón sb.m.: Icel kubbi 'block, log', ME
cob 'head, lump'. See *kubon. Pokorný I
395-396; Vries AM.W 333 (to *kuppaz I).
*kub5n sb.m.: ON kofi 'hut, sheď, OE cófa
'co ve, cave, room, chamber', MLG cove
'stable', MHG kobe id. Related to Gk
yÚ7tr| • Koítao(ia ytj<;, §a\á.\n\, yravía
(Johansson IF II 50). Looks like an old
loanword, cf. Sem *kúbu- > Akk kubu
'building'. Zupitza Gutt. 148; Torp-
Falk 46; Holthausen AEE]V 56;
Pokorný I 395-396; Frisk I 335; Onions
222; Kluge-Seebold 459.
*kudd5n sb.m.: ON koddi 'pillow', OE
codd 'bag, sack, husk'. Of unknown origin.
Petersson SVSU X 943 (to *kuiran);
Zupitza Gutt. 81; Torp-Falk 46; Holt-
hausen AEEJV 56; Martinet Gém. 163;
Pokorný I 394; Vries ANEW 323;
Onions 187.
*kučtran sb.n.: MLG kodér 'double chin',
early G Kodér id. Identical with Hitt kuttar
'neck, upper arm', Lat guttur 'gullet,
throať (Persson Beitrdge 109). Walde-
Hofmann I 629; Pokorný I 394; Kluge-
Seebold 460.
*kukjanan wk.vb.: Goth kukjan 'to kiss',
EFris kiikken id., Du dial. kukken id. A
descriptive stem, hardly connected with
*kussjanan. Feist Festschr. Hildebrand 25—
kukjanan
223
kunčtiz
25 (reduplicated *geu-); Grienberger Got.
142^143 (to *kewwanan); Schrader-
Nehring I 670 (to *kussjanan); Feist
315-316; Pokorný I 626; Onions 506;
Lehmann GED 221; Kluge-Seebold 496.
*kukkaz sb.m.: ON kokkr 'cock, rooster',
OE coc id. Of imitative origin. Zupitza
Gutt. 197; Holthausen AEEW 55 (from
Rom *coccus id.); Martinet Gétn. 197;
Onions 186.
*kulan sb.n.: ON kol 'coal', OE cil id.,
OFris kole id., MLG kol, kok id., OHG kol
id. Related to Toch B šoliye 'hearťh', Olr
gúal id. Torp-Falk 48; Holthausen
AEEW 56; Sohulze KZ LVI 141 (to Skt
jvalati 'to burn'); Pokorný I 399; Vries
AKEW 324; Zalizniak II 183; Onions
185; Kluge-Seebold 461; Adams TB
635.
*kulbaz ~ *kulbón sb.m.: ON kolfr 'bolt,
pole', MLG kolve 'club, mace', OHG kolbo
id., kolb 'staff'. Any connection with
*kelpb~n ~ *kelpazl Sůtterlin IF TV 105;
Persson Beitráge 64-65 (to Lat globus 'balí,
sphere, globe'); Zupitza Gutt. 211; Torp-
Falk 57 (to *klerrib anan); Pokorný I 359;
Vries ANEW 324.
*kuldjon sb.m.: ON kukli 'colď, MLG
kukle id., G dial. kukle id. Related to *kal-
daz. Vries ANEW 333; Lehmann GED
214.
*kuljaz sb.m.: ON kylr 'gust of cold air',
OE cíle 'colď. Deríved from *kalanan.
Holthausen AEE]\' 47; Vries ANEW
340.
*kulkaz sb.m.: Swed dial. kolk, kulk 'swal-
low, mouťhful', OE cok 'hole, cask', OFris
kolk 'hole full of water', MLG kolk, kulk
id. Related to Slav *ghgati 'to swallow'.
Further cf. *kelkaz ~ *kelkon. Torp-Falk
41; Holthausen AEEW 56; Vries ANEW
311; Trubachev ESSJa VI 157.
*kullaz sb.m.: ON kollr 'summit, top,
head', MLG kol 'head'. Related to Skt
gull 'globe, pili'. Bersu Gutt. 185 (to Lith
galva 'head', Lat galea 'leather helm');
Zupitza Gutt. 148; Torp-Falk 46;
Mayrhofer I 341; Pokorný I 357; Vries
ANEW 325.
*kultaz sb.m.: Norw dial. kult 'plump,
thick figuře; hill top', OE colt 'foal'. May
be connected with Lith guldýti 'to cas-
trate'. Torp-Falk 41-42 (to *kalbaz and
Skt gadi- 'young bull' < *goldi-); Pokorný
I 358; Fraenkel 175.
*kumfoalan sb.n.: ON kumbl 'mark, sign,
badge', OE cumbol 'sign, image, ensign',
OS kumbal 'sign', OHG kumbal-boro 'stan-
dard-bearer'. A difficult word. Fischer
apud Vries (from Lat cumulus 'heap,
pile'); Meringer IF XLX 445 (to ON
kumbr 'chopping, cutting'); Holthausen
AEEW 63; Vries ANEW 333-334.
*kuna-wibjó(n) sb.f: Goth kuna-wida
'cord, fetter', OE cynewidde 'royal wreath,
diadem', OHG kuna-wid 'chain'. Com-
pound of *kuna- related to *knewan and
*wipjón (Meringer IF XVI 178). Grien-
berger Got. 143 (compares with Lith
kúnas 'body'); Schrader-Nehring I 677
(samé as Meringer); Meissner Festgabe
Bezold 132-136 (*kuna- to *kunjan); Torp-
Falk 406; Feist 315-316; Carr Nom.
comp. 44; Pokorný I 397 (to *kaunan ~
*kaunb~); Onions 1010; Lehmann GED
221-222 (supports Meissner).
*kundaz sb.m.: Goth airpa-kunds 'of earth-
ly origin', ON ein-kunn 'sign, mark', OE
ledel-kund 'of noble kinď, OS god-kund 'of
divine kinď, OHG gomman-kund 'male,
masculine'. Related to *kendiz. Structur-
alfy identical with Skt jatá- 'born', Gk
-yvr|TÓq, Lat (gjndtus. Karsten NB II
316; Zupitza Gutt. 193; Torp-Falk 35;
Walde-Hofmann I 597-599; Feist 26;
Holthausen AEEW 63; Schulze Kl. Schr.
70; Mayrhofer I 427; Pokorný I
373-374; Meid Wortbild. 227-228; Vries
ANEW 334; Frisk I 306-308; Heider-
MANNS 347.
*kundiz sb.f: Goth uf gakunjxii 'dpxó|i£-
V05', ON troll-kyndr 'descented from
trolls', OE cýůdu 'native country, home',
MHG kunde 'knowledge'. Derived from
*kanna. Feist 187; Holthausen AEE]f
68; Feist 187; Vries ANEW 334; Leh-
mann GED 141; Seebold 290; Bammes-
BERGER Nom. 141.
kundjanan
224
kuppaz
*kundjanan vvk.vb.: ON kynda 'to light, to
kindle', MHG kúnten, kunden 'to ignite'.
Derived from *kundiz. Vries ANEW
340.
*kundjan sb.n.: ON kyndi 'kind, kin', OE
cynd 'nature, kinď. Related to *kunjan.
Holthausen AEEW 67; Vries ANEW
340.
*kunin3a-čt5maz ~ *kunun3a-d5maz
sb.m.: ON konung-dómr 'kingdom', OE
cynin^-dóm 'kingly power, kingdom', OS
kuning-dom id. Derived from *kuniri3az ~
*kunun3az. Carr Nom. comp. 75 (parallel
formations).
*kunin3a-rlkjan ~ *kunun3a-ríkjan
sb.n.: ON konung-ríki 'kingdom', OE
cynin^-ríce id., OS kuning-rlki id., OHG
kuning-rlhhi id. Compound of *kunin.3az ~
*kunun^az and *rikjan. Carr Nom. comp.
75 (parallel formations).
*kunin3az ~ *kunun3az sb.m.: ON
'king', OE cynin3 id., OFris kining,
kening id., OS kuning id., OHG
kuning id. Derived from *kuniz. Torp-Falk
35; von Friesen apud Vries (to *kwenori);
Holthausen AEE]\' 67; Vries ANEW
326; Zalizniak I 133; Onions 506;
Kluge-Seebold 470.
*kuniz sb.m.: ON konr 'nobleman', OE
cyne-helm 'crown, diadem'. See *kunjan.
Torp-Falk 35.
*kunja-fourenaz adj.: ON kyn-borinn 'of
noble kin', OE cyne-boren 'of royal birth'.
Compound of *kunjan and *burenaz, par-
ticiple of *beranan. Carr Nom. comp. 61.
*kunjan sb.n.: Goth kuni 'clan, tribe, race,
generation', ON kyn 'kin, kinď, OE cyn
id., OFris kinn, kenn id., OS kunni id.,
OHG kunni id. Continues IE *gnio- re-
lated to Sktjánň- 'race', Av zana- 'people'
(in cmpn.), Gk yévoi; id., Lat geniu 'birth,
descenť. Cf. in particular Lat genius 'tute-
lar deity' < *genios. Zupitza Gutt. 193;
Bartholomae 1660; Torp-Falk 35;
Holthausen AEE]\' 67; Walde-
Hofmann I 597-599; Feist 316
Pokorný I 375; Vries ANE]V 340
Zalizniak I 145; Frisk I 306-308
Onions 505; Benveniste IEL 368
Lehmann GED 222; Bammesberger Nom.
65.
*kunněnan wk.vb.: Goth ga-kunnan 'to get
to know', OE cunnian 'to prove, to try, to
inquire', OS gi-kunnon 'to recognize',
OHG kunněn 'to learn, to try'. Derived
from *kanna. Holthausen AEEW 63;
Feist 317; Seebold 289.
*kunj)az adj.: Goth kunps 'known', ON
kunnr, kuůr id., OE cúd id., OFris kuth id.,
OS kuth id., OHG kund id. Continues
*gn.9-tó-, cf. Skt jňatá- id., Gk yvcotó? id.,
Lat (gjnotus id., Olr gnáth id., Lith pa-
Žintas 'known'. Derived from *kanna.
Negative *un-kunpaz > Goth un-kunps
'unknown', ON ú-kúdr id., OE un-cúd id.,
MDu on-cont id., OHG un-kund id. is
structurally close to Toch A aknats, B
akndtsa id., Skt ájňata- id., Arm an-canauf
id., Gk ayvcoTOc; id., Lat ignotus id., Olr
ingnad. Torp-Falk 36; Holthausen
AEEJV 64; Walde-Hofmann I 677; Feist
317-318; Mayrhofer I 13; Pokorný I
373-374; Chemodanov SGGJa I 77;
Fraenkel 1310; Vries AMW 334; Frisk
I 308-309; Onions 958; Seebold 290;
Lehmann GED 223; Bammesberger Nom.
251; Kluge-Seebold 493; Burlak IFTJa
243.
*kunj)jan sb.n.: Goth kunpi 'knowledge',
ON kynni 'acquaintance'. Cf. also OHG
ana-kundl 'accusation' < *-kunjJin. Struc-
turally close to Lith pa-žintis 'acquaintance'.
Derived from *kunpaz. Rosell UUA
1942/7 109; Feist 317; Fraenkel 1310;
Vries ANE]V 340; Lehmann GED 223.
*kunj}janan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swi-kunpjan
'to make manifest, to make known', ON
kynna id., OE cýlan id., OFris kětha id.,
OS kúdian, cúdean id., OHG kunden id.
Derived from *kunpaz. Torp-Falk 36;
Holthausen AEEW 68; Feist 317; Vries
ANEW 340; Onions 507; Lehmann GED
223.
*kuppaz sb.m.: ON koppr 'cup, small ves-
sel', OE cop 'top, cop, summit', MLG kop
'cup, bowl', OHG kopf l cup, skuli, heaď.
Related to Latv gubt 'to benď, Slav
•ti id. There are no reasons to
kuppaz
225
kussuz
reconstruct *gheubh- rather than *geub- for
Balto-Slavic forms insofar as their Gmc
parallels (Pokorný I 450) are not reliable.
Torp-Falk 46; Holthausen AEE\V 57;
Martinet Gém. 193; Pokorný I 395-396
(to Gk yx>KX\- KoíAtona yřjq, 0aXá|ir|,
ytovía, Hes.); Fraenkel 140; Zalizniak I
133; Trubaohev ESSJa VII 188-189;
Lůhr Expr. 275-276; Rluge-Seebold
477 (from Lat cúpa 'tirb, cask').
*kurbiz sb.m.: ON kwfr 'chip, a cut-off
piece', OE cyrf' cutting off' (fem.?), OFris
kerfcuť. Derived from *kerbanan. Torp-
Falk 40; Holthausen AEE]V 68;
Seebold 292; Bammesberger .Nom. 131.
*kurbjanan ~ *kurhójanan wk.vb.:
ON pver-kyrfa 'to carve, to cut clean
across', OE corfian 'to cut up small, to
mince'. Derived from *keríanan. Holt-
hausen AEE]V 58; Seebold 292.
*kurna-xúsan sb.n.: ON kom-hús 'gra-
nary, barn', OE com-hús id., OS kom-hús
id., OHG kom-hús id. Compound of *kur-
nan and *xúsan. Carr Nom. comp. 75
(parallel formations).
*kurnan sb.n.: Goth kaurn 'grain, wheať,
ON kom 'corn, grain', OE corn id., OFris
kom id., OS kom id., OHG kom id.
Identical with Skt júrná-, jímá- 'old,
decayed, withereď, Lat granum 'corn',
Olr grán id., Lith zirnis id., Slav *zbrno id.
Hm T Mg. Gr. II 130-131; Meillet BSL
XXIV/74 109; Zupitza Gutt. 193;
Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 52; Torp-Falk 38;
Trautmann BS]\ 7 372; Holthausen
AEEW 58; Walde-Hofmann I 618-619;
Feist 309; Porzig Gliederung 195;
Mayrhofer I 439; Pokorný I 390-391;
Dybo VSJa 14-15, BSA 15; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 62; Fraenkel 1314; Zalizniak
II 227; Vries ANEW 326; Onions 215;
Vasmer-Trubachev II 95-96; Lehmann
GED 216-217; Kxuge-Seebold 478.
*kurna-westiz sb.f.: ON kom-vist 'store
of corn', OHG korn-wist 'corn meal'.
Compound of *kurnan and *westíz II.
Carr Nom. comp. 84 (parallel formations).
*kurnjan sb.n.: ON hamal-kyrni 'a kind of
seeď, OS hrěn-komi 'wheať, OHG fol-
cumi 'einkorn'. Derived from *kurnan.
Lehmann GED 217.
*kurtilaz sb.m.: ON kyrtill 'tunic, gown',
OE cyrtel 'vest, garment, frock'. Goes
back to Iranian (Av hrsti- 'a kind of
clothes', Sogd qwrty 'shirť, Osset k^net
id.) from where, probably, numerous
North Caucasian and Kartvelian forms.
Notě the resemblance with *jurčtilaz.
Holthausen AEEW 68; Abaev I 609;
Onions 506 (derived from Lat curtus
'shorť); Nikolayev-Starostin NCED
449.
*kuruz adj.: Goth kaurus 'heavy, weighty'.
From earlier *kwuruz. Related to Indo-
European adjectives for 'heavy': Skt gurú-,
Gk fSapíx; < *g u sru- (Feist 310). The
development of the labiovelar in Germa-
nic is not clear. Zupitza Gutt. 8 1 ; Torp-
Falk 48; Feist 310; Mayrhofer I 340
Pokorný I 476-477; Frisk I 221-222
Peeters IF LXXLX 33-34 (< *g*r-u-)
Lehmann GED 217; Heidermanns 355.
*kusanaz adj.: Goth un-ga-kusans 'unqua-
lified, unsuccessful', OE unse-coren 'un-
chosen, evil'. Past participle based on
*keusanan. Feist 519; Lehmann GED 219.
*kusm5n sb.f: Norw kusma 'paroritis', Du
kossem 'paunch, belly'. Of unknown ori-
gin. Torp-Falk 60 (from *kwipsmon, to
*kwipuz ~ *kwipaz).
*kussjanan wk.vb.: ON kyssa 'to kiss', OE
cyssan id., OFris kessa id., OS kussian id.,
OHG kussen id. Derived from *kussuz.
Torp-Falk 48 (to Lat basium 'kiss');
Holthausen AEEW 68; Vries ANEW
341; Onions 506; Fvluge-Seebold 496.
*kuss5n I sb.m.: ON kussi 'calf, bullock',
Du kuis id., G dial. kusse 'old sheep'.
An affective derivative of *kowz ~ *kuz
(Trautmann apud Vries). Vries ANEW
335.
*kusson II sb.f: ON kussa 'cow', MHG
kuose 'female calf. See *kusson I. Vries
AA r £II'335.
*kussuz sb.m.: ON koss 'kiss', OE cos id.,
OFris koss id., OS kus id., OHG kus id.
Derived from *keusanan. Zupitza Gutt.
81 (to Olr bus 'mouth', Lat basium 'kiss');
kussuz
226
kwainojanan
Torp-Falk 48; Holthausen AEE\V 58;
Kluge PBB XLI 180 (to *kwet>anan);
Feist 315; Pokorný I 399-400, 626 (to
the descriptive stem *kus-); Vries ANEW
327; Zalizniak I 133; Rluge-Seebold
496; Hemrajani Festschr. Shevoroshkin 124.
*kustiz sb.f.: Gotli ga-kusts 'approvedness,
tesť, ON kostr 'choice, condition' (traces
of z/stem), OE cyst 'choice, election',
OFris kest 'choice', OS kust 'choice, deci-
sion', OHG kust id. Structurally identical
with Sktjárfz- 'love, favor'. Derived from
*keusanan. Torp-Faek 48; Holthausen
AEE]V 68; Feist 187; Porzig Gliederung
122; Mayrhofer I 442; Pokorný I 400;
Vries ANEW 327; Zalizniak II 201;
Seebold 294; Lehmann GED 219; Bam-
MESBERGER Nom. 157.
*kustojanan wk.vb.: ON kosta 'to try, to
tempť, OE costian 'to tempt, to try, to
prove', OS koston 'to try, to attempť,
OHG koston 'to try'. Derived from *kustiz,
*kustuz. Structurally similar to Lat gustáre
'to taste'. Torp-Falk 48; Holthausen
AEEW 58; Walde-Hofmann I 628-629;
Vries ANEW 327; Seebold 294; Kluge-
Seebold 480.
*kustuz sb.m.: Goth kustus 'test, trial', ON
kostr 'choice' (traces of H-stem in acc. pl.
koštu), MHG fem. kust 'tesť. Identical with
Lat gustus 'tasting', Olr guss 'excellence'
(Loth RC XLV 193). Derived from *keu-
sanan. Torp-Falk 48; Holthausen
AEEW 58; Walde-Hofmann I 628-
629; Feist 318; Porzig Gliederung 122;
Pokorný I 400; Vries ANEW 327;
Zalizniak II 201; Seebold 294; Leh-
mann GED 219; Bammesberger Mom. 140,
157.
*kutan sb.n.: ON kot 'cottage, huť, OE cot
'cot, cottage, house', MLG kot id. Bor-
rowed from dial. Irán *kuta-, cf. Av kata-
'chamber' (Brondal APS III 1—31). See
*xusan. Persson SVSU X 109 (to Skt
gudá- 'intestine, anus'); Bartholomae
432; Stender-Petersen Slav.-germ. 232-
234 (from Slav *kot-bcb 'huť); Torp-Falk
46-47; Holthausen AEE] V 58; Brondal
APhS III 8-9 (to Fr cote 'huť as a Wtmder-
wori); Pokorný I 393 (to *geu- 'to benď);
Vries ANEW 327; Onions 219; Kluge-
Seebold 432.
*kutjón sb.f.: ON hús-kytja 'cottage', OE
eyte id. Derived from *kutan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 48; Vries ANEW 341.
*kuzan sb.n.: ON ker 'choice', OE ^e-cor
'making a decision', OFris kor-birta 'con-
secrated morsel'. Derived from *keusanan.
Vries ANEW Ml; Seebold 294; Kluge-
Seebold 494.
*kúbaz sb.m.: ON kufr 'heap above the
brim of a vessel'. Close to Gk yímiy
KoíXtona yíÍ5, QaXá\ir\, yrovía (Hes.).
Torp-Falk 46; Holthausen AEEW 66
(< Rom *cupia); Pokorný I 395; Vries
ANEW 333.
*kúló(n) sb.f: ON kula 'balí, knob',
MLG kule 'club', MHG kůle 'balí, globe,
club'. Related to Skt gola- 'globe, balí'.
Zupitza Gutt. 145; Torp-Falk 46;
Mayrhofer I 349; Pokorný I 396-397;
Vries ANEW 333.
*kúr5janan wk.vb.: Icel kúra 'to duck, to
crouch', MLG kúren 'to crouch', MHG
kúren id. Related to Gk yupoc; 'rounď,
Lith gurinti 'to mince while stooping', Slav
*guriti (sej 'to tighten'. Falk Festschr.
Bugge 18; Pokorný I 397-398; Fraenkel
177; Vries ANEW 335; Frisk I 335-336.
*kwabjanan str.vb.: ON kvejja 'to quench,
to extinguish', OHG ir-queban 'to
suffocate'. Related to Gk Pántco 'to dip'
(Fick BB II 189). Torp-Falk 60-61;
Jóhannesson IEW 412; Pokorný I
465-466; Frisk 1218-219; Vries ANEW
336; Seebold 311-312.
*kwa<ijanan wk.vb.: ON kveSja 'to call
on, to address', OE cweddian 'to greeť,
OS queddian id., OHG quetten 'to greet, to
call ouť. Causative of *kwepanan. Holt-
hausen AEEW 64; Vries ANEW 336;
Seebold 319; Lehmann GED 278.
*kwainójanan wk.vb.: Goth qainon 'to
mourn, to wail', latě ON kveina 'to
lament, to complain', OE cwánian 'to be-
wail, to deplore'. Of unknown origin.
Cf. *wainojanan. Fick BB VIII 331 (to
Gk (08ÍVO) 'to háve birth pains'); Torp-
kwainojanan
227
kwemanan
Lith gíestu, giedóti 'to begin to sing'); Mohr
ZDADL LXXVI 167 (ON < WGmc);
Zupitza Gutt. 84; Holthausen AEEJV 64;
Feist 385-386; Pokorný I 467; Vries
AMEW 336; Lehmann GED 275 (to
*wainqjanan).
*kwaisón sb.f.: ON kveisa 'whitlow, boil',
MLG quese 'hematocysť. Of unknown
origin. Falk-Torp MD 604 (to *kaunan
~ *kauno); Pokorný I 469 (to Gk Seicra
'slime, filth'); Vries AMEW 337.
*kwakójanan wk.vb.: ON kvaka 'to twit-
ter', E quack, MLG quaken 'to quack, to
croak', G quaken id. Of imitative origin.
Torp-Falk 59; Vries AMEW 335.
*kwaljanan wk.vb.: ON kvelja 'to tor-
menť, OE cwellan 'to kill', OS quellian id.,
OHG quellen id. Derived from *kwelanan.
Torp-Falk 62; Holthausen AEEW 64;
Pokorný I 471; Vries AMEW 337;
Onions 731; Seebold 313.
*kwal5 ~ *kwělo sb.f.: Goth mase. or
neut. ana-qal 'rest, quieť, ON kvql 'tor-
ment, torture', OE cwalu 'quelling with
weapons, torment, violent death', OS
quála 'ordeal', OHG quala id. Derived
from *kwelanan. Derivationally close to
Lith gélá 'fierce pain', Slav *žalb 'sorrow'.
Torp-Falk 62; Holthausen AEEW 64;
Feist 43-44; Pokorný I 471; Fraenkel
145-146; Zalizniak I 147; Onions 731;
Seebold 313-314; Lehmann GED 32;
Bammesberger Mom. 1 08; Kluge-
Seebold 659.
*kwastuz ~ *kwastaz sb.m.: ON hiQstr
'bathing serub', MLG quest, quasi id.,
MHG quast id. Related to Alb gjeth
'foliage' < *guozdo-, W both 'wheel-nave',
Slav *gvoiďb 'wood, nail' (Brůckner
AfslavPh XXXLX 10; Jokl IF XXX
199-200). Torp-Falk 62-63; Pokorný
I 485; Georgiev ^TBaft III 104-105 (on
ethn. Costoboci < Gmc *kwasta-bok-)\
Kluge-Seebold 660; Orel AED 133
134.
*kwečtiz sb.m.: ON kvidr 'saying, speech'
(traces of a-stem), OE cwide 'sentence,
saying', OS quidi 'worď, OHG quiti 'sen-
tence, saying'. Derived from *kwepanan.
Holthausen AEEW 65; Vries AMEW
338; Seebold 319; Lehmann GED 278;
Bammesberger Mom. 136.
*kweSwo(n) sb.f: ON kváda 'resin', OE
cwidu 'cuď. Cf. also OHG quiti, kuti 'glue'
(mase). The Scandinavian variant (at-
tested also in ODan kvade, Norw dial. kwede
'birch sap') with a long vowel seems to be
secondary. Related to Skt jatu 'varnish,
gum', Mír beithe 'birch', W bedw id.
Zupitza Gutt. 85; Torp-Falk 60; Holt-
hausen AEEW 65; Mayrhofer I 415;
Pokorný I 480; Vries AMEW 335;
Zalizniak II 219; Onions 233; Bammes-
berger Mom. 156; Kluge-Seebold 444.
*kwelanan str.vb.: OE cwelan 'to die', OS
quelan 'to be subject to torture, to die',
OHG quelan 'to suffer'. Related to Arm
kelem 'to torture', Olr at-baill 'to die', W
ballu id., Lith géld 'strong pain', OPrus
gallan 'death', Slav *žalb 'pity'. Meillet
Etudes 265, MSL VIII 165; Zupitza
Gutt. 85; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II 460; Torp-
Falk 62; Trautmann BSW 83; Holt-
hausen AEEW 64; Pokorný I 471;
Fraenkel 145—146; Onions 731; See-
bold 313—314; Vasmer-Trubaghev II
34-35; Stang LS 21.
*kweltlaz sb.m.: ON kveld 'evening', OE
cwild-tíd 'dead time', cwield 'deauV, OHG
quilti-werc 'work till nighť. Historic-
ally, participle of *kwelanan identical with
Latv part. dzelts 'stung'. Torp-Falk 62;
Dybo VSJa 33; Kluge-Seebold 442.
*kwellanan str.vb.: OS quellan 'to gush, to
stream', OHG quellan id. Related to Skt
galati 'to drop, to fall down'. Torp-Falk
62; Holthausen AEE] I '57 (on OE collen-
ferhS 'fierce-minded, bolď); Mayrhofer
I 329; Pokorný I 471-472; Seebold
314-315.
*kwemanan str.vb.: Goth qiman 'to
come', ON koma id., OE cuman id., OFris
kutna id., OS kuman id., OHG queman id.
Related to Toch A kum-, B kam- 'to
come', Skt gámati 'to go', Av jamaiti id.,
Gk paívco id., Lat uenio 'to come'.
Brugmann Grundrip II/3 89; Meillet
kwemanan
228
kwerranan
BSL XX 25 (originally athematic);
Zupitza Gutt. 81, 86; Torp-Falk 61;
Feist 387-388; Holthausen AEEW 63;
Walde-Hofmann II 747-749; Kluge
389-390; Endzelin A^XLIV 61 (to Iith
gimti 'to be born'); Porzig Gliederung 209;
Jóhannesson IE]V 41 3-41 4; Mayrhofer
I 323; Pokorný I 463-465; Vries AMEW
325; Frisk I 208-210; Ghantraine
156-158; Onions 84, 193; Seebold
315-317; Lehmann GED 276; Kluge-
Seebold 465; Adams TB 160-161.
*kwena-mannz sb.m.: ON kvenn-mair
'woman', OHG quena-man 'uxorious per-
son'. Compound of *kwenon and *mannz.
Carr Nom. comp. 84 (parallel formations).
*kwenínan sb.n.: Goth qinein 'female'.
Related to *kwenon and identical with
Slav poss. *ženim> 'belonging to woman'.
Feist 388; Lehmann GED 277.
*kwenkanan str.vb.: OE cwincan 'to dis-
appear, to vanish', OFris quinka 'to be
extinguisheď . Probably, a secondary for-
mation based on the unattested *kwe(s)-
nanan to be compared with Gk i^eívaiiev •
apévvu|i£v, Hes. < *z-g"es-n-. Further cf.
Skt jásáte 'to be exhausted, to languish',
Gk oPévvi)|ii 'to extinguish', Lith gptů,
gésti id., Slav *gasiti id. Holthausen
AEEW 66; Pokorný I 479; Onions 731.
*kwenón sb.f.: Goth qino 'woman, female',
ON koná id. (pardy from *k(w)unon), OE
cwéne 'woman, wife, queen, prostitute',
OS quena 'woman, wife', OHG quena
'wife'. Cf. also *kwěniz. Particularly close
to Alb grua ~ grue 'woman' < *g"non (with
dissimilation) unless the latter continues
Gk ypaíx; 'old woman'. Related to Toch
A sám, B šana id., Skt gná 'goddess, divine
female', Av gma 'woman, wife', Arm kin
id., Gk •yuvri 'woman', Olr hen id., OPrus
genno id., Slav *žena id. (Kuhn K%_ I 129).
Zupitza Gutt. 81, 86; Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I
47; Torp-Falk 60; Trautmann B.S7T84;
Holthausen AEEJi' 64; Schulze Kl. Schr.
850; Feist 388; Mayrhofer I 351;
Pokorný I 473—474; Trubachev Rod.
105; Vries AJVEJV 325; Zalizniak II 196;
Frisk I 333-335; Onions 731; Peeters IF
XCrV 296; Lehmann GED 276-277;
Kortlandt TIES II 77-79 (erroneously
adds Toch A kji, B kliye 'woman'); Bam-
mesberger Nom. 177, 203; Orel AED
125; Adams TB 621.
*kwerkjanan wk.vb.: ON kyrkja, kvirkja 'to
strangle', OFris querka, quertza id., MLG
querken id. Derived from *kwerko. Vries
AME1 V 341; Boutkan OFED s.v.
*kwerkó sb.f: ON kverk 'throať, MLG
querke, quarke id., OHG quena id. An
obscure derivative of IE *g"erH- 'to swal-
low', cf. Gk (3«pa9pov 'gulf, pit', Lith
gurklys 'throať, Slav *gbrdlo id., *žbrdlo
'orifice'. The samé structure is found in
Lat gurg-ito 'to engulf, gurgulio 'corn-
worm, weevil' (Torp-Falk 61). Zupitza
Gutt. 86; Trautmann BSW 89-90;
Jóhannesson IE1V 417; Pokorný I 475;
Vrles ANEIV 337; Vasmer-Trubachev I
441-442.
*kwernu-stainaz sb.m.: ON kvern-steinn
'millstone', OE cweorn-stán id., OS quirn-
stěn id., OHG quirn-stein id. Compound of
*kwemuz ~ *kwerno and *stainaz. Carr
Nom. comp. 51.
*kwernuz ~ *kwern6 sb.f: Goth asilu-
qairnus 'millstone', ON kvern 'handmill'
(pl. < *kwerniz), OE cweorn 'milí, quern',
OFris quern 'millstone', OS querna id.,
OHG quirn, quirna id. Etymologically
close to OPrus gimoywis 'milí', Lith girna
'millstone', Slav *žbrny id. Petersson
SVSL I 141; Zupitza Gutt. 84; Torp-Falk
61; Trautmann BS][ t 89; Holthausen
AEE]V 65; Feist 59; Porzig Gliederung
140; Pokorný I 477; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 82; Vries ANE1T 337; Zalizniak
II 201; Onions 731; Vasmer-Trubachev
II 49-50; Lehmann GED 44-45.
*kwerranan str.vb.: OE part. a-cworren
'drunk'. Related to Skt giráti 'to swallow,
to eať, Av jaraiti 'to swallow', Gk
piPpróoKto 'to eat, to swallow', Lat uoro 'to
swallow', Lith geriú, gerti 'to drink', Slav
*žbrQ, *žerti 'to swallow'. Persson
Beitráge 534, 755; Bartholomae 512;
Torp-Falk 61; Trautmann BSW 89-
91; Holthausen AEElť 65; Walde-
kwerranan
229
kwemiz
Hofmann II 836; Mayrhofer I 335;
Pokorný I 474-476; Fraenkel 148-149;
Frisk I 235-236; Seebold 318.
*kwerruz adj.: Goth qairrus 'gentle,
friendly', ON kyrr 'still, quieť, MLG quere
'tame', MHG kirre, kiirre id. Related to
Hitt kariia- 'to stop, to pause, to rest',
Toch A kur-, B kwár- 'to become feeble,
to age', Lidi gúrti 'to collapse, to be weak',
Latv guřt 'to slacken'. Karsten MB II
367; Grienberger Got. 171-172 (to Gk
yílprjg 'voice'); Johansson KZ XXXII 479
(to Skt guru- 'heavy', Gk (3apúq id.); Siebs
KZ XXXVII 317 (samé as Johansson);
Brugmann IF XXXIII 302; Zupitza Gutt.
84; Torp-Falk 61-62 (follow Siebs);
Feist 386; Fraenkel KZ LXrX 78 (to
Lith gulús 'tired, weak'); Pokorný I
476-477; Fraenkel 179; Vries AMEW
341, MSS XXXV 73-92 (to IE *g»erH-
'to praise', with Gmc *-rr- < *-rH- and
secondary a-stem); Lehmann GED 275;
Bammesberger Mom. 262; Knobloch KZ
CIII 286-288 (a-stem under the influence
of *xarduz\ < *g"er-ero- 'driven by a goaď);
Heidermanns 350-352; Puhvel IV
82—83; Kluge-Seebold 443; Dybo BSA
22 (foUows Siebs).
*kwessiz sb.f.: Goth ga-qiss 'agreement,
arrangement', OE cwis 'saying, speaking'.
Continues *g"et-ti-, a derivative in *-ti- of
*kwepanan. Holthausen AEE] V 66; Feist
196; Onions 89; Seebold 319; Lehmann
GED 32; Bammesberger Mom. 142.
*kwestjanan wk.vb.: Goth qistjan 'to
destroy', Dan dial. quista 'to press', MLG
quisten 'to destroy'. Derived from *kwesto.
Torp-Falk 63; Feist 388-389; Lehmann
GED 277.
*kwestó sb.f.: MLG quist 'tormenť, MLG
quist 'destruction', OHG quist 'tormenť.
Related to the isolated Slav *žestb 'harď.
Fick BB VI 211 (to IE *g«áj>- 'to press, to
force'); Hirt PBB XXIII 352 (to Skt jásáte
'to be exhausteď); Brugmann IF VI 103
(to ON kvistr 'twig, branch'); Zupitza
Gutt. 87; Grienberger Got. 172 (to Lith
geniu, gesti 'to become defective'); Uhlen-
beck PBB XXX 304 [contra Brugmann);
Wood KZ XLV 64 (samé as Fick), MLN
XVII 9, XXV 74; Sperber WuS VI
31-32 (samé as Brugmann); Sturtevant
Language VI 226 (to Hitt kištari 'to be
wiped ouť); Vrles ANEW 339; Vasmer-
Trubachev II 50; Lehmann GED 277;
Puhvel W 121-123 (to Hitt kast-, kist-
'hunger, starvation'), 168.
*kwebanan str.vb.: Goth qipan 'to say',
ON kveda id., OE cwefian id., OFris quetha
id., OS quethan id., OHG quedan id.
Probably related to Slav *gatati 'to speak',
a variant of *gadati id. Wiedemann IF I
513 (to Olr bel 'lip, moutli' < *g'etlo-,
Arm kočem 'to calT < *g-oti-); Bezzen-
berger BB XII 239, XVI 245 (to Lat
arbiter 'spectator, witness'); Torp-Falk
59-60; Feist 389-390; Holthausen
AEEW 65; Johanisson AMF LXII 196-
199 (development of meaning); Morgen-
stterne MTS VII 1 16—120 (Iranian paral-
lels); Jóhannesson IEW 410-411;
Pokorný I 480-481; Chemodanov
SGGJa I 110; Vries ANEW 336; Onions
734; Seebold 318-320; Lehmann GED
277-278 (from *g"et- > Skt gádati 'to say,
to speak'); Boutkan OFED s.v.
*kwěďaz adj.: ME cwéd 'evil, baď, OFris
quad id., MLG quat id., OHG quát id.
Related to Lith sbst. géda 'shame'
(Brugmann IF V 375-376), Slav *gydbkb
'disgusting' and Alb zi 'black' < *g"edi-.
Hirt IF XXXVII 236 (to Skt gutha-
'excremenť); Zupitza Gutt. 86; Torp-Falk
60; Trautmann BS][ t 81; Holthausen
AEE] V 64; Pokorný I 484; Fraenkel 142;
Stang LS 21; Heidermanns 348-349;
Orel AED 524; Kxuge-Seebold 480.
*kwědiz adj.: Goth un-qefrs 'unspeakable,
unatterable', ON sam-kvceor 'concordanť,
OE sóo-cwéde 'veracious'. Derived from
*kwepanan. ICarsten MB I 98-99; Feist
522; Seebold 319; Bammesberger Mom.
261; Matzel Festschr. Schroder 102, KZ
CV 113; Heidermanns 349.
*kwěmiz adj.: ON kvtemr 'free to come',
OE 3e-cwéme 'pleasant, grateful, accept-
able', OFris *kěme 'pretty, beautiful',
MDu be-quame 'usefuť, OHG bi-quami
kwemiz
230
kwumctiz
'suitable'. Derived from *kwemanan. Kars-
ten MB I 96; Torp-Falk 61; Weisweiler
IF LIII 55; Vries ANEW 339; Seebold
316; Bammesberger Nom. 260; Matzel
Festschr. Schroder 100, 117, KZ CV 108;
Heidermanns 350; Rluge-Seebold 98.
*kwěniz sb.f.: Goth qens 'wife', ON bán,
kvén id., OE cwin 'woman, wife, queen',
OS quan 'woman, wife'. Related to Skt
jará- 'wife' (in cmpn.), Av jqni- 'woman'
(Streitberg IF III 330). Further con-
nected with *kwenon. Bartholomae
603-604; Torp-Falk 60; Feist 386
Mayrhofer I 429; Pokorný I 473-474:
Vries ANEW 339; Zalizniak II 196
Onions 731; Lehmann GED 275-276.
*kwikwa-fexu sb.n.: ON kvik-fe 'live-
stock', OFris quik-fia id. Compound of
*kwikwaz and *fexu. Carr Nom. comp. 87
(parallel formations).
*kwikwaz adj.: ON kvikr 'alive', OE cvok
id., OFris quik 'living', OS quik 'living,
alive', OHG quec 'alive'. Secondary pho-
netíc or taboo development of *kwiwaz.
Torp-Falk 63; Holthausen AEE]V 65;
Chemodanov SGGJa I 77; Vries ÁNEW
338; Onions 731; Lerchner 174; Hamp
Festschr. Palmer 89; Piirainen 43-44;
Lehmann GED 278; Bammesberger GL
XXVI 259-263 (inlaut •-kw- from re-
duplicated verb forms); Kt.f. tn Kratylos
XXXVII 140; Heidermanns 352-353;
Ktuge-Seebold 435.
*kwikwjanan wk.vb.: ON kveykva, keykva
'to quicken, to kindle', MLG quicken 'to
enliven, to animate', OHG quicken id. Cf.
also Goth ga-qiujan 'to make alive'.
Derived from *kwikwaz. Feist 390;
Heidermanns 352.
*kwikw5n sb.f: ON kviká 'nesli under
nails or claws', OE cwice 'quick-growing
grass', MDu queke 'flesh under nails or
claws', OHG quecka 'intiba'. Derived
from *kwikwaz. Vries ANEW 338.
*kwisójanan wk.vb.: ON kvisa 'to whisper,
to gossip', LG dial. quesen 'to moan, to
grumble', G dial. queisen 'to whimper'.
Of imitative origin. Vries ANEW
338-339.
*kwibuz ~ *kwij)az sb.m.: Goth qipus
'stomach, belly, womb', ON kviSr
'womb', OE cwid 'womb', OHG quiti id.
(< mase. *kwipiz). Identical with Olr bůh
'worlď, W byd id., Bret bed id. < Celt
*bitu- (Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 41). Further
connected with *g s ás- 'to live'. For uhe
semantic development cf. Russ život
'belly' < Slav *životb 'life' based on the
samé root. Schwentner IF LXI 234—
236; Zupitza Gutt. 85; Greenberger Got.
1 73 (to Lat uitulus 'calf '); Torp-Falk 60;
Berneker I 297 (to Slav pl. *gatje 'pants');
Wood KZ XLV 60 (foUows Grien-
berger), MP XVIII 303 (to Lat guttus
'vessel'); Holthausen AEEW 66; Feist
390; Pokorný I 467-469, 481 (to Olr bil
'lip'); Vries ANEW 338 (to Lat botulus
'sausage'); Zalizniak II 201; Anttila
Schw. 91; Meid Festschr. Knobloch 253-254
(follows Pedersen); Lehmann GED 278;
Bammesberger Nom. 159; Meid Festschr.
Knobloch 253-254; Kluge-Seebold 496;
Adams TB 156 (to Toch A káts, B katso
'belly, stomach' < *g"ot-ion-).
*kwiwaz adj.: Goth qius 'alive'. Identical
with IE *g"íuos id.: Skt jím-, OPers /&>«-,
Gk fiío<; 'life', Lat uluus, Olr biu, bio
(with short *-i- as in